Frontiers in Astronomy and Space Sciences最新文献

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Turbulent dipolarization regions in the Earth’s magnetotail: ion fluxes and magnetic field changes 地球磁尾中的湍流双极化区:离子通量和磁场变化
3区 物理与天体物理
Frontiers in Astronomy and Space Sciences Pub Date : 2023-10-13 DOI: 10.3389/fspas.2023.1226200
Liudmyla Kozak, Elena A. Kronberg, Bohdan Petrenko, Aljona Blöcker, Roman Akhmetshyn, Istvan Ballai, Viktor Fedun
{"title":"Turbulent dipolarization regions in the Earth’s magnetotail: ion fluxes and magnetic field changes","authors":"Liudmyla Kozak, Elena A. Kronberg, Bohdan Petrenko, Aljona Blöcker, Roman Akhmetshyn, Istvan Ballai, Viktor Fedun","doi":"10.3389/fspas.2023.1226200","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fspas.2023.1226200","url":null,"abstract":"In this work, we consider the dynamics of ion fluxes and magnetic field changes in turbulent regions of magnetotail dipolarizations. The data from the Cluster-II mission (magnetic field measurements from fluxgate magnetometers and energetic charged particle observations from RAPID spectrometers) were used for the analysis. We study individual events and investigate statistically the changes of charged particle fluxes during magnetic field dipolarizations observed during 2001–2015. Received changes in the spectral index indicate that CNO+ ions undergo stronger acceleration during dipolarization than protons and helium ions. Before dipolarization front monotonic growth the ions flux is observed (the maximum of flux is observed at 1–1,5 min after the start of dipolarization) in the range of ∼ 92–374 keV for proton; in the energy range ∼ 138–235 keV for He+ and in the energy range of 414–638 keV for CNO+ ions. Flux increase before arriving dipolarization front may result from the reflection of plasma sheet ions at the dipolarization front and the result of the resonant interactions of ions with low-frequency electromagnetic waves.","PeriodicalId":46793,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Astronomy and Space Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135853799","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Using the Perseverance MEDA-RDS to identify and track dust devils and dust-lifting gust fronts 利用恒心气象- rds识别及追踪尘卷风及起尘阵风锋
3区 物理与天体物理
Frontiers in Astronomy and Space Sciences Pub Date : 2023-10-11 DOI: 10.3389/fspas.2023.1221726
D. Toledo, V. Apéstigue, J. Martinez-Oter, F. Franchi, F. Serrano, M. Yela, M. de la Torre Juarez, J. A. Rodriguez-Manfredi, I. Arruego
{"title":"Using the Perseverance MEDA-RDS to identify and track dust devils and dust-lifting gust fronts","authors":"D. Toledo, V. Apéstigue, J. Martinez-Oter, F. Franchi, F. Serrano, M. Yela, M. de la Torre Juarez, J. A. Rodriguez-Manfredi, I. Arruego","doi":"10.3389/fspas.2023.1221726","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fspas.2023.1221726","url":null,"abstract":"In the framework of the Europlanet 2024 Research Infrastructure Transnational Access programme, a terrestrial field campaign was conducted from 29 September to 6 October 2021 in Makgadikgadi Salt Pans (Botswana). The main goal of the campaign was to study in situ the impact of the dust devils (DDs) on the observations made by the radiometer Radiation and Dust Sensor (RDS), which is part of the Mars Environmental Dynamics Analyzer instrument, on board NASA’s Mars 2020 Perseverance rover. Several DDs and dust lifting events caused by non-vortex wind gusts were detected using the RDS, and the different impacts of these events were analyzed in the observations. DD diameter, advection velocity, and trajectory were derived from the RDS observations, and then, panoramic videos of such events were used to validate these results. The instrument signal variations produced by dust lifting (by vortices or wind gusts) in Makgadikgadi Pans are similar to those observed on Mars with the RDS, showing the potential of this location as a Martian DD analog.","PeriodicalId":46793,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Astronomy and Space Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136064020","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Full-wave modeling of EMIC wave packets: ducted propagation and reflected waves 主波包的全波建模:导管传播和反射波
3区 物理与天体物理
Frontiers in Astronomy and Space Sciences Pub Date : 2023-10-10 DOI: 10.3389/fspas.2023.1251563
Miroslav Hanzelka, Wen Li, Qianli Ma, Murong Qin, Xiao-Chen Shen, Luisa Capannolo, Longzhi Gan
