AI & Society最新文献_第6页

The argument for near-term human disempowerment through AI 通过人工智能在短期内剥夺人类权力的论点

IF 2.9

AI & Society Pub Date : 2024-04-14 DOI: 10.1007/s00146-024-01930-2

Leonard Dung

{"title":"The argument for near-term human disempowerment through AI","authors":"Leonard Dung","doi":"10.1007/s00146-024-01930-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00146-024-01930-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Many researchers and intellectuals warn about extreme risks from artificial intelligence. However, these warnings typically came without systematic arguments in support. This paper provides an argument that AI will lead to the permanent disempowerment of humanity, e.g. human extinction, by 2100. It rests on four substantive premises which it motivates and defends: first, the speed of advances in AI capability, as well as the capability level current systems have already reached, suggest that it is practically possible to build AI systems capable of disempowering humanity by 2100. Second, due to incentives and coordination problems, if it is possible to build such AI, it will be built. Third, since it appears to be a hard technical problem to build AI which is aligned with the goals of its designers, and many actors might build powerful AI, misaligned powerful AI will be built. Fourth, because disempowering humanity is useful for a large range of misaligned goals, such AI will try to disempower humanity. If AI is capable of disempowering humanity and tries to disempower humanity by 2100, then humanity will be disempowered by 2100. This conclusion has immense moral and prudential significance.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":47165,"journal":{"name":"AI & Society","volume":"40 3","pages":"1195 - 1208"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00146-024-01930-2.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140706635","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Sticks and stones may break my bones, but words will never hurt me!—Navigating the cybersecurity risks of generative AI 棍棒和石头可以打断我的骨头，但言语永远不会伤害我！--引导生成式人工智能的网络安全风险

IF 2.9

AI & Society Pub Date : 2024-04-13 DOI: 10.1007/s00146-024-01934-y

Abdur Rahman Bin Shahid, Ahmed Imteaj

引用次数: 0

Citizens’ data afterlives: Practices of dataset inclusion in machine learning for public welfare 公民数据的余生：将数据集纳入公益机器学习的做法

IF 2.9

AI & Society Pub Date : 2024-04-10 DOI: 10.1007/s00146-024-01920-4

Helene Friis Ratner, Nanna Bonde Thylstrup

{"title":"Citizens’ data afterlives: Practices of dataset inclusion in machine learning for public welfare","authors":"Helene Friis Ratner, Nanna Bonde Thylstrup","doi":"10.1007/s00146-024-01920-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00146-024-01920-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Public sector adoption of AI techniques in welfare systems recasts historic national data as resource for machine learning. In this paper, we examine how the use of register data for development of predictive models produces new ‘afterlives’ for citizen data. First, we document a Danish research project’s practical efforts to develop an algorithmic decision-support model for social workers to classify children’s risk of maltreatment. Second, we outline the tensions emerging from project members’ negotiations about which datasets to include. Third, we identify three types of afterlives for citizen data in machine learning projects: (1) data afterlives for training and testing the algorithm, acting as ‘ground truth’ for inferring futures, (2) data afterlives for validating the algorithmic model, acting as markers of robustness, and (3) data afterlives for improving the model’s fairness, valuated for reasons of data ethics. We conclude by discussing how, on one hand, these afterlives engender new ethical relations between state and citizens; and how they, on the other hand, also articulate an alternative view on the value of datasets, posing interesting contrasts between machine learning projects developed within the context of the Danish welfare state and mainstream corporate AI discourses of the bigger, the better.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":47165,"journal":{"name":"AI & Society","volume":"40 3","pages":"1183 - 1193"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00146-024-01920-4.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140717594","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

ChatGPT: towards AI subjectivity ChatGPT：迈向人工智能的主观性

IF 2.9

AI & Society Pub Date : 2024-04-09 DOI: 10.1007/s00146-024-01898-z

Kristian D’Amato

{"title":"ChatGPT: towards AI subjectivity","authors":"Kristian D’Amato","doi":"10.1007/s00146-024-01898-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00146-024-01898-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Motivated by the question of responsible AI and value alignment, I seek to offer a uniquely Foucauldian reconstruction of the problem as the emergence of an ethical subject in a disciplinary setting. This reconstruction contrasts with the strictly human-oriented programme typical to current scholarship that often views technology in instrumental terms. With this in mind, I problematise the concept of a technological subjectivity through an exploration of various aspects of ChatGPT in light of Foucault’s work, arguing that current systems lack the reflexivity and self-formative characteristics inherent in the notion of the subject. By drawing upon a recent dialogue between Foucault and phenomenology, I suggest four techno-philosophical desiderata that would address the gaps in this search for a technological subjectivity: <i>embodied self-care, embodied intentionality, imagination and reflexivity</i>. Thus I propose that advanced AI be reconceptualised as a subject capable of “technical” self-crafting and reflexive self-conduct, opening new pathways to grasp the intertwinement of the human and the artificial. This reconceptualisation holds the potential to render future AI technology more transparent and responsible in the circulation of knowledge, care and power.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":47165,"journal":{"name":"AI & Society","volume":"40 3","pages":"1627 - 1641"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00146-024-01898-z.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140726693","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Hic sunt leones. User orientation as a design principle for emerging institutions on social media platforms Hic sunt leones.将用户导向作为社交媒体平台上新兴机构的设计原则

