{"title":"Tommy John Surgery, Sports Medicine, and Baseball’s Rhetorics of Fair Play","authors":"John W. Jordan","doi":"10.1177/21674795261483493","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/21674795261483493","url":null,"abstract":"Tommy John Surgery (TJS) revolutionized baseball by repairing a previously career-ending injury. Its invention necessarily altered traditional narratives about athletic performance and decline, but John’s subsequently improved pitching gave rise to suspicions that TJS was an unnatural performance enhancement. John’s counterargument successfully enabled TJS to be approved by baseball, but undermined the seriousness of the surgery and the cause behind the injury. Doctors and former players are now calling for a change to the public discussion of TJS in an effort to prevent a possible “epidemic” of youth pitchers requiring the procedure. This call is hampered by the sterling reputation TJS enjoys, which is due largely to how John and Major League Baseball redrew the line between a medical “fix” and an unnatural “enhancement.”","PeriodicalId":46882,"journal":{"name":"Communication & Sport","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148836214","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"From Medical to Social Exceptionality: Media, Disabled Masculinities, and Integrated Combat Sports","authors":"Jiange Deng, Zhongxuan Lin","doi":"10.1177/21674795261482062","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/21674795261482062","url":null,"abstract":"Media spectacles of integrated combat sports, where fighters with disabilities compete against able-bodied athletes, challenge stereotypes about ability, masculinity, and “civilized” violence. This study analyzes how online representations of two amputee fighters, Nick Newell and Jake Peacock, contribute to these processes. Theoretically, this study proposes a realignment of the notion of “exceptionality,” a term that hitherto has been dominated by studies informed by the medical-scientific model of disability, with critical disability studies. Through dialogues with Agamben and Schmitt, we propose a social model of exceptionality that encompasses both juridical and evaluative dimensions. Instead of being a static construct, exceptionalities of integrated combat sports and their participants with disabilities can be closed, layered, and reversed in the media, producing a zone of indifference between normality and abnormality. These dynamics underscore the need for a cultural complexity perspective to understand the relationship between disability and gendered identity in combat sports.","PeriodicalId":46882,"journal":{"name":"Communication & Sport","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148821101","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"AI Bylines in Sports: An Experiment on Audience Perceptions of the Credibility and Comprehensibility of Sports News and Commentary","authors":"Claudia Kozman, Renita Coleman, Gregory Gondwe","doi":"10.1177/21674795261480628","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/21674795261480628","url":null,"abstract":"This study uses an experiment to examine the effect of human and AI authorship on participants’ perceptions of the credibility and comprehensibility of sports articles. The study additionally measured differences in these evaluations when the article is a game/match report versus an analytical commentary. Participants ( <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">N</jats:italic> = 430) recruited from Prolific Academic were randomly assigned to one of four experimental conditions and exposed to four articles that were also randomized by order. The articles equally covered women and men’s football (soccer) and basketball in the UEFA and W/NBA leagues. The study found human-authored articles to be rated more credible than AI-authored ones, but no significant differences appeared in evaluations of comprehensibility between AI and human authors and between news reports and commentaries. Testing the moderating effects of sports fanship and attitudes towards AI on perceptions of credibility and comprehensibility did not produce any significance. This study makes an important contribution to credibility theory, showing that in today’s AI age, human expertise still matters.","PeriodicalId":46882,"journal":{"name":"Communication & Sport","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148809986","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"From Picks to Posts: How Social Media Normalizes Sports Betting for College Athletes","authors":"Sarah Stokowski, Chris Corr","doi":"10.1177/21674795261477691","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/21674795261477691","url":null,"abstract":"This study examined how prominent sports-betting accounts frame betting on social media and how college athletes encounter, interpret, and respond to such content. Using a mixed-methods design, this study combined a large-scale social media content analysis ( <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n</jats:italic> = 38,925 posts from X) with semi-structured interviews ( <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n</jats:italic> = 17) with current National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) athletes. Findings indicated that betting-related content is highly concentrated among a small group of high-volume accounts and is frequently framed around opportunity, strategy, and entertainment, with comparatively little emphasis on gambling-related risk. Interview data revealed that college athletes experience pervasive, often unavoidable exposure to sports-betting content