Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism-Research Planning and Management最新文献

{"title":"Searching for avalanche clues — An exploratory comparison of professional and recreational use of snow, terrain, and group factors","authors":"Lauri Ahonen ,&nbsp;Markus Landrø ,&nbsp;Guang Rong ,&nbsp;Gerit Pfuhl ,&nbsp;Andrea Mannberg ,&nbsp;Audun Hetland ,&nbsp;Benjamin Ultan Cowley","doi":"10.1016/j.jort.2024.100841","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jort.2024.100841","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The fast-growing pastime of backcountry skiing in snowy mountain terrain has raised safety concerns, particularly in avalanche-prone areas. Key to mitigating such risks is the ability of recreational skiers to make informed decisions about avalanche dangers. While avalanche professionals have developed consistent approaches to assess avalanche problems, it is unclear how well recreational skiers’ decisions align with these approaches.</div><div>Here we report a survey study of recreational skiers who had embarked on self-selected backcountry trips in a popular backcountry skiing area, near Tromsø, Northern Norway The survey, adapted from Landrø et al. (2020a), was designed to examine decision-making processes in avalanche terrain, with a subset of participants also using GPS tracking devices to contrast their decisions with slope-specific assessments by a commissioned avalanche professional.</div><div>The study aimed to identify key decision-making factors utilized by non-professional skiers in avalanche terrain. We analyzed the influence of group coordination, planning strategies, and snowpack assessments on decision-making at the self-identified most critical decision point in the skiers’ trips. Participant responses were also compared against expert avalanche hazard assessments to evaluate the accuracy of their risk awareness.</div><div>Our findings, based on 193 survey responses, indicate that while participants engage in thorough planning and group management, their use of snowpack assessment factors (i.e. cues) does not vary significantly with different environments or conditions. The study offers valuable insights into the decision-making patterns of recreational skiers in avalanche terrain, highlighting areas for potential improvement in safety and risk assessment strategies.</div><div>Management Implications</div><div><ul><li><span>•</span><span><div>There’s a critical need for more focused education aiming to enhance recreational skiers’ ability to apply snowpack assessment cues effectively.</div></span></li><li><span>•</span><span><div>Development of safety measures need to align more closely with the needs and skills of recreational skiers, emphasizing real-world application of decision-making frameworks.</div></span></li><li><span>•</span><span><div>Identifying knowledge gaps can help in crafting targeted awareness campaigns.</div></span></li><li><span>•</span><span><div>Insights from the study can drive policy enhancements within the tourism sector to safeguard recreationists and improve safety standards in avalanche-prone areas.</div></span></li></ul></div><div>These targeted insights are aiming toward optimizing educational strategies to improve the preparation and safety of backcountry recreational skiers.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":46931,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism-Research Planning and Management","volume":"49 ","pages":"Article 100841"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143388245","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Geocaching and tourist activity in Slovenia: An exploration of travel patterns","authors":"Marko Poženel ,&nbsp;Aljaž Zrnec ,&nbsp;Dejan Lavbič","doi":"10.1016/j.jort.2024.100852","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jort.2024.100852","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Understanding tourist flows is essential for tailoring offerings to meet visitor needs and maintain competitiveness in the global tourism market. Traditional methods of analysing these flows are increasingly being supplanted by data generated from online sources shared by tourists, enabling analyses based on both traveller demographics and regional attributes. Geocaching, a form of outdoor recreation that leverages GPS technology to locate hidden geocaches, offers one such data source. This study explores how geocaching activity patterns across Slovenian municipalities, covering all 212 municipalities, categorized into 6 municipality types, compare to typical tourist visitation trends. The primary objectives were to assess whether geocaching is a viable alternative data source for analysing tourism in Slovenia and whether it can stimulate tourism in less-visited regions. Results indicate that geocaching, with 5,724 geocaches found 879,860 times by 53,854 users from 2008 to 2020, is an emerging element of the Slovenian tourism landscape. By correlating geocaching data with official tourism statistics at the municipal level, we found a positive association between geocaching finds and tourist visits, particularly in areas of high tourist interest. Additionally, geocaching activity in non-traditional tourism destinations suggests its potential to attract visitors to underrepresented regions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":46931,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism-Research Planning and Management","volume":"49 ","pages":"Article 100852"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143377711","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Glamping: A review","authors":"Christopher A. Craig","doi":"10.1016/j.jort.2025.100858","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jort.2025.100858","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Glamping has been a topic in the academic literature for over 10-years (2013–2024) after first appearing in the legacy news media in 2005. Despite multiple calls to consolidate the academic glamping literature, this is the first known review of peer-reviewed studies. Most authors define glamping with the terms “camping” and “glamorous,” or some form of the latter word (e.g., luxury). The general consensus is that glamping has special features (e.g., amenities, services) that are distinguishable from traditional camping, and demands premium