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Predicting patent lawsuits with machine learning 用机器学习预测专利诉讼
IF 0.9 3区 社会学
International Review of Law and Economics Pub Date : 2024-09-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.irle.2024.106228
Steffen Juranek , Håkon Otneim
{"title":"Predicting patent lawsuits with machine learning","authors":"Steffen Juranek ,&nbsp;Håkon Otneim","doi":"10.1016/j.irle.2024.106228","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.irle.2024.106228","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>We use machine learning methods to predict which patents end up in court using the population of US patents granted between 2002 and 2005. We show that patent characteristics have significant predictive power, particularly value indicators and patent-owner characteristics. Furthermore, we analyze the predictive performance concerning the number of observations used to train the model, which patent characteristics to use, and which predictive model to choose. We find that extending the set of patent characteristics has the biggest positive impact on predictive performance. The model choice matters as well. More sophisticated machine learning methods provide additional value relative to a simple logistic regression. This result highlights the existence of non-linearities among and interactions across the predictors. Our results provide practical advice to anyone building patent litigation models, e.g., for litigation insurance or patent management more generally.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":47202,"journal":{"name":"International Review of Law and Economics","volume":"80 ","pages":"Article 106228"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0144818824000486/pdfft?md5=4ba76bd8d870447814bf120c9c534c7b&pid=1-s2.0-S0144818824000486-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142150878","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Fighting free with free: Freemium vs. Piracy 以免费对抗免费：免费与盗版
IF 0.9 3区 社会学
International Review of Law and Economics Pub Date : 2024-08-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.irle.2024.106226
Antoine Dubus , Christine Halmenschlager , Patrick Waelbroeck
{"title":"Fighting free with free: Freemium vs. Piracy","authors":"Antoine Dubus ,&nbsp;Christine Halmenschlager ,&nbsp;Patrick Waelbroeck","doi":"10.1016/j.irle.2024.106226","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.irle.2024.106226","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>We analyze the optimal business model of a firm facing piracy. The firm either sells a premium version of its product, or also offers a free version along with the premium version. The firm can in turn impose restrictions on the use of the free version. Consumers can choose between the free and the premium version, but can also get an illegal digital copy. We show that freemium offers can reduce digital piracy by fighting free with free and that firms choose their optimal business model depending on the strength of copyright protection. Therefore, the strength of copyright protection can lead firms to choose a traditional business model rather than the new freemium model, impacting significantly the legal usage of the good.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":47202,"journal":{"name":"International Review of Law and Economics","volume":"80 ","pages":"Article 106226"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2024-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142137278","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Selling and abandoning legal rights 出售和放弃合法权利
IF 0.9 3区 社会学
International Review of Law and Economics Pub Date : 2024-08-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.irle.2024.106219
Keith N. Hylton
{"title":"Selling and abandoning legal rights","authors":"Keith N. Hylton","doi":"10.1016/j.irle.2024.106219","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.irle.2024.106219","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Legal rights impose concomitant legal burdens. This paper considers the valuation and disposition of legal rights, and legal burdens, when courts cannot be relied upon to perfectly enforce rights. Because courts do not perfectly enforce rights, victims suffer some loss in the value of their rights depending on the degree of underenforcement. The welfare implications of trading away and abandoning rights are examined. Victims do not necessarily trade away rights when and only when such trade is socially desirable. Relatively pessimistic victims (who believe their rights are weaker than injurers do) trade away rights too cheaply. Extremely pessimistic victims abandon their rights. Implications for the enforceability of waivers, discrimination in courts, and legal ethics are discussed.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":47202,"journal":{"name":"International Review of Law and Economics","volume":"80 ","pages":"Article 106219"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2024-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141990613","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Strict liability versus negligence in the case of data breach 数据泄露情况下的严格责任与过失
IF 0.9 3区 社会学
International Review of Law and Economics Pub Date : 2024-08-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.irle.2024.106218
Jooyong Jun , Jeong-Yoo Kim
{"title":"Strict liability versus negligence in the case of data breach","authors":"Jooyong Jun ,&nbsp;Jeong-Yoo Kim","doi":"10.1016/j.irle.2024.106218","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.irle.2024.106218","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study compares the efficiency of the strict liability and negligence rules in the case of a data breach. Contrary to standard results, we demonstrate that the strict liability rule cannot induce the efficient activity and care levels of a data controller. This is mainly due to possible positive externalities from data breaches, unlike in usual tort cases. We show that the negligence rule is more efficient than the strict liability rule if the positive externality is sufficiently large. The main insight is carried over to the case where a data controller uses a data processor to process personal information before selling it in the market. If hackers are explicitly introduced into the model, the care level of the data controller increases with the hacking activity, whereas the latter level decreases with the former. In this model, if the hacker’s gain is sufficiently small, the negligence rule can be made more efficient by adjusting due care to a harsher level than the equilibrium care level under strict liability to reduce hacking activity, although a pure strategy equilibrium may not exist for some due care levels.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":47202,"journal":{"name":"International Review of Law and Economics","volume":"79 ","pages":"Article 106218"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2024-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141964499","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
