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Arresting the Demand for Drugs: DARE and the School–Police Nexus in Los Angeles 遏制毒品需求：DARE和洛杉矶的学校-警察关系
IF 0.4 4区 历史学
Journal of Urban History Pub Date : 2022-12-30 DOI: 10.1177/00961442221142062
Max Felker-Kantor
{"title":"Arresting the Demand for Drugs: DARE and the School–Police Nexus in Los Angeles","authors":"Max Felker-Kantor","doi":"10.1177/00961442221142062","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00961442221142062","url":null,"abstract":"The DARE (Drug Abuse Resistance Education) program simultaneously changed both the police and schools through the development of what this article calls a school–police nexus, a framing that explains the reciprocal relationship between the police and schools. By enabling officers to assert expertise in the realm of drug education, DARE not only made the police a regular presence in schools but aimed to transform the image of the police officer from a threatening enemy to a friend and mentor. More broadly, DARE intended to make the police a trusted institution in American cities amid the aggressive policing of the drug war. In turn, DARE transformed schools through their educative and disciplinary roles. Using police officers as teachers enabled DARE to coopt the educative function of schools to advance the police mission by other means. Yet, DARE officers did not shed their law-and-order message when they entered the classroom, reinforcing the carceral approach to the drug war.","PeriodicalId":46838,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Urban History","volume":"49 1","pages":"1108 - 1129"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42512090","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
“If you want police, we will have them”: Anti-Black Student Discipline in Southern Schools and the Rise of a New Carceral Logic, 1961-1975 “如果你想要警察，我们就会有他们”：1961-1975年南方学校的反黑人学生纪律和新葬礼逻辑的兴起
IF 0.4 4区 历史学
Journal of Urban History Pub Date : 2022-12-30 DOI: 10.1177/00961442221142058
Jon N. Hale, Candace D. Livingston
{"title":"“If you want police, we will have them”: Anti-Black Student Discipline in Southern Schools and the Rise of a New Carceral Logic, 1961-1975","authors":"Jon N. Hale, Candace D. Livingston","doi":"10.1177/00961442221142058","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00961442221142058","url":null,"abstract":"This paper examines the southern influence and litigation around carceral logic in public education, as evident in the racialized disciplinary codes and police presence in schools that led to the criminalization of youth during desegregation through the 1960s and into the 1970s. Southern school districts and state legislators worked in tandem with law enforcement to increase discipline and surveillance in newly desegregated spaces, changed laws to swiftly prosecute and remove youth from schools, and increasingly targeted youth with harsh disciplinary policies grounded in racist assumptions categorizing Black students as inherently violent. This form of disciplinary power and control presaged federal legislation including the Law Enforcement Assistance Act of 1965 and the Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act of 1974, and shaped the foundations of today’s anti-Black school discipline policies and police presence in schools. This article explicates how southern schools contributed to a burgeoning carceral logic that shared commonalities across the nation but at the same time were distinct from other regions.","PeriodicalId":46838,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Urban History","volume":"49 1","pages":"1035 - 1048"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47311139","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Cities Made of Cinema 电影构成的城市
IF 0.4 4区 历史学
Journal of Urban History Pub Date : 2022-12-28 DOI: 10.1177/00961442221140357
W. Strub
{"title":"Cities Made of Cinema","authors":"W. Strub","doi":"10.1177/00961442221140357","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00961442221140357","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46838,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Urban History","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42645875","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Separating the Men from the Boys: The John Worthy School (1891-1916) 把男人和男孩分开:约翰·沃西学派(1891-1916)
IF 0.4 4区 历史学
Journal of Urban History Pub Date : 2022-12-14 DOI: 10.1177/00961442221139348
Susan M. Garneau
{"title":"Separating the Men from the Boys: The John Worthy School (1891-1916)","authors":"Susan M. Garneau","doi":"10.1177/00961442221139348","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00961442221139348","url":null,"abstract":"The John Worthy School (JWS) was created at the turn of the twentieth century to house younger male misdemeanants within Chicago’s House of Correction separately from older offenders. The JWS reflected reformers’, experts’, and city leaders’ goals of reforming, educating, and punishing juveniles differently from more “hardened” criminals. Although scholars have previously focused on the creation of juvenile courts, few have examined the creation, implementation, and operation of correctional institutions for younger offenders. Doing so highlights the clear tensions in these facilities and the limits of juvenile incarceration. In addition, through the JWS and informal subsidiary institutions, the city of Chicago expanded the reach of the city’s power into the lives and families of those detained within the walls of the facility. However, shortly after the JWS closed, such responsibility transferred to county and state authorities.","PeriodicalId":46838,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Urban History","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47072570","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Stigmatizing Street Vendors and Market Traders: The Case of Amsterdam from a Historical Perspective 污名化的街头小贩和市场商人:历史视角下的阿姆斯特丹案例