pricing. Not all cultures agree about what entails a glamping accommodating structure, however. Given the wide disparity of glamping definitions and conceptualizations, I globally define glamping as <em>camping with glamorous or luxurious distinctions that are not typical or expected of traditional camping</em>. The study's overarching objectives were to synthesize the glamping literature into core themes, identify research gaps, and prescribe future research directions. Results of the review unveil four themes in the glamping literature, the two most salient glamping attributes and factors influencing planned glamping behaviours. The three research gaps future researchers should address are: (1) inconsistent operationalizations of glamping, (2) inequivalent exploratory methodologies not grounded in theory, and (3) inequivalent attention on glampers, not glamping operator performance. The global definition acknowledges cultural differences in glamping, thus it does not explicitly prescribe an accommodating structure. Future researchers should be sure to describe glamping accommodations within the context of their own culture. Practical and policy implications as well as study limitations are provided.</div></div><div><h3>Management implications</h3><div>The review uncovered three salient management implications. First are the attributes that glampers find most desirable: nature or outdoors, tangibles (e.g., amenities, décor), services (e.g., dining, housekeeping), recreational accesses (e.g., hiking, yoga), and COVID-19 avoidance. Second is that some travellers prefer space and privacy that emerged as essential glamping characteristics during the COVID-19 pandemic. Third is demographic characteristics of a glamper, including a younger, diverse, and employed audience that usually travels with a partner. Furthermore, three primary managerial topics from a recent glamping industry report are: (1) glamper profiles, (2) glamping structures, and (3) glamping amenities and services.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":46931,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism-Research Planning and Management","volume":"49 ","pages":"Article 100858"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143150183","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hiker's leisure involvement and mental health: Moderating role of self-efficacy and social support","authors":"Bin Zhou ,&nbsp;Yuchen Zhu ,&nbsp;Minchen Huang ,&nbsp;Guiqiang Qiao ,&nbsp;Chris Ryan ,&nbsp;Yuxin Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.jort.2025.100857","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jort.2025.100857","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>It is well accepted that active leisure activities can enhance participants' mental health, yet a research gap remains on how leisure involvement associates with mental health. This study is based on a self-administrated survey of 557 hikers who had hiked on the North Hills' Trail in Ningbo, China. The results indicated that hikers’ mental health is positively determined by attraction, centrality, and self-expression. Both self-efficacy and social support moderate the relationship between self-expression and mental health, and self-efficacy moderates the relationship between attraction and mental health. This study confirms the impacts of leisure involvement on mental health and provides evidence for considering both personal and social factors when designing leisure activities.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":46931,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism-Research Planning and Management","volume":"49 ","pages":"Article 100857"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143098281","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Combining camera traps and artificial intelligence for monitoring visitor frequencies in natural areas: Lessons from a case study in the Belgian Ardenne","authors":"Quentin Guidosse ,&nbsp;Johanna Breyne ,&nbsp;Anthony Cioppa ,&nbsp;Kevin Maréchal ,&nbsp;Ulysse Rubens ,&nbsp;Marc Van Droogenbroeck ,&nbsp;Marc Dufrêne","doi":"10.1016/j.jort.2025.100856","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jort.2025.100856","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Visitor monitoring is essential for ecosystem management and the evaluation of ecosystem services. However, in natural areas without entrance fees and with scattered entry and exit points, this task can be challenging, costly, and labor-intensive. Camera traps can provide both quantitative and qualitative data on visitor frequencies, profiles, and activities in these remote areas. Manual image analysis, however, is time-consuming when dealing with large datasets. In this study, we analyzed more than 700,000 images collected by nineteen cameras over a year on hiking trails in the Belgian Ardenne. Consistent with recent studies, our research demonstrates that the use of a convolutional neural network (CNN) can achieve accurate and promising results in detecting and classifying people and non-people (dogs, bicycles). Nevertheless, automatic processing entails the risk of multiple counts of the same individuals, depending on camera’s position, technical characteristics, and the time intervals between photos. This paper discusses the limitations and potential improvements of the monitoring methodology, from camera setup to data analysis. It concludes by the added value of this approach for the management of natural areas.</div></div><div><h3>Management implications</h3><div>The integration of AI with camera traps offers a practical and scalable solution for natural areas management by providing accurate data on visitor frequencies and behaviors. This approach can help site managers optimize visitor flows, reduce the impact of human activities on vulnerable ecosystems, and address user conflicts. It also supports sustainable tourism by informing decisions related to infrastructure, conservation priorities, and visitor access. Additionally, the flexibility of this method allows for site-specific adaptations, ensuring that monitoring efforts are aligned with management objectives while maintaining data transparency and privacy protection.