that contributes to perceptions of betting as a normalized component of sports culture despite institutional prohibitions. Integrating framing theory with normalization scholarship, the study proposes a feedback loop in which content production, engagement, algorithmic amplification, and repeated exposure reinforce the visibility and cultural legitimacy of sports betting. The findings have implications for college athletes’ well-being, media literacy, and responsible communication practices among media companies and sportsbook operators.","PeriodicalId":46882,"journal":{"name":"Communication & Sport","volume":"462 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148728706","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Breaking the Rings: Fragmented Olympic Discourse on Hebrew Twitter Around Two Israeli Gold Medals (Tokyo 2020)","authors":"Haim Hagay, Alina Bernstein","doi":"10.1177/21674795261469193","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/21674795261469193","url":null,"abstract":"This article examines Hebrew-language Twitter (X) discourse surrounding Israel’s Tokyo 2020 Olympic gold medalists, Linoy Ashram and Artem Dolgopyat, demonstrating how their victories became flashpoints for social debate even as they were celebrated as national achievements. Drawing on a mixed-methods framework, including quantitative analysis of over 3,900 Hebrew-language tweets, semantic network mapping, and qualitative thematic interpretation, the study analyzes discourse within Israel’s dominant linguistic majority. Focusing on Hebrew speakers provides a conservative test: if fragmentation occurs even within Israel’s culturally dominant linguistic ingroup, this suggests that digital platforms can unsettle the integrative logic of media events even within a relatively shared national public. The analysis reveals that these achievements provoked competing narratives along political, religious, ethnic, and class lines. Ashram’s win sparked debates over Shabbat observance, political legitimacy, and inequality; Dolgopyat’s victory exposed tensions regarding immigrant identity and the Rabbinate’s marriage monopoly. Notably, gendered discourse was overshadowed by Israeli-specific intersecting conflicts. Network analysis revealed high modularity and distinct thematic clusters, underscoring a fragmented public conversation. These findings challenge classical media event theory, suggesting digital mega-events increasingly surface rather than bridge societal divisions, transforming sporting achievements into terrain where competing identities are publicly negotiated.","PeriodicalId":46882,"journal":{"name":"Communication & Sport","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148709579","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Peripheral Mending at the Edges of Sports Journalism: Metajournalistic Discourse of the Terry Rozier Sports Gambling Arrest","authors":"Ever Josue Figueroa, Patrick Ferrucci","doi":"10.1177/21674795261474796","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/21674795261474796","url":null,"abstract":"This study looks at opinion articles and sports columns in the aftermath of Terry Rozier’s illegal gambling arrest. Rozier was arrested for allegedly conspiring with organized crime rings and was accused of taking himself out of games to manipulate prop bets. The aftermath of the incident prompted a barrage of metajournalistic discourse, where writers attempted to paradigm repair sports media and the leagues relationships with sports betting corporations. Using textual analysis, this study analyzed 36 articles that wrote about sports gambling’s influence on the NBA and sports media. The findings suggest that journalists invoked paradigm repair tactics to defend the field of sports journalism from perceptions of illegitimacy but also attempted to repair the image of the NBA as an object of journalistic coverage. We dub this tactic <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">peripheral mending</jats:italic> , which demonstrates how mutualistic relationships further blur journalisms’ professional boundaries.","PeriodicalId":46882,"journal":{"name":"Communication & Sport","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148650569","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Streaming for Whom? Exploring the Audience Composition and Perceptions of Niche Sport Streams","authors":"Hunter Fujak, Jason Doyle, Sarah Wymer","doi":"10.1177/21674795261472758","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/21674795261472758","url":null,"abstract":"The proliferation of over-the-top streaming platforms has enabled non-mainstream sports to bypass traditional broadcast gatekeepers and distribute their content directly to audiences. Whether this practice delivers meaningful value, however, remains largely unexamined, and the audiences it reaches are themselves poorly understood. This study explores the audience composition and broadcast perceptions associated with livestreamed non-mainstream sport through a case study of the Australian Water Polo League. Survey data from verified viewers ( <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n</jats:italic> = 77) reveal a structurally bounded audience constituted by sport-embedded insiders whose engagement is relationally driven and best understood through social identity rather than media preference. The broadcast was perceived positively within its own contextual frame of reference and functioned as an effective signal of organisational legitimacy. The findings nonetheless offer disconfirming evidence against assumptions underpinning the case for streaming in non-mainstream sport: that streaming provision itself generates new viewership beyond the participant base, and that incremental production sophistication yields proportionate perceptual returns. While the study’s small sample constrains inferential generalisability, the findings provide an exploratory basis for audience-centred research on non-mainstream sport streaming.","PeriodicalId":46882,"journal":{"name":"Communication & Sport","volume":"54 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148612503","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Conceptualizing “Gal Culture”: The Limits of Neoliberal Feminism as an Antidote to Bro Culture on The RE–CAP Show","authors":"Brittani Sahm Webb, Molly Yanity","doi":"10.1177/21674795261471858","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/21674795261471858","url":null,"abstract":"This article offers a critical analysis of <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">The RE–CAP Show</jats:italic> , a podcast hosted by women’s soccer stars Tobin Heath and Christen Press, to investigate how the hosts construct and promote the concept of “gal culture” within women’s sport. Using Bennett’s (2024) neoliberal feminist framework, we analyze selected podcast episodes and mainstream media coverage through a constant comparative method to identify how gal culture is defined, narrated, and commodified. Our findings reveal three core themes: women-only sporting spaces, exclusive forms of camaraderie, and financial empowerment. While Heath and Press position gal culture as an antidote to bro culture, we argue that its current articulation reflects neoliberal logics of individual empowerment and marketability, ultimately limiting its reach and accessibility.","PeriodicalId":46882,"journal":{"name":"Communication & Sport","volume":"25 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148595531","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Negotiating Neutrality: German Media and the Legitimacy of Athlete Activism","authors":"Marloes Ekkelboom","doi":"10.1177/21674795261472750","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/21674795261472750","url":null,"abstract":"This paper examines how German media frame athlete activism related to social justice, with particular attention to how neutrality is constructed as a legitimacy criterion. While existing research has largely focused on U.S. media contexts, less is known about how neutrality operates as a framing logic in other media systems. Drawing on qualitative frame analysis of 43 articles from eight high-reach German media outlets (2020–2024), the study identifies six dominant frames that construct athlete activism through competing interpretations of neutrality. The findings show that neutrality functions not as a fixed norm but as a flexible framing logic through which the legitimacy of athlete expression in sport is negotiated. Media discourse variously legitimises exclusion, enables conditional acceptance, dissolves conflict through reclassification, exposes disciplinary power, prioritises moral claims, and reflects ongoing renegotiation. These patterns are conceptualised as a <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Neutrality Spectrum</jats:italic> , capturing shifts from the defence to the contestation of neutrality. By foregrounding institutional boundary-setting rather than individual athletes, the German case highlights how legitimacy struggles are articulated through questions of governance, regulation, and interpretive authority. The study contributes to scholarship on athlete activism and media framing by reconceptualising neutrality as a discursive mechanism through which politicisation is managed rather than avoided.","PeriodicalId":46882,"journal":{"name":"Communication & Sport","volume":"24 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148595535","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"How Does the Public Perceive the Problem? The Online Harassment of Women in Sport","authors":"Rachel Allison, Adam Gemar, Stacey Pope","doi":"10.1177/21674795261471444","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/21674795261471444","url":null,"abstract":"Research has shown the pervasive online harassment of women in sport, yet limited scholarship has examined public perceptions of the online harassment of women in sport. We use quantitative and qualitative responses from a national survey of U.S. adults over two waves in December 2025 and February 2026 (N = 1,912) to examine sociodemographic factors, sports following, and exposure to online harassment as predictors of opinion and to explore how respondents explain their opinions. Over 40% reported that levels of online harassment of women are higher in sport than outside of it and that levels of online harassment of women in sport have increased over the past 3-5 years. Exposure to online harassment, age, sexuality, and race/ethnicity predict opinion. Qualitative comments illustrate divergent perceptions of online harassment as variously gendered, motivated by sexism, experienced disproportionately by women, and commonly emerging as body shaming, or as gender-neutral, a phenomenon experienced by men and women equally and facilitated by the anonymity, availability, and deregulation of social media and online spaces. Our focus on public opinion contributes to the small but growing area of online hate speech in sport and has potential to inform policies to prevent and manage online harassment.","PeriodicalId":46882,"journal":{"name":"Communication & Sport","volume":"31 1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148587190","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}