IF 0.4 4区 历史学
Journal of Urban History Pub Date : 2022-12-10 DOI: 10.1177/00961442221140889
Emil van Eck, J. Rath
{"title":"Stigmatizing Street Vendors and Market Traders: The Case of Amsterdam from a Historical Perspective","authors":"Emil van Eck, J. Rath","doi":"10.1177/00961442221140889","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00961442221140889","url":null,"abstract":"This article contributes to the debate on the stigmatization of street vendors and market traders by illuminating the moralizing and disciplinary state interventions that city officials used in Amsterdam to direct the social and spatial behaviors of this group in the period of the “civilizing offensive” at the beginning of the twentieth century. By using archive materials, this article empirically demonstrates that these interventions were justified by stigmatizing narratives that represented street vendors as “ill-adapted” and “undisciplined,” and considered their behaviors as an inevitable outcome of their marginalized socioeconomic position. Whereas in recent studies neoliberalism is often mentioned as the driving force behind narratives that stigmatize street vendors and market traders, the case of Amsterdam demonstrates that the stigmatization and regulation of such marginalized communities could better be considered as consistent and historical processes in which the state, particularly the local state, offers its assistance.","PeriodicalId":46838,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Urban History","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47015768","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
A Big League Minneapolis or a Cold Omaha: Professional Sports and the Promise of Downtown Growth in the Campaign to Build the Metrodome 明尼阿波利斯大联盟还是寒冷的奥马哈:职业体育和建设大都会运动中市中心增长的承诺
IF 0.4 4区 历史学
Journal of Urban History Pub Date : 2022-12-10 DOI: 10.1177/00961442221140895
Brian Tochterman
{"title":"A Big League Minneapolis or a Cold Omaha: Professional Sports and the Promise of Downtown Growth in the Campaign to Build the Metrodome","authors":"Brian Tochterman","doi":"10.1177/00961442221140895","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00961442221140895","url":null,"abstract":"Since the 1990s, cities and professional sports franchises have engaged in a frenzied competition to maintain or lure teams, build modern amenity-laden venues, and revitalize underdeveloped or underperforming downtown areas. This article argues that the case of the Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome (1982) in Minneapolis is instructive for understanding the current context and prevailing trends in stadium redevelopment. To secure a move of baseball and football operations from suburban Bloomington to the city of Minneapolis, boosters and city officials lauded the prospects for downtown revitalization the stadium would bring. Leverage of a stadium’s “intangibles” was particularly alluring to municipal and business leadership in the 1970s as cities like Minneapolis wrestled with population loss and a post-industrial reality. Despite promises unfulfilled, threats of franchise loss and the prospect for downtown revitalization in contemporary stadium development games remain a lasting legacy of Minneapolis’s dome debate.","PeriodicalId":46838,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Urban History","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41338916","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Where Were Bodies Buried? The Complex Transformation of Beijing’s Mortuary Space from the Perspective of the Conflict between Tradition and Modernity, 1912-1949 尸体被埋在哪里?从传统与现代的冲突看1912-1949年北京太平间空间的复杂变迁
IF 0.4 4区 历史学
Journal of Urban History Pub Date : 2022-12-10 DOI: 10.1177/00961442221140915
Changsong Wang, Shuai Zhang, Shutong Jiang
{"title":"Where Were Bodies Buried? The Complex Transformation of Beijing’s Mortuary Space from the Perspective of the Conflict between Tradition and Modernity, 1912-1949","authors":"Changsong Wang, Shuai Zhang, Shutong Jiang","doi":"10.1177/00961442221140915","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00961442221140915","url":null,"abstract":"The urban mortuary space is an essential part of the traditional social space of Beijing, revealing the complex modernization process during the period of the Republic of China (1912-1949). The main mortuary space of Beijing comprised Yidi (a traditional Chinese graveyard), mortuary temples, and modern cemeteries. The Beijing government failed to adapt or renovate the traditional mortuary space during this period. The Yidi and mortuary temples were mainly distributed in the outer city of Beijing; both of them were formed hundreds of years ago and provided for the immigrants, the poor, and beggars. The modern cemeteries injected new elements into the mortuary space, which also strengthened social class divisions and spatial segregation due to the price-driven graveyards and services. The traditional mortuary space quickly disappeared in the 1950s with great improvement in public hygiene. The complex process of Beijing’s mortuary space transformation reflects the modernization of Chinese cities.","PeriodicalId":46838,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Urban History","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44828241","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Business as Usual: Ethnic Commerce and the Making of a Mexican American Middle Class in Southeast Los Angeles, 1981-1995 《一切照旧:种族商业与洛杉矶东南部墨西哥裔美国中产阶级的形成，1981-1995》
