Australian Journal of Social Issues最新文献

{"title":"Comparative analysis of third-party permanency orders legislation in Australia","authors":"Amy Conley Wright, Judith Cashmore, Sarah Wise, Clare Tilbury","doi":"10.1002/ajs4.237","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ajs4.237","url":null,"abstract":"<p>While permanency planning has long been a feature of child protection policy and practice in Australia (Tilbury & Osmond, <span>2006</span>), the concept has gained greater prominence in recent years through nationally coordinated efforts and legislative changes. Permanency planning is defined by the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (AIHW) as the ‘processes used by state and territory departments responsible for child protection to achieve a stable long-term care arrangement (which can be broadly grouped as reunification, third-party parental responsibility orders, long-term finalised guardianship/custody/care, and adoption)’ (<span>2021b</span>, p. 90). A central priority of the last <i>National Framework for Protecting Australia's Children Fourth Action Plan</i> (2018–2020) was ‘support[ing] better permanency options including…to reduce state guardianship for children who cannot be safely reunified with their families within a reasonable timeframe’ (Department of Social Services [DSS], <span>2019</span>, p. 24).<sup>1</sup> Over the last 5–10 years, states and territories have modified their child protection legislation to incorporate a range of legal orders, permanency hierarchies, and timeframes for decision-making about permanency options. These changes also appear in policy guidance.</p><p>‘Permanency’ is a term used in out-of-home care services to convey different ways of belonging, through emotionally connected and stable relationships, a secure home and a right to one's culture (Wright & Collings, <span>2021</span>). Multiple dimensions of permanency are highlighted in the literature (Sanchez, <span>2004</span>). <i>Relational permanency</i> is conceptualised as the emotional connection between the child and their caregiver, including dimensions of caregiver commitment, child's sense of belonging and caregiver's support for on-going relationships with birth family (Pérez, <span>2017</span>). Others hold a broader view of relational permanency as encompassing the child's set of enduring, lifelong relationships with family members and other caring adults, including ‘at least one adult who will provide a permanent, parentlike connection for that youth’ (Jones & Laliberte, <span>2013</span>, p. 509). <i>Physical permanency</i> (also described as <i>ecological permanency</i>) is associated with a stable residence where the child has an on-going home, with consistency in their other ecological contexts (e.g. schools, neighbourhood and religious communities) and the norms that govern daily living (Stott & Gustavsson, <span>2010</span>). <i>Legal permanency</i> highlights legal recognition of the relationship between the child and their caregiver/s, with associated parental responsibilities, signifying that the ‘state’ is no longer the child's legal guardian. This legal relationship may be achieved through reunification with a parent; third-party permanency orders vesting parental authority to age 18 with kin or fost","PeriodicalId":46787,"journal":{"name":"Australian Journal of Social Issues","volume":"58 2","pages":"318-330"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2022-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ajs4.237","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44713262","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"(Under)valuing lived experience in the disability workforce: A snapshot of Australian job recruitment","authors":"Kate Davies,&nbsp;Katie Butler","doi":"10.1002/ajs4.238","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ajs4.238","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The Australian disability workforce has grown, and there is compelling evidence that peer work has a number of valuable impacts. Despite these apparent opportunities, there continue to be high levels of unemployment among people with disability and failure to draw on the assets of people with disability in Australian workplaces. To understand these ostensible missed opportunities, this study examined the ways in which lived experience was described as an asset in disability workforce recruitment. Advertisements for positions in New South Wales, Australia, that referred to lived experience or peer work and disability were collected over a 3-month period. Through a process of content analysis, we found that there were more employment opportunities for people with lived experience of mental illness than for other types of disability. Community engagement was a key function, and peer workers were described as complementary to professionals. Recruitment processes for lived experience jobs were not necessarily accessible. We recommend systemic reforms to facilitate recognition of lived experience as a valuable criterion for disability sector employment and to harness the benefits of a disability peer workforce.</p>","PeriodicalId":46787,"journal":{"name":"Australian Journal of Social Issues","volume":"58 2","pages":"425-440"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2022-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ajs4.238","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41664927","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Identifying factors for poorer educational outcomes that may be exacerbated by COVID-19: A systematic review focussing on at-risk school children and adolescents","authors":"Laetitia Coles,&nbsp;Melissa Johnstone,&nbsp;Cassandra Pattinson,&nbsp;Karen Thorpe,&nbsp;Olivia Van Halen,&nbsp;Zhaoxi Zheng,&nbsp;Olivia Bayliss,&nbsp;Nicole Lakeman,&nbsp;Mark Western,&nbsp;Jenny Povey,&nbsp;Sally Staton","doi":"10.1002/ajs4.236","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ajs4.236","url":null,"abstract":"<p>School closures across Australia in response to COVID-19 have persisted since 2020, with rising mental health problems in children and adolescents, alongside rising negative family health and socioeconomic outcomes. Further, some children and young people who were already experiencing disadvantage pre-pandemic may be at heightened risk