Journal of Manual & Manipulative Therapy最新文献

{"title":"An overview of systematic reviews investigating clinical features for diagnosing neck pain and its associated disorders.","authors":"Brandon C Williams, Scott W Lowe, Ryan C McConnell, Joshua A Subialka","doi":"10.1080/10669817.2024.2436403","DOIUrl":"10.1080/10669817.2024.2436403","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Neck pain is a common condition that is often difficult to diagnose. Previous literature has investigated diagnostic accuracy of examination measures, but the strength and clinical applicability are limited. This overview of systematic reviews aimed to investigate clinical features for diagnosing neck pain and its associated disorders.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>An overview of systematic reviews was conducted searching four electronic databases for systematic reviews evaluating diagnostic criteria for neck pain. Quality and risk of bias were assessed using the AMSTAR 2 and ROBIS. Clinical features for neck pain were investigated for diagnostic utility.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Twenty-seven systematic reviews were included. Hand radiculopathy and numbness have good specificities (0.89-0.92) for facet and uncinate joint hypertrophy. For facet-related dysfunction, the extension rotation test (ERT) and manual assessment have good sensitivities and moderate-good specificities. Positive ERT combined with positive manual assessment findings (+LR = 4.71; Sp = 0.83) improves diagnostic accuracy compared to positive ERT alone (+LR = 2.01; Sp = 0.59). Canadian C-spine Rules and Nexus criteria have excellent validity in screening for cervical fracture or instability. Imaging appears to have validity in diagnosing ligamentous disruption or fractures but lacks clarity on predicting future neck pain. Increased fatty infiltrates have been found with whiplash-associated disorders and mechanical neck pain.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This review found limited indicators providing strong diagnostic utility for diagnosing neck pain. Strength of recommendations are limited by heterogeneous outcomes, methodology, and classification systems. Future research should investigate new differential diagnostic criteria for specific structures contributing to neck pain.</p>","PeriodicalId":47319,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Manual & Manipulative Therapy","volume":" ","pages":"286-298"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12281667/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142819772","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of exploration time, accuracy, and task difficulty perception in three tactile tests among physiotherapy students.","authors":"Nataša Mlakar, Sonja Hlebš","doi":"10.1080/10669817.2025.2465729","DOIUrl":"10.1080/10669817.2025.2465729","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Tactile sensitivity is one of the most important skills for developing competence in manual palpation. There is a lack of studies aimed at analyzing the development of tactile sensitivity during different levels of physiotherapy education. The present study aims to compare manual tactile sensitivity in two groups of physiotherapy students.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Twenty first-year physiotherapy students (mean age 19.4 yrs ± 0.6) and twenty final-year physiotherapy students (mean age 23.7 yrs ± 3.7) participated in the study. For the tactile sensitivity test, 3 wooden tables were used, in which different geometric structures were engraved. Subjects were instructed to perform a tactile examination of the geometric structures and then reproduce them by drawing on a sheet of paper. The tactile time, drawing time, accuracy, and difficulty of the geometric structures were scored. A two-sample t-test was used for the between-groups comparison if more time in an educational program should result in differences in tactile time, drawing time, accuracy, and difficulty. Linear regression was used to compare the difficulty with the accuracy of all geometric structures. Wilcoxon test was used to test the intra-rater agreement.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The accuracy of the reproduction of geometric structures 1, 2 and 3 were 77.5%, 27.5% and 45%, for all physiotherapy students respectively. Final-year physiotherapy students spent more time exploring geometric structure 2 (<i>p</i> = 0.014) and geometric structure 3 (<i>p</i> = 0.0018) compared to first-year physiotherapy students. No statistically significant differences were found between groups in drawing time, accuracy, and difficulty of geometric structures. The examiner showed a high intra-rater agreement in the assessment (over 96%).</p><p><strong>Discussion/conclusion: </strong>The study showed that the level of education and gained experience during laboratory teaching may be important in improving the palpation skills of physiotherapy students. Tactile sensitivity exercises should be included in physiotherapy education programs.