IF 2.9

AI & Society Pub Date : 2024-04-08 DOI: 10.1007/s00146-024-01932-0

Lavinia Marin, Constantin Vică

{"title":"Hic sunt leones. User orientation as a design principle for emerging institutions on social media platforms","authors":"Lavinia Marin, Constantin Vică","doi":"10.1007/s00146-024-01932-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00146-024-01932-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The phenomenon of missed interactions between online users is a specific issue occurring when users of different language games interact on social media platforms. We use the lens of institutional theory to analyze this phenomenon and argue that current online institutions will necessarily fail to regulate user interactions in a way that creates common meanings because online institutions are not set up to deal with the multiplicity of language games and forms of life co-existing in the online social space. We argue for the need to enable and foster grassroots online institutions that can stabilize the norms of interaction by redesigning algorithms and user interfaces. Such online grassroots institutions would facilitate user orientation at three distinct levels: informational, normative, and semantic-pragmatic. We propose user orientation as a principle that would facilitate the formation of institutions aiming to regulate information exchanges between users inhabiting various forms of life. This principle of user orientation should guide design decisions, while designer teams would need to become aware of the institutional power unleashed when they set up interfaces and algorithms for user-generated content.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":47165,"journal":{"name":"AI & Society","volume":"40 3","pages":"1613 - 1626"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00146-024-01932-0.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140728398","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Opening the black boxes of the black carpet in the era of risk society: a sociological analysis of AI, algorithms and big data at work through the case study of the Greek postal services 打开风险社会时代黑地毯上的黑盒子：通过希腊邮政服务案例研究对人工智能、算法和大数据在工作中的应用进行社会学分析

IF 2.9

AI & Society Pub Date : 2024-04-07 DOI: 10.1007/s00146-024-01916-0

Christos Kouroutzas, Venetia Palamari

{"title":"Opening the black boxes of the black carpet in the era of risk society: a sociological analysis of AI, algorithms and big data at work through the case study of the Greek postal services","authors":"Christos Kouroutzas, Venetia Palamari","doi":"10.1007/s00146-024-01916-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00146-024-01916-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This article draws on contributions from the Sociology of Science and Technology and Science and Technology Studies, the Sociology of Risk and Uncertainty, and the Sociology of Work, focusing on the transformations of employment regarding expanded automation, robotization and informatization. The new work patterns emerging due to the introduction of software and hardware technologies, which are based on artificial intelligence, algorithms, big data gathering and robotic systems are examined closely. This article attempts to “open the black boxes” of the “black carpet” (robotic sorting system) and examine the reorganization of Greek postal services through the introduction of software and hardware technologies, highlighting a) the high risk of flexible, pluralistic, decentralized (under)employment and aspects of the sub-politics of automation, b) the new forms of work organization and c) aspects of labor precariousness as a result of de-specialization or “flexible expertise” interconnected with new forms of inequalities based on AI, algorithms, big data and robots as reflected in the lived experiences of workers. The above are investigated through primary empirical social research in postal service companies in Greece.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":47165,"journal":{"name":"AI & Society","volume":"40 2","pages":"825 - 838"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00146-024-01916-0.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140732939","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

From the essence of humanity to the essence of intelligence, and AI in the future society 从人性的本质到智能的本质，以及未来社会中的人工智能

IF 2.9

AI & Society Pub Date : 2024-04-06 DOI: 10.1007/s00146-024-01936-w

Yehui Zhang

{"title":"From the essence of humanity to the essence of intelligence, and AI in the future society","authors":"Yehui Zhang","doi":"10.1007/s00146-024-01936-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00146-024-01936-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Fear and concerns regarding AI and robots have existed for a long time, and the emergence of strong artificial intelligence, on par with human intelligence, is likely just a few decades away. The primary purpose of this article is to establish a theoretical framework for navigating the relationship between humans and this advanced form of artificial intelligence.</p><p>This article first points out that the most fundamental characteristic of life is its continuous process of evolution and iteration. By analyzing the developmental history of intelligence in different species, it can be observed that intelligence also exhibits a similar evolutionary phenomenon. Therefore, from this perspective, intelligence can be defined as a new form of information life. Under this premise, similarities and differences between information life forms and conventional biological life become apparent. The most significant distinction lies in the fact that the survival of biological life is based on non-replicable matter and energy, leading to extensive competition and food chain phenomena within ecosystems. In contrast, the survival of information life relies more on replicable information, fostering tendencies towards peace and communication. Based on this theoretical premise, there is a potential for a harmonious coexistence between humans and AI. This theory also provides guidance for the positive development of human society.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":47165,"journal":{"name":"AI & Society","volume":"40 2","pages":"815 - 823"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-04-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140735066","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The shift of Artificial Intelligence research from academia to industry: implications and possible future directions 人工智能研究从学术界向产业界的转移：影响和未来可能的方向