{"title":"Full-wave modeling of EMIC wave packets: ducted propagation and reflected waves","authors":"Miroslav Hanzelka, Wen Li, Qianli Ma, Murong Qin, Xiao-Chen Shen, Luisa Capannolo, Longzhi Gan","doi":"10.3389/fspas.2023.1251563","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fspas.2023.1251563","url":null,"abstract":"Electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) waves can scatter radiation belt electrons with energies of a few hundred keV and higher. To accurately predict this scattering and the resulting precipitation of these relativistic electrons on short time scales, we need detailed knowledge of the wave field’s spatio-temporal evolution, which cannot be obtained from single spacecraft measurements. Our study presents EMIC wave models obtained from two-dimensional (2D) finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) simulations in the Earth’s dipole magnetic field. We study cases of hydrogen band and helium band wave propagation, rising-tone emissions, packets with amplitude modulations, and ducted waves. We analyze the wave propagation properties in the time domain, enabling comparison with in situ observations. We show that cold plasma density gradients can keep the wave vector quasiparallel, guide the wave energy efficiently, and have a profound effect on mode conversion and reflections. The wave normal angle of unducted waves increases rapidly with latitude, resulting in reflection on the ion hybrid frequency, which prohibits propagation to low altitudes. The modeled wave fields can serve as an input for test-particle analysis of scattering and precipitation of relativistic electrons and energetic ions.","PeriodicalId":46793,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Astronomy and Space Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136294181","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Hydrogen atoms near the exobase are cold: independent observations do not support the hot exosphere concept 靠近外层的氢原子是冷的:独立的观测并不支持热外层的概念
3区 物理与天体物理
Frontiers in Astronomy and Space Sciences Pub Date : 2023-10-10 DOI: 10.3389/fspas.2023.1200959
Dmytro Kotov, Oleksandr Bogomaz
{"title":"Hydrogen atoms near the exobase are cold: independent observations do not support the hot exosphere concept","authors":"Dmytro Kotov, Oleksandr Bogomaz","doi":"10.3389/fspas.2023.1200959","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fspas.2023.1200959","url":null,"abstract":"OPINION article Front. Astron. Space Sci., 10 October 2023Sec. Space Physics Volume 10 - 2023 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fspas.2023.1200959","PeriodicalId":46793,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Astronomy and Space Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136357222","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Point spread function modelling for astronomical telescopes: a review focused on weak gravitational lensing studies 天文望远镜的点扩展函数建模:聚焦于弱引力透镜研究的综述
3区 物理与天体物理
Frontiers in Astronomy and Space Sciences Pub Date : 2023-10-09 DOI: 10.3389/fspas.2023.1158213
Liaudat, Tobias, Starck, Jean-Luc, Kilbinger, Martin, Frugier, Pierre-Antoine
{"title":"Point spread function modelling for astronomical telescopes: a review focused on weak gravitational lensing studies","authors":"Liaudat, Tobias, Starck, Jean-Luc, Kilbinger, Martin, Frugier, Pierre-Antoine","doi":"10.3389/fspas.2023.1158213","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fspas.2023.1158213","url":null,"abstract":"The accurate modelling of the point spread function (PSF) is of paramount importance in astronomical observations, as it allows for the correction of distortions and blurring caused by the telescope and atmosphere. PSF modelling is crucial for accurately measuring celestial objects’ properties. The last decades have brought us a steady increase in the power and complexity of astronomical telescopes and instruments. Upcoming galaxy surveys like Euclid and Legacy Survey of Space and Time (LSST) will observe an unprecedented amount and quality of data. Modelling the PSF for these new facilities and surveys requires novel modelling techniques that can cope with the ever-tightening error requirements. The purpose of this review is threefold. Firstly, we introduce the optical background required for a more physically motivated PSF modelling and propose an observational model that can be reused for future developments. Secondly, we provide an overview of the different physical contributors of the PSF, which includes the optic- and detector-level contributors and atmosphere. We expect that the overview will help better understand the modelled effects. Thirdly, we discuss the different methods for PSF modelling from the parametric and non-parametric families for ground- and space-based telescopes, with their advantages and limitations. Validation methods for PSF models are then addressed, with several metrics related to weak-lensing studies discussed in detail. Finally, we explore current challenges and future directions in PSF modelling for astronomical telescopes.","PeriodicalId":46793,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Astronomy and Space Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135043745","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Analysis and mapping of lunar wrinkle ridges (LWRs) using automated LWRs detection process with LROC-WAC and LOLA data 基于LROC-WAC和LOLA数据的月球褶皱脊自动探测分析与制图