</p>","PeriodicalId":47319,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Manual & Manipulative Therapy","volume":" ","pages":"365-372"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12281665/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143426434","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of lumbar segmental motion using ultrasound imaging following common joint mobilization techniques.","authors":"Nathan J Savage, Katelyn George, Evante Gibson, Kayleigh Taylor","doi":"10.1080/10669817.2025.2470464","DOIUrl":"10.1080/10669817.2025.2470464","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Spinal mobility is clinically important in managing mechanical low back pain. Manual methods are commonly used for diagnosis and treatment in orthopedic practice. This study quantified changes in sagittal plane lumbar segmental motion using ultrasound imaging (USI) following common joint mobilization techniques in asymptomatic individuals. Additionally, tibial H-reflexes and sagittal plane trunk motion in standing were evaluated for association with lumbar segmental motion.Participants aged ≤ 30 or ≥ 50 years were recruited from among students, faculty, and affiliates of the Department of Physical Therapy at Winston-Salem State University and randomized to receive L4 central posterior-to-anterior (CPA) mobilization or left lumbar rotation mobilization interventions. Joint laxity was assessed using the Beighton score, and standing sagittal plane trunk motion was measured using the fingertip-to-floor method. Lumbar segmental motion was evaluated using USI in neutral, extension, and flexion positions at baseline, immediately following joint mobilization, and following 5 minutes of prone resting. Tibial H-reflexes were measured at baseline, immediately following joint mobilization, and in real-time during CPA mobilization. The primary outcome was lumbar segmental motion analyzed by position, mobilization group, sex, age category, and Beighton risk.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Repeated measures ANOVA revealed significant increases in L4/5 flexion (<i>p</i> = .01, ƞ²=.21) and combined flexion and extension (<i>p</i> = .03, ƞ²=.15). These changes persisted following 5 minutes of prone resting, regardless of mobilization technique. Significant interactions between segmental motion, sex, and/or Beighton risk were observed.</p><p><strong>Discussion/conclusion: </strong>Significant increases were observed in L4/5 flexion immediately following joint mobilization regardless of mobilization group, with significant statistical interactions observed between segmental motion, sex, and/or Beighton risk. This is the first investigation to demonstrate the value of USI for quantifying lumbar segmental motion following joint mobilization. Quantifying lumbar segmental motion helps clarify the underlying mechanisms of manual therapy. Future studies should include patients with low back pain.</p>","PeriodicalId":47319,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Manual & Manipulative Therapy","volume":" ","pages":"343-355"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12281658/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143606531","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The effects of dry needling on muscle blood flow of the infraspinatus muscle in individuals with shoulder pain - a randomized clinical trial.","authors":"Jace Brown, Gary Kearns, Kelli Brizzolara, Mark Weber, Sharon Wang-Price","doi":"10.1080/10669817.2025.2464542","DOIUrl":"10.1080/10669817.2025.2464542","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Individuals with shoulder pain have a higher occurrence of myofascial trigger points (MTrPs). In the past decade, dry needling (DN) has been used in physical therapy practice to treat MTrPs. Impaired blood flow is proposed as an underlying mechanism of MTrPs in neck-shoulder pain. However, whether DN would improve muscle blood flow in individuals with shoulder pathology has not been examined. Therefore, the primary purpose of this study was to use color Doppler imaging to examine the effects of DN on the blood flow of the infraspinatus muscle in individuals with shoulder pain. The secondary purpose was to examine the effects of DN on sensitivity to pressure and shoulder range of motion (ROM) of the infraspinatus muscle in individuals with shoulder pain.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>This randomized comparison trial utilized a sham-controlled design. Forty individuals with nonspecific shoulder pain and at least one MTrP in the infraspinatus muscle were randomly assigned to a real DN group or a sham DN group. Outcome measures, including blood flow parameters, ROMs of shoulder internal rotation and external rotation, and pressure pain threshold (PPT) were collected before and immediately after a single session of DN.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The repeated measure ANOVA results revealed that real DN significantly decreased peak systolic velocity (PSV) and increased shoulder internal and external rotation ROM more than sham DN (<i>p</i> < 0.05). However, there were no significant differences in end diastolic velocity, resistive index, pulsatile index, and PPTs between real DN and sham DN (<i>p</i> > 0.05).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The results indicated that participants who received real DN exhibited a significant reduction in PSV, suggesting improved blood flow to the infraspinatus muscle. Participants who received real DN exhibited improvements in shoulder ROM but showed no reductions in sensitivity to pressure. These results may provide clinicians with evidence for the use of DN for individuals with shoulder pain.</p>","PeriodicalId":47319,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Manual & Manipulative Therapy","volume":" ","pages":"299-308"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12281648/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143392082","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ordering of diagnostic imaging by physical therapists: a multi-center analysis of successful implementation.","authors":"Aaron Keil, Evan O Nelson, Stephen Michael Kareha, Scott Tauferner, Brian Baranyi, Kelly Clark","doi":"10.1080/10669817.2025.2465738","DOIUrl":"10.1080/10669817.2025.2465738","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>The profession of physical therapy in the United States has evolved significantly since the American Physical Therapy Association introduced Vision 2020, advocating for consumers' direct access to physical therapy services. As the use of direct access expands, it becomes essential to examine successful models and resources, such as those that allow physical therapist referral for diagnostic imaging. This study aims to report the utilization, appropriateness, and reimbursement for diagnostic imaging referrals made by physical therapists during routine care across multiple health care organizations.