of poorer educational outcomes. Therefore, the aim of this study was to conduct a systematic review of the literature to identify the factors for poorer educational outcomes that may be exacerbated by COVID-19 amongst disadvantaged school students. Key development stages of disadvantage were identified: young children who started school behind, older students already at risk of disengagement from school and children and young people who have had contact with the child protection system. Five databases were systematically searched, across two search periods. A total of 69 Australian, peer-reviewed articles, published in 2005–2021, examining risk factors for poor educational outcomes for children attending school met the inclusion criteria and were included in final analyses. Our findings provide evidence of key risk factors that make these populations susceptible to worsening outcomes resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic, and of the critical importance of ongoing research to guide policy and practice support for these at-risk groups.</p>","PeriodicalId":46787,"journal":{"name":"Australian Journal of Social Issues","volume":"58 1","pages":"13-40"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2022-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ajs4.236","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45425560","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Supported residential services as a type of “total institution”: Implications for the National Disability Insurance Scheme (NDIS)","authors":"Elroy Dearn,&nbsp;Paul Ramcharan,&nbsp;Penelope Weller,&nbsp;Lisa Brophy,&nbsp;Katherine Johnson","doi":"10.1002/ajs4.233","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ajs4.233","url":null,"abstract":"<p>A policy norm enshrined in the United Nations <i>Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities 2006</i> reflected in Australia's National Disability Insurance Scheme is for people with psychosocial and other disabilities to have choice and control over their lives and not to live in institutional settings. In Australia, private congregate care settings remain in most states and territories, yet are not recognised as institutional settings in policy or academic literature. This recognition is long overdue and is the focus of this article. The article reports on findings from an ethnographic study in a type of private congregate care setting in Victoria—supported residential services (SRS). Adopting criteria adopted by Davies (1989) from Goffman's notion of “total institution,” observations and interviews with 12 residents with psychosocial disability are analysed. These settings are found to meet many of the criteria for total institution. This finding has two critical implications for policy and practice. First, the extent to which institutionalisation in SRS impacts on the choices residents are able to make. Second, the extent to which independent support and advocacy are needed to ensure residents can exercise choice and control over their lives to find pathways out of SRS.</p>","PeriodicalId":46787,"journal":{"name":"Australian Journal of Social Issues","volume":"58 2","pages":"279-295"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2022-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ajs4.233","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47519773","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Returning to the nest: Emerging adults living with parents during the COVID-19 pandemic","authors":"Jennifer Prattley,&nbsp;Tracy Evans-Whipp,&nbsp;Karlee O'Donnell,&nbsp;Clement Wong,&nbsp;Brendan Quinn,&nbsp;Bosco Rowland","doi":"10.1002/ajs4.235","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ajs4.235","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Changes in the working, study and social lives of emerging adults due to the COVID-19 pandemic have led to greater need for external supports. Many who lived independently may have sought that support by returning to live with parents. This study identifies factors associated with returns made between 2019 and 2020. It describes supports needed and obtained, relationships between parents and their resident emerging adults and identifies correlates of poor coping and high psychological distress. Data from the Longitudinal Surveys of Australian Youth and the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children were used and showed half of the emerging adults who moved did so due to COVID-19 restrictions. Loss of work and increased need for emotional and financial support were key drivers of moves. Nineteen per cent who returned found spending more time with family difficult and over half did not have their support needs fully met, increasing their odds of poor coping at that time (OR = 2.9, 4.3, respectively) and subsequent psychological distress (OR = 6.0). Families were an important source of support but could not necessarily mitigate all challenges; for some emerging adults, returning to live with parents gave rise to additional difficulties which negatively affected mental health.</p>","PeriodicalId":46787,"journal":{"name":"Australian Journal of Social Issues","volume":"58 1","pages":"150-172"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2022-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9538216/pdf/AJS4-9999-0.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"33514749","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Young Australians' labour market engagement and job aspiration in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic","authors":"Yonatan Dinku,&nbsp;Mandy Yap","doi":"10.1002/ajs4.234","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ajs4.234","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Young people tend to bear the brunt of adverse employment consequences of a crisis due mainly to the precarious nature of their job and their over-representation among jobseekers who are having to find employment when jobs are scarce. Using quarterly welfare payment data for the period 2019–2021 from the Department of Social Services, we noted a marked increase in the percentage of 16- to 21-year-olds who received youth allowance (other) payments. While a greater proportion of Indigenous youth than non-Indigenous youth received the payments from 2019 to 2021, the gap widened following the outbreak of the pandemic. Further, applying regression analysis to data from the 2019 and 2020 waves of the 2015 Cohort of the Longitudinal Study of Australian Youth (LSAY), we find no statistically significant change in individual-level labour force status between 2019 and 2020. However, pandemic-induced labour market crises appear to have been associated with reduced work hours, heightened career concerns and sustained nonemployment, where potential impacts are larger among traditionally vulnerable youth groups such as female, Indigenous and overseas-born young persons. The study highlights the need for recognising the intersectionality of youth and other forms of identity (such as gender, Indigenous status and nativity) while designing labour market policies.