IF 0.4 4区 历史学
Journal of Urban History Pub Date : 2022-12-08 DOI: 10.1177/00961442221139473
G. Ramirez
{"title":"Business as Usual: Ethnic Commerce and the Making of a Mexican American Middle Class in Southeast Los Angeles, 1981-1995","authors":"G. Ramirez","doi":"10.1177/00961442221139473","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00961442221139473","url":null,"abstract":"This article examines the entrepreneurial and consumptive habits of Mexican Americans in Downey, California, during the 1980s and 1990s. It shows how Mexican Americans avoided ethnic entrepreneurship as they moved into and became the demographic plurality of middle-class Downey. By relying on existing networks of ethnic commerce, Mexican Americans in Downey could simultaneously partake of ethnic entrepreneurship or consumption while acceding to anti-Mexican standards of acceptable business. These place-specific commercial habits allowed Mexican Americans to pursue their new class interests as homeowners without sacrificing their cultural heritage through assimilation. In narrating the complex history of demographic change in Downey, this article suggests how racist assumptions survived as ideas of good business. It also takes seriously the tension between assimilation and ethnic retention, and considers the creation of a Mexican American middle class.","PeriodicalId":46838,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Urban History","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42972698","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Slums, Villas Miseria, and Barriadas: Why Terms Matter 贫民窟、米塞里亚别墅和巴里阿达斯：术语为何重要
IF 0.4 4区 历史学
Journal of Urban History Pub Date : 2022-12-08 DOI: 10.1177/00961442221127308
Adriana Laura Massidda
{"title":"Slums, Villas Miseria, and Barriadas: Why Terms Matter","authors":"Adriana Laura Massidda","doi":"10.1177/00961442221127308","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00961442221127308","url":null,"abstract":"Building upon previous debates surrounding the English-language term slum, this article argues that slum stigmatizes the spaces and subjects that it refers to not only because it evokes nineteenth-century imaginaries of pauperism and crime but also for the sweeping gesture that it implies; for its refusal to observe in depth the experience of those who inhabit the spaces at stake and the interests associated. Intended as a universal term, “slum” can refer to such disparate urban typologies as inner-city high-rise tenements, low-rise overcrowded housing, and peripheral shantytowns, which empties it of specific meaning and converts it into an abstract container on to which external agendas are projected. To further demonstrate this point, the article reads slum alongside the seemingly analogous yet more specific Argentine and Peruvian terms villas miseria, barriadas and pueblos jóvenes, fields of dispute whose meanings have been contested by different actors, including residents, from the outset.","PeriodicalId":46838,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Urban History","volume":"49 1","pages":"552 - 570"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47354471","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
Situating Slums in Hegemonic Urban Discourse: A Historiography of English-Language Architecture and Planning Journals 在霸权城市话语中定位贫民窟:英语建筑与规划期刊的史学
IF 0.4 4区 历史学
Journal of Urban History Pub Date : 2022-12-07 DOI: 10.1177/00961442221127057
Alejandro de Castro Mazarro
{"title":"Situating Slums in Hegemonic Urban Discourse: A Historiography of English-Language Architecture and Planning Journals","authors":"Alejandro de Castro Mazarro","doi":"10.1177/00961442221127057","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00961442221127057","url":null,"abstract":"Over recent years, the political critique of the characterization of slums has progressively developed within hegemonic urban planning discourse. In planning history, however, the emergence of slums remains associated with the narrative and geographies of underdevelopment in the context of modernization theory. To deconstruct this narrative and thus contribute to the decolonization of planning discourse, this paper undertakes a historiographic analysis of English-language journal publications dealing with different forms of subaltern urbanism. I show how the concept of “slums” has progressively broadened in meaning to encompass an ever-larger array of derogatory concepts, and that the term “slum” is limited to certain geographical hotspots, thereby contributing to geopolitical biases and knowledge gaps. Through the content analysis of publications, I am able to outline a historical periodization of hegemonic planning themes and proposals addressing slums in diverse geographies, along with critical views on their underlying perspectives.","PeriodicalId":46838,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Urban History","volume":"49 1","pages":"533 - 551"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47159971","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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