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This study was a retrospective observational study of patients seeking care for neuromusculoskeletal conditions at ambulatory physical therapy clinics at three healthcare organizations. Data from each organization related to physical therapist referral for diagnostic imaging was reviewed to determine utilization rate, appropriateness, and reimbursement. American College of Radiology (ACR) criteria were used to determine appropriateness of diagnostic imaging referral.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Seventy-five physical therapists signed 596 referrals for diagnostic imaging during 61,012 episodes of routine care. The utilization rate was 9.8 diagnostic imaging referrals per 1000 episodes of care. Ninety-one percent of the referrals were consistent with evidence based ACR guidelines and deemed appropriate. There were no instances of insurance denial when a physical therapist signed the referral for diagnostic imaging.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Physical therapists with privileges to directly refer for diagnostic imaging did so judiciously and followed ACR guidelines when referring patients for imaging. The absence of insurance reimbursement claim denial contrasts a common concern about physical therapist referral for diagnostic imaging. Physical therapists referred for appropriate imaging studies and are unlikely to contribute to diagnostic imaging overutilization.</p>","PeriodicalId":47319,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Manual & Manipulative Therapy","volume":" ","pages":"326-333"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12281657/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143442257","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Straight leg raise versus knee extension angle: which structure limits the test in asymptomatic subjects?","authors":"Pierre Pesesse, Sebastien Wolfs, David Colman, Stephanie Grosdent, Marc Vanderthommen, Christophe Demoulin","doi":"10.1080/10669817.2025.2465739","DOIUrl":"10.1080/10669817.2025.2465739","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>This study aimed to determine if the first onset of symptoms (discomfort) during the straight leg raise (SLR) (hip flexion with an extended knee) and the Knee Extension Angle (KEA) tests (knee extension with 90°of hip flexion) results from nervous or muscular structures in asymptomatic individuals. The secondary objective was to investigate if the gender influences the structure related to the discomfort.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This cross-sectional study consisted of a single assessment session during which the structure related to participants' discomfort during the KEA and SLR was identified. For this identification, a structural differentiation (SD) was conducted during both tests using passive mobilization of the cervicothoracic spine in flexion and extension. Changes in participants' discomfort were monitored during the SD to determine whether a change or lack of change was consistent with variations in the load applied to the suspected structures either muscular or neural. If the structure related to the participants' discomfort could not be identified, two additional tests were conducted: the lateral SLR and the Slump test.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>One hundred and seventy-eight individuals were included. Median [IQR] age was 21 years [20;23], and 57.3% were female. The structure related to participants' discomfort was similar for the SLR and the KEA (<i>p</i> = 0.451): neural for 72.5% of participants in the SLR and 75.8% in the KEA. Gender only influenced the structure identified in the KEA test, with a significantly higher rate of nerve-related discomfort in females than males and a significantly higher rate of muscle-related discomfort in males (<i>p</i> = 0.002).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>In asymptomatic individuals, the discomfort induced by the SLR and the KEA tests could be related to either muscular or neural structures. Therefore, structural differentiation is necessary to identify the structure causing the discomfort in both research and clinical practice.</p>","PeriodicalId":47319,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Manual & Manipulative Therapy","volume":" ","pages":"356-364"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12281663/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143484376","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Point of care ultrasonography in physical therapists' clinical practice: a clinical perspective.","authors":"Lorna M Hayward, Alycia M Markowski, Bruno U K Steiner, Murry E Maitland, Maureen K Watkins, Robert C Manske, George J Beneck","doi":"10.1080/10669817.2025.2470460","DOIUrl":"10.1080/10669817.2025.2470460","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This paper offers a contemporary, evidence-based perspective on how point of care ultrasonography imaging (POCUS) has the potential to impact orthopedic and sports physical therapists' examination and treatment. Clinical use of POCUS has increased in medicine and is emerging in physical therapist