</p>","PeriodicalId":46787,"journal":{"name":"Australian Journal of Social Issues","volume":"58 1","pages":"131-149"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2022-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45303406","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How child inclusive were Australia's responses to COVID-19?","authors":"Sharon Bessell,&nbsp;Celia Vuckovic","doi":"10.1002/ajs4.232","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ajs4.232","url":null,"abstract":"<p>From March 2020, Australia introduced a range of policies to respond to COVID-19, most of which impacted significantly on the lives of children. This article applies a child-centred framework, developed from rights-based participatory research with children, to analyse how children have been represented in policy narratives around COVID-19 and the extent to which policy responses have been child-inclusive or child-centred. We argue that, overall, COVID-19 policy responses have failed to be child-inclusive or child-centred. This has important implications not only for understanding the impact of COVID-19 on children but also in understanding—and potentially rethinking—the place of children in policies as Australia emerges from COVID-19 restrictions.</p>","PeriodicalId":46787,"journal":{"name":"Australian Journal of Social Issues","volume":"58 1","pages":"194-211"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2022-08-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9537785/pdf/AJS4-9999-0.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"33514751","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Accessing hearing-health services for deaf and hard-of-hearing children during the COVID-19 pandemic: Parent and child perspectives","authors":"Ahmed Mardinli,&nbsp;Rona Weerasuriya,&nbsp;Alanna Gillespie,&nbsp;Libby Smith,&nbsp;Valerie Sung","doi":"10.1002/ajs4.231","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ajs4.231","url":null,"abstract":"<p>To describe hearing-health service use, especially use of telehealth, during the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic in deaf/hard-of-hearing children. In 2020, the Victorian Childhood Hearing Longitudinal Databank surveyed 497 (61.6%) families of deaf/hard-of-hearing children aged 0.4–19.6 years, with 449 (90.3%) providing quantitative data and 336 (67.6%) providing free-text comments about COVID-19's impact on service use and access. We summarised quantitative data using descriptive statistics and analysed free-text responses using inductive and deductive reasoning. Of the 1152 services families used during the pandemic, 711 (62%) were accessed via telehealth. Parents reported several challenges and facilitators of service access during the pandemic, particularly regarding telehealth. Parents reported that their child found telehealth appointments more difficult (347/665, 52.1%) and of worse quality (363/649, 55.9%) compared to in-person. These difficulties were more evident in pre-school than school-age children. Consideration of these factors when implementing telehealth practice beyond the pandemic would improve family experiences, ensuring quality of care.</p>","PeriodicalId":46787,"journal":{"name":"Australian Journal of Social Issues","volume":"58 1","pages":"232-258"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2022-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9538432/pdf/AJS4-9999-0.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"33514748","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Survival, safety and belonging: An ethnographic study of experiences and perceptions of people who inject drugs accessing a supervised injecting Centre","authors":"G. Rickard, Bethne Hart","doi":"10.1002/ajs4.230","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ajs4.230","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46787,"journal":{"name":"Australian Journal of Social Issues","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2022-08-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48969505","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Governing for quality and safety: A new province for boards of Australian aged care and disability support providers?","authors":"Alan Hough,&nbsp;Myles McGregor-Lowndes","doi":"10.1002/ajs4.229","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ajs4.229","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The Australian Royal Commissions on aged care quality and safety, and on violence, abuse, neglect and exploitation of people with disability, have raised important questions about the degree to which boards of directors of aged care and disability support providers are assuring that the organisations they govern are providing quality and safe services. This article addresses the question of to what extent changes in legislation and regulatory standards in aged care and disability create new expectations of these boards and directors. Although directors have long been held to have a duty of care and diligence, and to have responsibility for determining and monitoring an organisation's services, these expectations have been elevated to a new level in relation to quality and safety.</p>","PeriodicalId":46787,"journal":{"name":"Australian Journal of Social Issues","volume":"58 2","pages":"412-424"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2022-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ajs4.229","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47910662","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}