Journal of Public Affairs最新文献

{"title":"Are Cities in Advanced Countries Saturated in Population Size?","authors":"Arup Mitra,&nbsp;Sabyasachi Tripathi","doi":"10.1002/pa.70016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/pa.70016","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Although the focus on urbanization has shifted to developing countries, developed countries still face several challenges. In this regard, the present study proposes to investigate the capacity of cities in developed countries in terms of population size and reflects on the interaction between the city's core and hinterland areas. In addition, the impact of cities on employment, gross domestic product, and productivity, as well as the short- and long-term relationship between them, are examined. We estimate Gini coefficients and apply panel stochastic frontier and panel cointegration approaches using data from 688 cities in 39 advanced countries to test our hypothesis. The estimated results show that the number of million-plus cities growing in developed nations varies widely, and a city's hinterland and core vary in terms of population concentrations. The population in the core and hinterland areas have achieved saturation point. Therefore, the benefits of agglomeration economies have disappeared from these cities. It thus concurs with the S-shaped urbanization curve. The population concentration in the hinterland region is negatively impacted by territorial fragmentation and mean population exposure to particulate matter of 2.5 air pollution. There is a need to improve the density and management of environmental degradation through higher investment in making cities more productive and sustainable.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":47153,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Public Affairs","volume":"25 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143396964","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Policy Design Spaces in Brazil's and Argentina's Digital Government","authors":"Lizandro Lui,&nbsp;Ciro Pitangueira de Avelino","doi":"10.1002/pa.70010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/pa.70010","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The article aims to investigate the development of the digital transformation agenda in Latin America to understand which factors have been essential for countries to achieve effectiveness in their policy design. We conducted a qualitative study based on document analysis and interviews with public managers in Brazil and Argentina. We found that both countries have developed policies to build the digital government agenda since 2015. We identify the growing political prestige the agenda has gained within each country and the institutional support of organizations such as the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). However, technical capacity challenges must be addressed, especially in retaining qualified human resources within the state bureaucracy. The article argues that the design space framework, although sharp, fails to embrace features of the Latin American context, such as the brain drain and the inability of the state to retain highly qualified professionals.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":47153,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Public Affairs","volume":"25 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143389135","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correction to “Are Pollution Control Bonds and Public Ownership Really Blessing for Utility Firms?”","authors":"","doi":"10.1002/pa.70008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/pa.70008","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;Khanchel, I., N. Lassoued, and C. Khiari. 2025. “Are Pollution Control Bonds and Public Ownership Really Blessing for Utility Firms?” &lt;i&gt;Journal of Public Affairs&lt;/i&gt; 25: e70004. https://doi.org/10.1002/pa.70004.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Page 7, second line&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Corrected&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Page 7, first paragraph&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;2. Mistake:&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;With the following variable definitions: &lt;i&gt;_&lt;/i&gt;, a scalar indicating the efficiency of firm &lt;i&gt;j&lt;/i&gt;; &lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;math&gt;\u0000 &lt;semantics&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;msub&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;x&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;i&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;mn&gt;0&lt;/mn&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;/msub&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;annotation&gt;$$ {x}_{i0} $$&lt;/annotation&gt;\u0000 &lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt;, the consumed amount of the &lt;i&gt;i&lt;/i&gt;th input; &lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;math&gt;\u0000 &lt;semantics&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;msub&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;x&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;ij&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;/msub&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;annotation&gt;$$ {x}_{ij} $$&lt;/annotation&gt;\u0000 &lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt;, the produced amount of the &lt;i&gt;i&lt;/i&gt;th input; &lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;math&gt;\u0000 &lt;semantics&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;msub&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;y&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;r&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;mn&gt;0&lt;/mn&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;/msub&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;annotation&gt;$$ {y}_{r0} $$&lt;/annotation&gt;\u0000 &lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt;, the consumed amount of the &lt;i&gt;r&lt;/i&gt;th output; &lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;math&gt;\u0000 &lt;semantics&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;msub&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;y&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;rj&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;/msub&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;annotation&gt;$$ {y}_{rj} $$&lt;/annotation&gt;\u0000 &lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt;, the produced amount of the &lt;i&gt;r&lt;/i&gt;th output; &lt;i&gt;_j&lt;/i&gt;, a vector of weights; &lt;i&gt;m&lt;/i&gt;, the number of inputs; &lt;i&gt;s&lt;/i&gt;, the number of outputs.