3区 物理与天体物理
Frontiers in Astronomy and Space Sciences Pub Date : 2023-10-06 DOI: 10.3389/fspas.2023.1037395
Aqil Tariq, Jianguo Yan, Qingyun Deng, Jean-Pierre Barriot
{"title":"Analysis and mapping of lunar wrinkle ridges (LWRs) using automated LWRs detection process with LROC-WAC and LOLA data","authors":"Aqil Tariq, Jianguo Yan, Qingyun Deng, Jean-Pierre Barriot","doi":"10.3389/fspas.2023.1037395","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fspas.2023.1037395","url":null,"abstract":"Maps of lunar wrinkle ridges (LWRs) were created from 70°N to 70°S and 140°E to 140°W (extracted and highlighted the major LWRs area) using automated LWRs detection process with Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Camera wide range angle camera and Lunar Orbiter Laser Altimeter data. Automatic detection of LWRs is challenging because the ridges are of irregular shapes and many ridges have been eroded and/or degraded over time. It’s a preliminary study of automated ridge detection from DEM data. Statistics and measurements of the extracted LWRs, including orientation, extent, length, height, and elevation offset, were performed based on the mapping of lunar ridges. The identified ridges were classified based on their orientation, distribution, direction, and each class were further divided over basalts, and nearby highlands. According to the findings, 3,375 segments with a total length of 26,455.01 km were identified, and the average elevation offset, width, and height of all the wrinkle ridges were 40.39 m, 3.47 km, and 0.29 km respectively after weighting by length. The LWRs were divided into three morphologies and distributions: parallel ridges, isolated ridges, and concentric ridges. The vast majority of LWRs were found in basalts area, with an extension into neighboring highland. The relations between the morphological parameters were further quantitatively analyzed, and a similar linear correlation between the width and height was found in each class of lunar ridges, implying that small and large ridges were formed as a continuum and that the three classes of ridges were probably formed by some common processes. Finally, the relations between the lunar wrinkle ridges and other geomorphic phenomena were analyzed, indicating that purely volcanic origin or buried premare structures are difficult to reconcile with the investigation. In addition, the consistency between the occurrence of the lunar wrinkle ridges and the thickness of lunar maria indicates that the formation of lunar wrinkle ridges is closely related to the lunar maria; nevertheless, the statistical NW direction of individual classes of LWRs also proposes the presence of an appropriate stress field during the process of their formation.","PeriodicalId":46793,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Astronomy and Space Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135350972","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
A statistical analysis and comparison of the fine structures of the ion upflow associated with the double-peak subauroral ion drift 与双峰亚极光离子漂移相关的离子上涌精细结构的统计分析与比较
3区 物理与天体物理
Frontiers in Astronomy and Space Sciences Pub Date : 2023-10-04 DOI: 10.3389/fspas.2023.1254243
Qiang Zhang, De-Sheng Han, Shang-Chun Teng, Zhi-Wei Wang, Q.-H. Zhang, Zan-Yang Xing, Yong Wang, Yu-Zhang Ma
{"title":"A statistical analysis and comparison of the fine structures of the ion upflow associated with the double-peak subauroral ion drift","authors":"Qiang Zhang, De-Sheng Han, Shang-Chun Teng, Zhi-Wei Wang, Q.-H. Zhang, Zan-Yang Xing, Yong Wang, Yu-Zhang Ma","doi":"10.3389/fspas.2023.1254243","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fspas.2023.1254243","url":null,"abstract":"The ion upflow associated with the subauroral ion drift (SAID) is a crucial component in the exchange of particles between the ionosphere and the ring currents. The ion upflow associated with the double-peak subauroral ion drift (DSAID), which is a subclass of the SAID, is more complex compared to SAID. In this study, we conducted a statistical analysis of the ion upflow associated with DSAID using Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) F16–F18 data spanning 11 years (2010–2020) in the Northern Hemisphere. Our findings revealed that ion upflow associated with DSAID can exhibit either a double-peak or a one-peak upflow. The statistical characteristics of these two types of