ESG disclosure, investor awareness, and carbon risk pricing: Evidence from the Chinese market ESG信息披露、投资者意识和碳风险定价：来自中国市场的证据
IF 0.9 3区 社会学
International Review of Law and Economics Pub Date : 2024-07-25 DOI: 10.1016/j.irle.2024.106217
Sirui Han , Haitian Lu , Hao Wu
{"title":"ESG disclosure, investor awareness, and carbon risk pricing: Evidence from the Chinese market","authors":"Sirui Han ,&nbsp;Haitian Lu ,&nbsp;Hao Wu","doi":"10.1016/j.irle.2024.106217","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.irle.2024.106217","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This article examines the relationship between carbon disclosure, equity returns, and investor awareness in the Chinese A-share market. The study uses firm-disclosed and proprietary vendor-estimated carbon emissions data for A-share listed companies and investigates whether the presentation of carbon risks affects the cross-sectional equity returns of Chinese domestically listed firms. The results indicate that main-board listed companies with higher unscaled carbon emissions tend to earn higher equity returns, even after controlling for factors such as size, book-to-market ratio, momentum, and firm characteristics. Moreover, the observed carbon risk premium associated with carbon-emitting companies decreases as investor awareness improves following the launch of policy agendas promoting carbon neutrality in China. These findings support the research hypothesis that investors seek higher returns for equity investments in carbon-emission-intensive companies to compensate for the higher carbon risks associated with such firms. The study also highlights the importance of carbon disclosure, as companies generally disclose their ESG information when they have improved performance in reducing their carbon emissions.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":47202,"journal":{"name":"International Review of Law and Economics","volume":"80 ","pages":"Article 106217"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2024-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141853770","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Environmental liability and product differentiation: Strict liability versus negligence revisited 环境责任与产品差异化：重新审视严格责任与过失
IF 0.9 3区 社会学
International Review of Law and Economics Pub Date : 2024-07-25 DOI: 10.1016/j.irle.2024.106214
Andreea Cosnita-Langlais, Eric Langlais
{"title":"Environmental liability and product differentiation: Strict liability versus negligence revisited","authors":"Andreea Cosnita-Langlais,&nbsp;Eric Langlais","doi":"10.1016/j.irle.2024.106214","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.irle.2024.106214","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This paper studies the role of environmental liability in shaping firms’ product differentiation choices, both horizontally (product design) and vertically (safety), and the ensuing welfare implications. We use a spatial Cournot duopoly where firms’ activity may entail accidental environmental harm. We show that for low levels of harm, both strict liability and negligence lead to a fully symmetric equilibrium with no differentiation: strict liability provides less output and more safety (thus, lower expected environmental harm) than negligence. Nevertheless, negligence affords higher welfare. For higher environmental harm, only strict liability yields an equilibrium where firms differentiate both horizontally and vertically: each firm becomes dominant (dominated) on a subset of local markets, where it delivers more (less) output and much more (less) safety than in the no-differentiation equilibrium under negligence. In this case, strict liability provides higher welfare.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":47202,"journal":{"name":"International Review of Law and Economics","volume":"79 ","pages":"Article 106214"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2024-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141950731","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Scale and scope economies in first-instance courts: Portuguese specialized vs non-specialized courts 一审法院的规模经济和范围经济：葡萄牙专门法院与非专门法院
IF 0.9 3区 社会学
International Review of Law and Economics Pub Date : 2024-07-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.irle.2024.106216
Nuno Q.M. Lopes, Maria C.A. Silva
{"title":"Scale and scope economies in first-instance courts: Portuguese specialized vs non-specialized courts","authors":"Nuno Q.M. Lopes,&nbsp;Maria C.A. Silva","doi":"10.1016/j.irle.2024.106216","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.irle.2024.106216","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This paper analyses the technical efficiency of first-instance courts and investigates the existence of scale and scope economies. To assess the technical efficiency of specialized and non-specialized court benches, we use Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA). This study uses data from 2015 to 2021, encompassing every bench within the Portuguese first-instance courts, totalling 3249 observations.</p><p>Our findings reveal diseconomies of scale, with more than half of the benches experiencing increasing returns to scale, indicating that their performance would benefit from increased scale. The scale diseconomies varied by bench type: benches primarily handling civil cases and generic benches faced mostly increasing returns to scale. In contrast, those dealing predominantly with criminal cases experienced decreasing returns to scale.</p><p>Additionally, we observe diseconomies of scope, indicating that generic and non-specialized benches were less efficient than specialized ones. Overall, this paper provides empirical evidence supporting the notion that the specialization of benches enhances their efficiency.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":47202,"journal":{"name":"International Review of Law and Economics","volume":"79 ","pages":"Article 106216"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2024-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S014481882400036X/pdfft?md5=9e622bd172e36f9bef31ede5bebaac52&pid=1-s2.0-S014481882400036X-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141959524","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Institutional flexibility in tax law and enforcement 税法和执法机构的灵活性