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":46931,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism-Research Planning and Management","volume":"49 ","pages":"Article 100856"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143098855","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Intersectionality in facilitators of active outdoor recreation in parks and protected areas","authors":"Sammie L. Powers ,&nbsp;Julie S. Son ,&nbsp;Hung-Ling (Stella) Liu ,&nbsp;Nicole Webster","doi":"10.1016/j.jort.2024.100853","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jort.2024.100853","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study applied an intersectionality framework to explore differences in facilitators of Active Recreation Outdoors (ARO) based on race/ethnicity and income, while controlling for age, education, and gender. Data were collected via a national Qualtrics online panel survey (<em>N</em> = 556) of U.S. adults in Fall 2022. Findings indicate that racial equity facilitators are related to age and vary based on race/ethnicity. Racial equity facilitators were generally most important to Black respondents, followed by Latino and Asian respondents, and were less important to White respondents. These results suggest that ARO managing agencies can encourage sustained, increased, or new participation in ARO by focusing on increasing diverse representation, supporting ARO role models in underrepresented racial or ethnic groups, enhancing outreach and communication efforts, and ensuring that parks are welcoming and contain facilities conducive to diverse uses.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":46931,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism-Research Planning and Management","volume":"49 ","pages":"Article 100853"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143098157","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Change of urban park use before and during the COVID-19 pandemic determined by on-site observation: A comparative study in Zhengzhou, China","authors":"Yang Cao ,&nbsp;Bo Li ,&nbsp;Dan He,&nbsp;Zheyuan Wu,&nbsp;Zuxing Wang,&nbsp;Yakai Lei","doi":"10.1016/j.jort.2025.100855","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jort.2025.100855","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Since the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, urban residents have had additional public health-related needs for their living environments. In this context, urban parks are particularly crucial for the health of residents. However, there is a lack of in-depth assessment about how the COVID-19 pandemic has affected urban park use in terms of spatial preferences of visitors with different attributes (i.e., gender, age) and visitor behavior. This study conducted on-site observation in Zhengzhou, China, to explore the change in urban park space use and residents' environmental preferences by investigating the visitation and behavior of different visitor groups in five types of park spaces before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. The results highlighted that: (1) The COVID-19 pandemic resulted in a decrease in the overall number of park visitors compared to the non-pandemic period. However, there was a notable increase in the number of teenagers and the proportion of senior adults visiting the parks. (2) There was a marked increase in visitors to the lawn spaces, while pavilions and corridors emerged as the most appealing park areas among all demographic groups. (3) The COVID-19 pandemic did not change the main types of behavior in the park, but the specific ways and environmental preferences of various types of behavior have undergone adaptive changes. Based on the changes, we put forward several insights on future park design and management, which might help combine scientific mechanism research and park planning policy to improve urban park quality.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":46931,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism-Research Planning and Management","volume":"49 ","pages":"Article 100855"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143098158","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Examining the relationship between leisure constraints and quality of life: A case of hikers in Ningbo, China","authors":"Bin Zhou ,&nbsp;Minchen Huang ,&nbsp;Luting Wang ,&nbsp;Erwei Dong ,&nbsp;Yuchen Zhu","doi":"10.1016/j.jort.2024.100854","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jort.2024.100854","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The impact of leisure on quality of life (QOL) has garnered increasing scholarly attention from the public health perspective. However, as a key concept within leisure studies, leisure constraint's impact on QOL remained unstudied, especially from the perspective of hiking in non-Western developed countries. Although past qualitative studies indicated that leisure constraints might lead to poorer QOL, empirical evidence is lacking. Thus, to fill in this research gap, we collected 606 useable questionnaires from hikers on the North Hills' Trail in Ningbo, Zhejiang province, China. We empirically examined the relationship between leisure constraint, plus hiker's demographic variables and QOL. The results revealed that: (1) Intrapersonal constraint significantly predicted physical health; Environmental and facilities constraint significantly predicted environmental health; Interpersonal constraint significantly predicted all QOL dimensions (e.g., psychological health, environmental health, social relationship health, and physical health); Accessibility constraint significantly predicted psychological health; Time constraint significantly predicted social relationships health; (2) Among demographic variables, income significantly predicted psychological health, environmental health, social relationships health, and physical health. Both age and number of children are significant predictors of physical health. We offered new insight into hikers' constraint factors from the perspective of non-Western developed countries, provided empirical evidence to fill the research gap about leisure constraint and QOL, and further enriched existing research about leisure, QOL and hiking.