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Corrected&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;With the following variable definitions: &lt;i&gt;_&lt;/i&gt;, a scalar indicating the efficiency of firm &lt;i&gt;j&lt;/i&gt;; &lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;math&gt;\u0000 &lt;semantics&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;msub&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;x&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;i&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;mn&gt;0&lt;/mn&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;/msub&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;annotation&gt;$$ {x}_{i0} $$&lt;/annotation&gt;\u0000 &lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt;, the consumed amount of the &lt;i&gt;i&lt;/i&gt;th input by the DMU under evaluation; &lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;math&gt;\u0000 &lt;semantics&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;msub&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;x&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;ij&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;/msu","PeriodicalId":47153,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Public Affairs","volume":"25 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/pa.70008","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143362379","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How Does Government Spending Efficiency Affect Human Development in Africa?","authors":"Olawale Daniel Akinyele,&nbsp;Abiodun Adewale Adegboye,&nbsp;James Temitope Dada","doi":"10.1002/pa.70012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/pa.70012","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The performance of any government is evaluated by how well its citizens are doing and how the government makes use of resources available to guarantee that they are sufficient to ensure fundamental capabilities. Meanwhile, achieving a given human development that guarantees a meaningful living is a challenge of time and a threat to most countries, mainly African countries. Therefore, this study investigates the relationship between government spending efficiency and African human development. The analysis relies on Keynesianism postulations and adopts second-generation estimation techniques. Results show that higher efficient government spending increases human development. Furthermore, disaggregating the sample into resource-rich and non–resource-rich African countries reveals that the abundance of natural resources has not been managed well enough to improve human development in Africa. The explanation of endowed resources in Africa can be described as the resource curse hypothesis, which affects human development. More specifically, rationalising government resources without jeopardising spending quality is a better enabler for human development in Africa. The study concluded that government spending efficiency spurred human development in Africa.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":47153,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Public Affairs","volume":"25 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143111460","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Financial Growth of Sport Industry in the Extreme Context: Evidence From Iran Under Economic Sanction and COVID-19 Pandemic","authors":"Zahra Mohity,&nbsp;Maryam Mokhtari Dinani,&nbsp;Abbas Rezaei Pandari,&nbsp;Asghar Afshar Jahanshahi","doi":"10.1002/pa.70011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/pa.70011","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The objective of this research is to shift the narrative toward the impact of international sanctions against Iran and the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic on the financial growth of the sports industry. Employing Importance-Performance Analysis (IPA), we delve into the diverse factors influencing the financial dynamics of the sports sector in Iran. After an extensive review of the research literature, we identify pivotal elements affecting the financial prosperity of the sports industry. Using expert opinions and the content validity index (CVI), we select 20 significant factors shaping the financial landscape of the sports industry in Iran. Subsequently, we evaluate the importance and performance of these identified factors, drawing insights from the perspectives of 12 sports economics experts and sports managers. Employing Decision-making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory (DANP) and IPA methods, we analyze the interplay of these factors. The research outcomes underscore the pivotal role of international sanctions against Iran and the challenges posed by the COVID-19 pandemic in influencing the financial growth of the sports industry. Noteworthy factors include the stability of sports club incomes, the commercialization of the sports industry, private sector investment in sports, and the allocation of sports expenses within government expenditures. These findings illuminate the nuanced relationship between external geopolitical factors and internal financial dynamics, shaping the trajectory of the sports industry's financial growth in Iran.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":47153,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Public Affairs","volume":"25 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143110877","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigating the Association Between Human Resource Management Practices and Job Autonomy on Faculty Job Performance: Evidence From UAE Higher Education Sector","authors":"Ahmed Mahade,&nbsp;Abdallah Elmahi,&nbsp;Alaa Amin Abdalla,&nbsp;Raed A. Said,&nbsp;Khaled Mohammad Alomari","doi":"10.1002/pa.70009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/pa.70009","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This research delves into the interplay between Human Resource Management Practices (HRMPs) and job autonomy concerning faculty job performance within private universities in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) while considering the moderating role of faculty experience. The research explores how job autonomy and supportive HRMPs enhance job performance. The primary objective is to address the research gap concerning the functional independence of HRMPs and their impact on faculty job performance within higher education, specifically focusing on institutions in the (UAE). The significance of this research lies in the pivotal role of Human Resource Management (HRM) in higher education, as HRM has evolved from simply executing decisions to shaping strategic directions, making it a crucial factor in the success of universities through HRMPs related to finding and developing teaching staff to drive educational excellence. The HRMPs under scrutiny encompass recruitment, service ending, training, performance appraisal, promotion, and compensation as a cluster. A survey collected data from 225 faculty members, and statistical analysis was conducted using SPSS and SmartPLS software. The results reached through tests show a significant and positive impact of HRMPs and job independence on faculty performance. In addition, faculty members' experience affects the relationship between HRMPs, job independence, and faculty job performance as a moderating variable. This study has tremendous implications for tertiary institutions seeking to enhance the job performance of faculty members. It provides fresh insights into higher education and the specific context of the private tertiary sector in the UAE.