practice. Greater affordability, portability, ease of use, and evidence supporting its' diagnostic value have contributed to increased use. Modern ultrasound devices have improved resolution allowing for the differentiation of anatomical structures. Physical therapists use POCUS in clinical practice as an extension of the physical examination to confirm, refute, expand, or narrow a differential diagnosis. Doctor of Physical Therapy professional education provides entry-level student physical therapists with the foundational knowledge necessary for the clinical application of POCUS. A physical therapist's use of POCUS complements the clinical evaluation and contrasts with the approach of referring out for diagnostic imaging and waiting for results. We present current evidence for expanded use of POCUS by physical therapists in clinical practice. We advocate for using ultrasound imaging in orthopedic and sports physical therapists' practice. Integrating POCUS into physical therapist patient management, could decrease patient healthcare costs through increased diagnostic efficiency.</p>","PeriodicalId":47319,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Manual & Manipulative Therapy","volume":" ","pages":"334-342"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12281660/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143543090","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An international consensus on the etiology, risk factors, diagnosis and Management for individuals with Frozen Shoulder: a Delphi study.","authors":"Paul Salamh, Brent Stoner, Nathaniel Ruley, Huiling Zhu, Marcus Bateman, Rachel Chester, Liesbet Da Baets, Jo Gibson, Luise Hollmann, Martin Kelley, Jeremy Lewis, Philip McClure, Karen McCreesh, Michel Gcam Mertens, Lori Michener, Amee L Seitz, Filip Struyf, Joseph Zuckerman, William King","doi":"10.1080/10669817.2025.2470461","DOIUrl":"10.1080/10669817.2025.2470461","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>There has been an emergence of evidence in the area of frozen shoulder (FS) within the past decade related to risk factors, etiology, diagnosis, and management. It has become increasingly challenging for clinicians and researchers to stay up to date in these areas, particularly with the clinical practice guidelines that are available being few and outdated. To this end, the aim of this study was to produce an international consensus on the risk factors, etiology, diagnosis and management for individuals with FS.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>During phase one a steering committee was formed in order to identify experts in the area of FS, examine the current evidence related to FS and identify key areas lacking consensus. Phase two consisted of inviting experts to participate in a three-round survey with a priori consensus level set at 80%. Descriptive statistics were utilized to determine the characteristics of the expert panel, response rate, and level of consensus.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 14 international experts responded to all three rounds of the Delphi survey with 100% response rate following round one. Consensus was reached for 101 items (57 in the first round, 37 in the second round and 7 in the third and final round). Specific to key topic areas, the following number of items reached consensus; etiology 9 items (diabetes mellitus, trauma, shoulder arthroscopy, thyroid disease, prolonged immobilization, adrenocorticotropic hormone deficiency, metabolic synderome, connective tissue disorders, and hyperlipidemia), risk factors 40 items (including biophysical factors for developing FS and biophysical and psychosocial factors influencing the Management and course of outcomes related to FS), diagnosis 19 items (4 confounding the diagnosis and 15 signs and symptoms associated with FS), Management 33 items overall and categorized into effectiveness for early and later stages of FS).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The results of this international Delphi study help to provide a consensus on key elements to consider in clinical practice related to etiology, risk factors, diagnosis, and management for those with FS.</p>","PeriodicalId":47319,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Manual & Manipulative Therapy","volume":" ","pages":"309-320"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12281644/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143558286","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Manual therapy and neuroplasticity: central mechanisms and clinical implications for pain relief.","authors":"Roberto Tedeschi","doi":"10.1080/10669817.2025.2527532","DOIUrl":"10.1080/10669817.2025.2527532","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47319,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Manual & Manipulative Therapy","volume":" ","pages":"283-285"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12281661/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144545417","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Critical appraisal of methodological and statistical limitations in 'Dry needling of the gluteus-medius muscle, combined with standard care, for chronic low back pain - a pilot randomized sham-controlled trial'.","authors":"Etika Rana, Priyanka Tah, Kashish Arora","doi":"10.1080/10669817.2025.2481601","DOIUrl":"10.1080/10669817.2025.2481601","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47319,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Manual & Manipulative Therapy","volume":" ","pages":"321-322"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12281638/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143701835","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}