IF 0.9 3区 社会学
International Review of Law and Economics Pub Date : 2024-07-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.irle.2024.106215
Emanuela Carbonara , Philip A. Curry , Claire A. Hill , Francesco Parisi
{"title":"Institutional flexibility in tax law and enforcement","authors":"Emanuela Carbonara ,&nbsp;Philip A. Curry ,&nbsp;Claire A. Hill ,&nbsp;Francesco Parisi","doi":"10.1016/j.irle.2024.106215","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.irle.2024.106215","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This paper examines how governments can optimally audit to discourage tax avoidance. We assume that an accounting firm designs and promotes strategies for tax avoidance. This firm adapts the quality and diversity of these strategies in response to shifts in government policies. We investigate when it is more effective to approve some methods while cracking down on others, rather than targeting all tax-avoidance activities uniformly. We find that selectively enforcing against specific methods can be optimal. This approach not only reduces the quality but also limits the variety of tax avoidance activities in the market and positively impacts the government’s tax revenue collection. Our analysis provides practical insights, linking the costs of auditing with the interaction between enforcement, the quality of tax avoidance methods, and tax revenue outcomes.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":47202,"journal":{"name":"International Review of Law and Economics","volume":"79 ","pages":"Article 106215"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2024-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0144818824000358/pdfft?md5=5fb3f5a2241bc42558a23c711f35043a&pid=1-s2.0-S0144818824000358-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141959523","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Beyond courts: Does strategic litigation affect climate change policy support? 法院之外：战略性诉讼会影响气候变化政策支持吗？
IF 0.9 3区 社会学
International Review of Law and Economics Pub Date : 2024-07-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.irle.2024.106213
Anna Kovács , Katharina Luckner , Anna Sekuła , Jarosław Kantorowicz
{"title":"Beyond courts: Does strategic litigation affect climate change policy support?","authors":"Anna Kovács ,&nbsp;Katharina Luckner ,&nbsp;Anna Sekuła ,&nbsp;Jarosław Kantorowicz","doi":"10.1016/j.irle.2024.106213","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.irle.2024.106213","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Strategic climate change litigation is a rising phenomenon that has attracted considerable academic interest. Still, limited understanding exists of the effects of strategic litigation cases outside the courtroom – more specifically, on whether strategic litigation can influence public attitudes on climate change policy. Based on the concept of legal cueing, we conduct a pre-registered vignette experiment with a quota-representative sample of UK citizens to study the impact of information on strategic climate change litigation on stated and revealed preferences for climate policy measures. We furthermore perform an exploratory analysis of participants’ demographic characteristics and their expressed sentiment towards a carbon tax. Overall, the experiment returns null results, suggesting no direct link between strategic climate litigation and policy attitudes in our experimental setup. We discuss how legal cues may affect attitudes in a more indirect and cumulative manner.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":47202,"journal":{"name":"International Review of Law and Economics","volume":"79 ","pages":"Article 106213"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2024-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0144818824000334/pdfft?md5=46de5f94e6e62b2bad6ce349193a5436&pid=1-s2.0-S0144818824000334-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141703718","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
No War of Courts in the protection of fundamental rights: The case of amparo appeals in Spain 法院在保护基本权利方面没有战争：西班牙宪法权利保护令上诉案
IF 0.9 3区 社会学
International Review of Law and Economics Pub Date : 2024-07-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.irle.2024.106212
Julio López-Laborda , Fernando Rodrigo , Eduardo Sanz-Arcega
{"title":"No War of Courts in the protection of fundamental rights: The case of amparo appeals in Spain","authors":"Julio López-Laborda ,&nbsp;Fernando Rodrigo ,&nbsp;Eduardo Sanz-Arcega","doi":"10.1016/j.irle.2024.106212","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.irle.2024.106212","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This paper econometrically tests the possible existence of a War of Courts when the Spanish Constitutional Court (CC) decides on constitutional complaints (<em>recursos de amparo</em>), filed by citizens against the violation of a fundamental right or freedom by the Supreme Court. Exploiting a unique database comprising 404 <em>amparo</em> appeals rulings issued by the Spanish CC for the period 2015–2019, we have carried out various estimates whose results do not confirm the hypothesis of the existence of such a War of Courts, despite the fears expressed in the legal doctrine on this subject. On the contrary, the results suggest that the CC maintains a favourable attitude towards the Supreme Court, specifically when the ruling is issued by the Plenary of the CC. However, the estimates do not allow us to conclusively reject the existence of such a conflict between the CC and other bodies of the Judiciary besides the Supreme Court.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":47202,"journal":{"name":"International Review of Law and Economics","volume":"79 ","pages":"Article 106212"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2024-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0144818824000322/pdfft?md5=830fa974b5990b29aa5a1120cfdb18a7&pid=1-s2.0-S0144818824000322-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141637620","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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