events displayed significant differences. In DSAID with a double-peak upflow event, the velocity of DSAID around the high-latitude peak was greater than that around the low-latitude peak. However, in DSAID with a one-peak upflow event, the DSAID velocities around the two peaks were very similar. Based on the formation mechanism of DSAID and the process of frictional heating in the ionosphere, we proposed that the formation of DSAID with a double-peak upflow and DSAID with a one-peak upflow are likely related to the formation process of DSAID.","PeriodicalId":46793,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Astronomy and Space Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135590697","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
A review of N+ observations in the ionosphere-magnetosphere system 电离层-磁层系统N+观测综述
3区 物理与天体物理
Frontiers in Astronomy and Space Sciences Pub Date : 2023-10-04 DOI: 10.3389/fspas.2023.1224659
Raluca Ilie, Mei-Yun Lin, Muhammad Fraz Bashir, Abhiraj Majumder
{"title":"A review of N+ observations in the ionosphere-magnetosphere system","authors":"Raluca Ilie, Mei-Yun Lin, Muhammad Fraz Bashir, Abhiraj Majumder","doi":"10.3389/fspas.2023.1224659","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fspas.2023.1224659","url":null,"abstract":"Most studies have yet to consider and assess the transport and energization of N + ions throughout the ionosphere-magnetosphere system, in addition to that of O + and other heavy ion species. The limited observational record of N + presence in near-Earth plasma, partly due to instrument limitations to distinguish ion species of similar masses, has obscured its significant contribution to the near-Earth plasma. This letter reviews the most notable observations of N + ions, starting from the early low altitude measurements from Sputnik III in the ionosphere to the measurements reported by the Enhanced Polar Outflow Probe (e-POP) mission. The available observational data set suggests that nitrogen ions are constant companions of outflowing oxygen ions, and their abundances vary with season, solar cycle, time of day, and geomagnetic activity. This strong record of nitrogen presence in the ionosphere-magnetosphere system raises the question of ionic composition and the need for caution when interpreting O + measurements from current missions.","PeriodicalId":46793,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Astronomy and Space Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135592209","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Dense gas star formation efficiency and the LHCN (4−3)′/LHCO+(4−3)′ ratio: insights from a statistical study of infrared bright star-forming galaxies 致密气体恒星形成效率和LHCN(4−3)' /LHCO+(4−3)'比值:来自红外明亮恒星形成星系统计研究的见解
3区 物理与天体物理
Frontiers in Astronomy and Space Sciences Pub Date : 2023-10-03 DOI: 10.3389/fspas.2023.1246978
Qian Jiao, Yu Gao, Qinghua Tan, Yang Gao
{"title":"Dense gas star formation efficiency and the LHCN (4−3)′/LHCO+(4−3)′ ratio: insights from a statistical study of infrared bright star-forming galaxies","authors":"Qian Jiao, Yu Gao, Qinghua Tan, Yang Gao","doi":"10.3389/fspas.2023.1246978","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fspas.2023.1246978","url":null,"abstract":"We present a statistical study on dense molecular gas tracers of HCN (4–3), HCO + (4–3) lines and molecular tracers of [C i ], and CO observations for a sample of 26 infrared bright star-forming (SF) galaxies. We investigate the dependence of dense gas star formation efficiency traced by HCN (4–3), HCO + (4–3) (that is <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\" id=\"m2\"><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi>L</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mtext>IR</mml:mtext></mml:mrow></mml:msub><mml:mo>/</mml:mo><mml:msubsup><mml:mrow><mml:mi>L</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mtext>HCN </mml:mtext><mml:mrow><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:mn>4</mml:mn><mml:mo>-</mml:mo><mml:mn>3</mml:mn><mml:mo>)</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mo>′</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:msubsup></mml:math> , and <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\" id=\"m3\"><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi>L</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mtext>IR</mml:mtext></mml:mrow></mml:msub><mml:mo>/</mml:mo><mml:msubsup><mml:mrow><mml:mi>L</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant=\"normal\">H</mml:mi><mml:mi mathvariant=\"normal\">C</mml:mi><mml:msup><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant=\"normal\">O</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mo>+</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:msup><mml:mspace