</p>","PeriodicalId":47153,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Public Affairs","volume":"25 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/pa.70009","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143121343","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Are Pollution Control Bonds and Public Ownership Really Blessing for Utility Firms?","authors":"Imen Khanchel,&nbsp;Naima Lassoued,&nbsp;Cyrine Khiari","doi":"10.1002/pa.70004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/pa.70004","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The purpose of this study is to extend the existing literature on the relationship between green financing and carbon footprints in utility firms. We specifically examine the connection between pollution control bonds (PCBs) and carbon efficiency (CE), as well as whether public ownership moderates this relationship. This study is based on the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) method with Variable Returns to Scale to measure CE in firms by optimizing inputs while considering both desirable and undesirable outputs. Specifically, the study uses three key input variables: labor, defined by the effective labor time of employees; capital input, calculated using the perpetual inventory method; and energy use, which refers to the final energy consumption. We include good outputs (represented by net sales revenue) and bad outputs (quantified by carbon emissions). Using a sample of 86 US utility firms that use PCBs, matched with an equivalent number of firms from 2011 to 2020, our findings indicate that PCBs increase CE. Furthermore, we observe that public ownership strengthens this relationship, suggesting that utility firms have to consider the role of public ownership when addressing environmental challenges. Sensitivity analysis, taking into account significant reforms such as the Clean Power Plan (CPP) and Affordable Clean Energy (ACE), yields interesting results. The findings during the application periods of both the CPP and ACE align with our primary conclusions, though with some variations. Specifically, the ACE period demonstrates more pronounced effects than the CPP, largely due to ACE's flexible framework, which alleviates financial and regulatory pressures on utility companies. Conversely, the suspension of the CPP yielded contrasting results, with PCBs reducing CE. This result is primarily because many firms continued to depend on traditional energy sources in the absence of new mandatory regulations.</p>","PeriodicalId":47153,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Public Affairs","volume":"25 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/pa.70004","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143113892","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Understanding Urban Resilience and SDGs: A New Approach in Decision-Making for Sustainable Cities","authors":"Luciano Barcellos-Paula,&nbsp;Aline Castro-Rezende,&nbsp;Anna María Gil-Lafuente","doi":"10.1002/pa.70007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/pa.70007","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Recent crises exacerbate social, environmental, and economic problems affecting the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and urban resilience. Urgent action is needed to address these issues. The paper aims to (i) broaden the debate on urban resilience and the SDGs and (ii) examine how the interconnection of Urban Spatial Resilience (USR) and the SDGs can contribute to sustainable cities and communities. The research is developed through a literature review and a bibliometric analysis, followed by a quantitative approach using modeling and simulation. The results reveal three critical elements that can impact urban resilience and sustainable development: SDG11, urban spatial structure resilience, and urban spatial form resilience. Other findings indicate that SDG13 and SDG6 have a significant indirect relationship with urban resilience. The study provides policy implications supporting urban resilience and the SDGs.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":47153,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Public Affairs","volume":"25 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143112519","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Revealing Factors Influencing Digital Transformation in South Africa's Social Security Organisations","authors":"Luis Frota,&nbsp;Margaret Chitiga-Mabugu,&nbsp;Adrino Mazenda","doi":"10.1002/pa.70006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/pa.70006","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The study analyses factors influencing digital transformation in South Africa's national social security organisations. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews with 20 purposefully selected respondents and analysed using thematic analysis. The study found seven factors influencing digital transformation in South Africa's national social security organisations: Legal authority, Policy autonomy, Human resources, Finance, digital data collection and use, digital infrastructure and applications and digital skills and collaborative work. The study's findings showed that digitalisation per se does not lead to a better balance between policy alignment and organisational autonomy. On the contrary, the unprecedented access to ubiquitous data and massive processing capacity can heighten the tendencies of rigid systems for greater hierarchical control and lead to a future where decision-making is further centralised, data are inaccessible, the staff is disempowered and innovation is stifled. However, the study also highlights a potential solution—the need for hierarchical leaders to transition into collaborative workspace enablers who enhance the agencies' operational capabilities. This shift in leadership style can inspire innovation and empower staff, thereby mitigating the negative effects of digitalisation.</p>","PeriodicalId":47153,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Public Affairs","volume":"25 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/pa.70006","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143120629","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessing Pakistan's Textile Exports Under Trade Agreements","authors":"Amjad Masood,&nbsp;Junaid Ahmed,&nbsp;Khuda Bakhsh","doi":"10.1002/pa.70001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/pa.70001","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Textiles serve as the export engine of Pakistan's economy, constituting roughly 60% of its total exports. Despite this prominence, Pakistan's global share in textile exports has consistently declined. In light of this, this study explores the potential impact of free trade agreements (FTAs) on fostering textile exports. The study applied a structural gravity model with the Poisson pseudo-maximum likelihood (PPML) estimator to analyze annual exports for the period 2002–2021. Findings exhibit a positive and statistically significant effect of FTAs on textile exports, with varied impacts compared to major competitors. Moreover, we categorized textile products at the HS four-digit level based on their value addition. Pakistan's FTAs facilitate the export of low- and medium-value-added textile products to Malaysia and South Asian countries, while exports of high-value-added products benefit from FTAs with China and Sri Lanka. The Pakistan–China FTA, in particular, stands out as highly effective. Regarding the European Union’s Generalized System of Preferences (EU-GSP+), which is designed to leverage trade benefits, findings reveal a significant impact on textile exports across various value-added categories. Overall, the lack of policy support for high-value-added exports contributes to the sector being mired in a low-value-added export trap.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":47153,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Public Affairs","volume":"25 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143117905","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}