{"title":"How does the CEO horizon problem affect the cost of bank loans?","authors":"Yangmei Wang , Savannah (Yuanyuan) Guo","doi":"10.1016/j.adiac.2024.100768","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.adiac.2024.100768","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this paper, we investigate the effect of the CEO horizon problem on the cost of bank loans. Prior research suggests that CEOs at the end of their tenures become myopic and have fewer incentives to act in the best interests of their firms, creating a CEO horizon problem. We predict and find that loan spreads<span> significantly increase in the last two years, especially in the final year, of a CEO's tenure. Further analyses reveal firms with a lower credit rating, without a prior relationship with the bank, and with planned CEO departures exhibit a stronger main effect, suggesting a change in a bank's risk tolerance as a potential mechanism. Next, we find that the main effect is more pronounced for firms with weaker corporate governance. In addition, we rule out incompetent CEOs, uncertainty associated with the new CEO, and the earning management effect as alternative explanations. Our paper contributes to the recent research investigating how executive characteristics, specifically the CEO horizon problem, influence the cost of bank loans.</span></div></div>","PeriodicalId":46906,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Accounting","volume":"68 ","pages":"Article 100768"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2024-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141689688","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Non-IFRS earnings information in financial highlights of annual reports","authors":"Tami Dinh , Helen Kang , Chang Zhao","doi":"10.1016/j.adiac.2024.100764","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.adiac.2024.100764","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Based on a sample of the top 200 Australian firms, we find that companies rely on non-IFRS earnings to supplement IFRS earnings in the highlights section of firms' annual reports. At the same time, firms are more likely to present non-IFRS earnings in the highlights section that beat earnings benchmarks, suggesting that they might be motivated to present their performance in a better light through non-IFRS earnings. We also show that non-IFRS earnings presented in the highlights section are more likely to be taken from the audited sections of the annual report, potentially indicating their credibility as key performance measures. Our findings add to the ongoing controversial debate on the informativeness of non-IFRS earnings with a specific focus on those reported in the highlights section of the annual report.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":46906,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Accounting","volume":"67 ","pages":"Article 100764"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2024-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141714608","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Bingyi Chen , Ariel Markelevich , Irene Guannan Wang
{"title":"Using accounting information to identify corporate acquisition motives: Implications on post-acquisition performance","authors":"Bingyi Chen , Ariel Markelevich , Irene Guannan Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.adiac.2024.100767","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.adiac.2024.100767","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><span>This paper examines the post-acquisition long-term performance of corporate acquisitions using merger motives inferred from </span><em>ex-ante</em> publicly available accounting information. Using pre-acquisition accounting data, we build an acquisition score (A-Score) that proxies for the net effect of the acquisition motives. We predict and find that the A-Score constructed using pre-acquisition accounting data is positively associated with acquiring firm's post-acquisition performance. The A-Score enables the screening of current and potential corporate acquisitions by predicting the impact on post-acquisition performance. The findings demonstrate the importance of accounting information in inferring merger motives and improve our understanding of the effect of the acquisition motives on post-acquisition performance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":46906,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Accounting","volume":"68 ","pages":"Article 100767"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2024-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141704822","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Firm life cycle and accrual quality","authors":"Jose Elias Almeida , Devendra Kale","doi":"10.1016/j.adiac.2024.100762","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.adiac.2024.100762","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We examine the role of firms' life cycle stages on accrual quality (AQ). Our findings are consistent with an inverted U-shaped pattern in AQ across life cycle stages, where mature firms report the highest quality of accruals, followed by growth and shake-out firms, with firms in the introduction and decline stages reporting the lowest AQ. We further find that AQ worsens when firms move to the decline stage or when they move out of the mature stage to the shake-out and/or decline stage. Our findings are robust to several alternative specifications, subsample analyses, AQ measures, and firm life cycle proxies. We contribute to the literature on accrual quality by providing a broad view of how firm life cycle and accrual quality are intrinsically linked.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":46906,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Accounting","volume":"67 ","pages":"Article 100762"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2024-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141392479","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Do socially responsible firms demonstrate a preference for using classification shifting to manage earnings?","authors":"Curtis Farnsel, Kelly Ha","doi":"10.1016/j.adiac.2024.100763","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.adiac.2024.100763","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><span>Prior research finds socially responsible firms are less likely to engage in earnings management, suggesting that socially responsible firms seek to provide more transparent financial reports (Hong and Anderson 2011; Kim, Park, and Wier 2012; Hwang, Choi, Choi, and Lee 2022). We investigate whether managers of CSR firms demonstrate a preference for classification shifting when making trade-off decisions among earnings management methods. First, our results support prior studies that find the overall extent of earnings management is lower for CSR firms. However, this study focuses on the use of classification shifting </span><em>relative</em> to other forms of earnings management. We find a robust positive relation between CSR performance and the relative use of classification shifting. Our results suggest that while CSR firms engage in lower levels of earnings management they demonstrate a preference to choose classification shifting when engaging in earnings management. These findings are consistent with managers perceiving classification shifting as a less unethical tool relative to accruals earnings management or real activities manipulation. Subsequent analyses reveal that our results are most pronounced for firms with lower external monitoring where managers have the most freedom to make trade-off decisions among earnings management methods based on ethical considerations. Overall, by demonstrating a preference for classification shifting