width=\"0.3333em\" /><mml:mrow><mml:mo stretchy=\"false\">(</mml:mo><mml:mrow><mml:mn mathvariant=\"normal\">4</mml:mn><mml:mo>−</mml:mo><mml:mn mathvariant=\"normal\">3</mml:mn></mml:mrow><mml:mo stretchy=\"false\">)</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mo>′</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:msubsup></mml:math> ), and luminosity ratio of <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\" id=\"m4\"><mml:msubsup><mml:mrow><mml:mi>L</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mtext>HCN </mml:mtext><mml:mrow><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:mn>4</mml:mn><mml:mo>-</mml:mo><mml:mn>3</mml:mn><mml:mo>)</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mo>′</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:msubsup><mml:mo>/</mml:mo><mml:msubsup><mml:mrow><mml:mi>L</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant=\"normal\">H</mml:mi><mml:mi mathvariant=\"normal\">C</mml:mi><mml:msup><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant=\"normal\">O</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mo>+</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:msup><mml:mspace width=\"0.3333em\" /><mml:mrow><mml:mo stretchy=\"false\">(</mml:mo><mml:mrow><mml:mn mathvariant=\"normal\">4</mml:mn><mml:mo>−</mml:mo><mml:mn mathvariant=\"normal\">3</mml:mn></mml:mrow><mml:mo stretchy=\"false\">)</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mo>′</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:msubsup></mml:math> on [C i ]-CO ratios of <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\" id=\"m5\"><mml:msubsup><mml:mrow><mml:mi>L</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mo>[</mml:mo><mml:mtext>C I</mml:mtext><mml:mo>]</mml:mo></mml:mrow><mml:mtext> </mml:mtext><mml:mrow><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:mn>1</mml:mn><mml:mo>-</mml:mo><mml:mtext>0</mml:mtext><mml:mo>)</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mo>′</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:msubsup><mml:mo>/</mml:mo><mml:msubsup><mml:mrow><mml:mi>L</mml:m","PeriodicalId":46793,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Astronomy and Space Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135739351","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The multi-point assessment of the kinematics of shocks (MAKOS) 冲击运动学的多点评估(MAKOS)
3区 物理与天体物理
Frontiers in Astronomy and Space Sciences Pub Date : 2023-10-02 DOI: 10.3389/fspas.2023.1199711
Katherine Goodrich, Ian J. Cohen, Steven Schwartz, Lynn B. Wilson, Drew Turner, Amir Caspi, Keith Smith, Randall Rose, Phyllis Whittlesey, Ferdinand Plaschke
{"title":"The multi-point assessment of the kinematics of shocks (MAKOS)","authors":"Katherine Goodrich, Ian J. Cohen, Steven Schwartz, Lynn B. Wilson, Drew Turner, Amir Caspi, Keith Smith, Randall Rose, Phyllis Whittlesey, Ferdinand Plaschke","doi":"10.3389/fspas.2023.1199711","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fspas.2023.1199711","url":null,"abstract":"Collisionless shock waves are one of the main mechanisms of energy conversion in space plasmas. They can directly or indirectly drive other universal plasma processes such as magnetic reconnection, turbulence, particle acceleration and wave phenomena. Collisionless shocks employ a myriad of kinetic plasma mechanisms to convert the kinetic energy of supersonic flows in space to other forms of energy (e.g., thermal plasma, energetic particles, or electromagnetic energy) in order for the flow to pass an immovable obstacle. The partitioning of energy downstream of collisionless shocks is not well understood, nor are the processes which perform energy conversion. While we, as the heliophysics community, have collected an abundance of observations of the terrestrial bow shock, instrument and mission-level limitations have made it impossible to quantify this partition, to establish the physics within the shock layer responsible for it, and to understand its dependence on upstream conditions. This paper stresses the need for the first ever spacecraft mission specifically designed and dedicated to the observation of both the terrestrial bow shock as well as Interplanetary shocks in the solar wind. Our mission concept, the Multi-point Assessment of the Kinematics of Shocks (MAKOS), will greatly improve on previous observations of the terrestrial bow shock with instrumentation specifically tailored to observe the evolution of the solar wind through the shock.","PeriodicalId":46793,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Astronomy and Space Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135894793","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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