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":46931,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism-Research Planning and Management","volume":"49 ","pages":"Article 100854"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143150184","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Understanding hikers’ injury-risk behavior: Self-categorization processes and self-presentational tactics","authors":"Vista L. Beasley ,&nbsp;Shanda D. Lauer ,&nbsp;Eleanor Pell ,&nbsp;Mario S. Fontana","doi":"10.1016/j.jort.2024.100850","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jort.2024.100850","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Hikers experience physical and psychological benefits but also incur injury. In this mixed-methods study, the relevance of self-categorization theoretical constructs (e.g., group norms, normative pressure) to hikers’ injury-risk behavior are explored via quantitative and qualitative analyses. Appalachian Trail thru-hikers (N = 329; <em>n</em> = 85 women) completed an online survey. They indicated whether they engaged in deliberate risk-taking (i.e., taking a riskier route consisting of a climb up a steep rock face, risking injury if they fell) or precautionary behavior (i.e., taking a less-risky route down a seemingly-flat path) and gave reasons for doing so. Frequencies revealed that 82.7% of participants took the riskier route; per a <em>t</em>-test, hikers who took the less-risky route used significantly (<em>p</em> &lt; .01, <em>d</em> = .60) more words in their reasons. Therefore, deliberate risk-taking represented a behavioral norm because 1) a behavior enacted by the majority of social identity group members tends to reflect group-sanctioned norms, and 2) those who do not engage in the behavioral norm tend to use more embellishment (i.e., more words) to defend their deviation. A latent content analysis of reasons identified six group norms (e.g., morality, status) relevant to taking the riskier route and six (e.g., practicality, non-conformity) that were asserted by those who took the less-risky route. Per two themes, hierarchical self-categorizations informed injury-risk behaviors, and social creativity countered normative pressure to engage in deliberate risk-taking. This research provides evidence that injury-prevention interventions for hikers may address theory-based group factors rather than individual risk factors.</div></div><div><h3>Management implications</h3><div>This mixed-methods study provides recreational professionals who support long-distance hikers with an understanding of group norms that influence hikers’ decisions to engage in behaviors that lead to injuries. This can inform injury-prevention efforts to:<ul><li><span>1.</span><span><div>target groups rather than individual hikers</div></span></li><li><span>2.</span><span><div>be administered where group identity is relevant (e.g., posting information at trail kiosks and shelters rather than online)</div></span></li><li><span>3.</span><span><div>incorporate group norms associated with less risk of injury (e.g., intelligence, non-conformity) and use of safer trail routes</div></span></li><li><span>4.</span><span><div>alter signage at injury-risk locations, and</div></span></li><li><span>5.</span><span><div>involve prominent members of hiking communities (e.g., successful thru-hikers).</div></span></li></ul></div></div>","PeriodicalId":46931,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism-Research Planning and Management","volume":"49 ","pages":"Article 100850"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143098279","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impacts of participation in scientific activities on marine tourists’ engagement and individual learning outcomes","authors":"Serena Lucrezi ,&nbsp;Mike Barron ,&nbsp;Antonietta d’Agnessa","doi":"10.1016/j.jort.2024.100849","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jort.2024.100849","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The participation of marine tourists in scientific activities or citizen science (CS) has been studied from various angles, to evaluate its benefits to science, management, policy, conservation, and tourism development. One of the main questions arising is whether this activity has positive impacts on participating tourists in the short and long term. This study measured the effects of participation in scientific activities on marine tourists, with an emphasis on relevant expected outcomes including experiential and reflective engagement, and individual learning outcomes. Using a case study of kelp forest monitoring by marine tourists in Cape Town, South Africa, a questionnaire survey was conducted between 2021 and 2022 to assess the short-term impact of participation in scientific activities by marine tourists, namely snorkelers and divers (n = 111). Their perspective was compared with that of tourists engaging in similar activities without a scientific component (n = 100). The results indicated that marine tourists participating in scientific activities were more reflectively engaged compared with regular tourists. Individual learning outcomes including interest; content, process and nature of science knowledge; and behaviour and stewardship were also more heightened for this group. This study confirms that participation in scientific activities has positive effects on marine tourists, but also suggests that tourists not yet participating in these activities can be fertile ground for recruitment in tourist programmes revolving around science and research with multiple potential benefits.</div></div><div><h3>Mamagement implications</h3><div>This study shows how CS based on simple tasks can effectively engage marine tourists and pique their interest in CS. This introduction can result in a further commitment to more complex CS projects which can be offered to tourists. Organisations and businesses engaging marine tourists through CS should consider the relevance of direct contact with nature and enjoyable, immersive experiences that can make CS impactful. The design of CS programmes for marine tourists should incentivise/reward participation and create a sense of inclusion in the scientific process through an open dialogue and feedback, to legitimise CS and make the experience more authentic.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":46931,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism-Research Planning and Management","volume":"49 ","pages":"Article 100849"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143098156","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}