relative to other earnings management tools our study furthers our understanding of the role of ethical considerations in earnings management decisions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":46906,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Accounting","volume":"67 ","pages":"Article 100763"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2024-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141401519","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Discussion of “The interaction between incentive and opportunity in corporate tax planning: Evidence from financially constrained firms”","authors":"Stacie O. Kelley","doi":"10.1016/j.adiac.2024.100761","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.adiac.2024.100761","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><span><span>The Interaction between Incentive and Opportunity in Corporate Tax Planning:Evidence from Financially Constrained Firms by Kaishu Wu (2024) examines the impact of </span>tax planning opportunities (TPO) on the relation between tax avoidance incentives and tax avoidance. TPO is the key construct in the manuscript. It is estimated as the difference between a firm's average five-year (t-5 to t-1) actual cash effective tax rate (CETR) and its predicted five-year CETR. The predicted CETR is based on firm characteristics research has shown affect cash effective tax rates, such as size, return on assets, market-to-book, research and development, </span>intangible assets, etc. The manuscript argues and provides evidence that the positive relation between tax avoidance incentives and tax avoidance, as shown in prior research, is significantly bigger for firms with larger TPOs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":46906,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Accounting","volume":"67 ","pages":"Article 100761"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2024-06-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141404464","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Debt covenant violations and corporate cost management","authors":"Yuqi Gu , Bo Ouyang","doi":"10.1016/j.adiac.2024.100756","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adiac.2024.100756","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In this study, we examine whether and how debt covenant violations are related to corporate cost management, an important business operating decision. Our findings suggest that firms significantly reduce slack operating resources after debt covenant violations. Our cross-sectional tests indicate that this reduction in cost stickiness is more pronounced when creditor monitoring is stronger, and when empire building is more severe. Our evidence adds to the literature on determinants of corporate cost management and sheds new light on how creditors influence firm behavior.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":46906,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Accounting","volume":"65 ","pages":"Article 100756"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140901188","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The interaction between incentive and opportunity in corporate tax planning: Evidence from financially constrained firms","authors":"Kaishu Wu","doi":"10.1016/j.adiac.2024.100757","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.adiac.2024.100757","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><span>Prior studies document that incentive factors (i.e., equity compensation, shareholder activism, financial constraints, etc.) motivate managers to avoid more </span>taxes<span>, which suggests that managers overlook tax planning opportunities (TPOs) in the absence of incentives. In this study, I use a prediction model to capture TPOs and find that the positive association between financial constraints (my proxy for incentive) and tax avoidance is stronger for firms with higher levels of TPOs. My results are robust to a variety of identification strategies. To shed light on a possible source of tax uncertainty, I show moderate evidence that firms with lower levels of TPOs adopt risky tax planning strategies under financial constraints to increase tax avoidance. Overall, my study contributes to the literature by demonstrating corporate tax planning as an incentive-opportunity story and identifying an important cross-section in which the connection between incentive and tax avoidance is more prominent.</span></div></div>","PeriodicalId":46906,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Accounting","volume":"67 ","pages":"Article 100757"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2024-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141040291","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Adam Esplin , Yun Ke , Kari Joseph Olsen , Jiwoo Seo
{"title":"CEO political ideology and asymmetric cost behavior","authors":"Adam Esplin , Yun Ke , Kari Joseph Olsen , Jiwoo Seo","doi":"10.1016/j.adiac.2024.100755","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.adiac.2024.100755","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We examine how CEO political ideology is associated with firms' resource adjustment decisions that give rise to asymmetric cost behavior, or “sticky costs.” Asymmetric cost behavior comes from resource adjustments firms make in response to sales increases and decreases. We argue that the conservative nature of Republican CEOs is manifest in them being more cautious and slower to react to sales declines. Furthermore, conservative individuals are more careful in making major life changes and are inclined towards maintaining the status quo. We provide empirical evidence that firms with Republican CEOs have more asymmetric costs than firms led by Democratic CEOs. We conduct several cross-sectional tests and find results suggesting greater cost asymmetry in firms with Republican CEOs when SG&A resources are more value enhancing. Our findings suggest that political ideology is a significant managerial characteristic associated with firms' cost behavior.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":46906,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Accounting","volume":"67 ","pages":"Article 100755"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2024-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140792675","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Kourosh Amirkhani , Jenny Brown , Jeffrey Gramlich
{"title":"The effect of corporate reputation on accounting conservatism","authors":"Kourosh Amirkhani , Jenny Brown , Jeffrey Gramlich","doi":"10.1016/j.adiac.2024.100732","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.adiac.2024.100732","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study examines the impact of corporate reputation on accounting conservatism. We argue that firms with valuable reputations are likely to select conservative accounting practices as a form of insurance to protect their reputations. We document strong evidence that companies with high reputations—those included on <em>Fortune</em>'s “Most Admired Companies” list—employ more conservative accounting than firms not on the list. We also investigate a hand-collected sample of firms with product recalls. Accounting conservatism appears to offset the negative stock price effect of product recalls, and high-reputation firms appear to benefit substantially more from conservative accounting than control firms.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":46906,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Accounting","volume":"67 ","pages":"Article 100732"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2024-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139923096","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}