IF 2.9

AI & Society Pub Date : 2024-04-05 DOI: 10.1007/s00146-024-01924-0

Miguel Angelo de Abreu de Sousa

{"title":"The shift of Artificial Intelligence research from academia to industry: implications and possible future directions","authors":"Miguel Angelo de Abreu de Sousa","doi":"10.1007/s00146-024-01924-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00146-024-01924-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The movement of Artificial Intelligence (AI) research from universities to big corporations has had a significant impact on the development of the field. In the past, AI research was primarily conducted in academic institutions, which foster a culture of peer reviewing and collaboration to enhance quality improvements. The growing interest in AI among corporations, especially regarding Machine Learning (ML) technology, has shifted the focus of research from quality to quantity. Corporations have the resources to invest in large-scale ML projects and they are often more interested in fast results than in ensuring that AI algorithms are reliable and safe. This paper proposes that the description of a Darwinian process made by the mathematician and physicist Freeman Dyson can be used to understand the implications of ML research scenario. The context of the Darwinian process—or lack thereof—can be used to draw a parallel between historical and current implications of technology expansion strongly driven by economic interests, making clear the consequences of shifting AI research from academia to industry. Finally, this paper indicates future directions for AI research to create a healthier environment for the evolution of ML technology.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":47165,"journal":{"name":"AI & Society","volume":"40 2","pages":"805 - 814"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140739594","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Augmenting morality through ethics education: the ACTWith model 通过道德教育增强道德：ACTWith 模式

IF 2.9

AI & Society Pub Date : 2024-04-03 DOI: 10.1007/s00146-024-01864-9

Jeffrey White

{"title":"Augmenting morality through ethics education: the ACTWith model","authors":"Jeffrey White","doi":"10.1007/s00146-024-01864-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00146-024-01864-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Recently in this journal, Jessica Morley and colleagues (AI & SOC 2023 38:411–423) review AI ethics and education, suggesting that a cultural shift is necessary to prepare students for their responsibilities in developing technology infrastructure that should shape ways of life for many generations. Current AI ethics guidelines are abstract and difficult to implement as practical moral concerns proliferate. They call for improvements in ethics course design, focusing on real-world cases and perspective-taking tools to immerse students in challenging situations with relatable personal, social and environmental implications. The present paper considers the ACTWith model of moral cognition for use in such training contexts. Morley and colleagues’ paper and contemporary research literature are reviewed. Whistleblowing as a source for relatable case-studies is discussed, and the purpose of ethics education considered. The ACTWith model is introduced, and correlations with contemporary research noted. The ACTWith model has been successfully employed in a broad range of technology ethics courses in the Netherlands and South Korea. Illustrations are offered. Parallel efforts in the context of software engineering are observed. Summary discussion considers strengths and limitations of the ACTWith program. Overall, the paper emphasizes training high-level moral reasoning through guided inquiry education informing lifetime professional practice, recognizes an outstanding need for teachers able to do the job, and offers the ACTWith program for necessary skill development.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":47165,"journal":{"name":"AI & Society","volume":"40 2","pages":"839 - 858"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140747542","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Assessing the impact of heat vulnerability on urban public spaces using a fuzzy-based unified computational technique 利用基于模糊的统一计算技术评估热脆弱性对城市公共空间的影响

IF 2.9

AI & Society Pub Date : 2024-04-02 DOI: 10.1007/s00146-024-01904-4

Rajeev Kumar, Saswat Kishore Mishra

{"title":"Assessing the impact of heat vulnerability on urban public spaces using a fuzzy-based unified computational technique","authors":"Rajeev Kumar, Saswat Kishore Mishra","doi":"10.1007/s00146-024-01904-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00146-024-01904-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Over the years, the urban heat vulnerability has evolved as a pressing global concern for researchers and policymakers alike. Numerous studies have aimed at mitigating the adverse effects of urban heat vulnerability on public health and safety. However, the critical task of selecting the most fitting indicator for urban heat islands in public spaces is not emphasized in the existing studies, considering the diverse indices available. Beyond identification, studies that delve into the prioritization of these indices and the determination of optimal variables along with their respective weights are scanty. The present study attempts to address these gaps in urban heat vulnerability research through the lens of natural solutions. The study employs a fuzzy analytical hierarchy approach to ascertain the weights of selected criteria, providing a nuanced understanding of the multifaceted factors influencing their applicability. Real-time impact estimation using the fuzzy technique for order of preference by similarity to ideal solutions enhances the practicality of the findings. The results reveal a set of pivotal characteristics crucial for constructing a robust heat vulnerability index, facilitating the prioritization of selected criteria. The implementation of this hybrid methodology culminates in a streamlined, precise, and practical tool for evaluating heat vulnerability in hot urban public spaces. These findings contribute valuable insights to the academic discourse and offer a tangible resource for policymakers and practitioners. The proactive approach provides a roadmap for addressing impending challenges related to urban heat vulnerability, marking a positive step toward creating resilient and sustainable urban environments.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":47165,"journal":{"name":"AI & Society","volume":"40 2","pages":"787 - 804"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140753533","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0