Lancet Microbe最新文献

{"title":"The impact of orthopoxvirus vaccination and Mpox infection on cross-protective immunity: a multicohort observational study.","authors":"Jameson Crandell, Valter Silva Monteiro, Lauren Pischel, Zhenhao Fang, Luciana Conde, Yi Zhong, Lauren Lawres, Gustavo Meira de Asis, Gabriela Maciel, Agnieszka Zaleski, Guilherme S Lira, Luiza M Higa, Mallery I Breban, Chantal B F Vogels, Joao Caria, Ana Raquel Pinto, Vasco Almeida, Fernando Maltez, Rita Cordeiro, Diana Póvoas, Nathan D Grubaugh, Lydia Aoun-Barakat, Alba Grifoni, Alessandro Sette, Terezinha M Castineiras, Sidi Chen, Inci Yildirim, Andre M Vale, Saad B Omer, Carolina Lucas","doi":"10.1016/j.lanmic.2025.101098","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lanmic.2025.101098","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Cross-reactive immune memory responses to orthopoxviruses in humans remain poorly characterised despite their relevance for vaccine design and outbreak control. We aimed to assess the magnitude, specificity, and durability of cross-reactive immune responses elicited by smallpox vaccines and mpox virus infection.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We did a multicohort observational study involving participants from the USA, Brazil, and Portugal across four groups: Dryvax (first-generation smallpox vaccine) recipients vaccinated 40-80 years ago, JYNNEOS (third-generation smallpox vaccine) recipients vaccinated within the past year, a cohort receiving both vaccines, and patients infected with clade IIb mpox. Samples were analysed for systemic and mucosal humoral responses, neutralising antibody titres, viral antigen structural analysis, and T-cell cross-reactivity to vaccina virus, cowpox virus, and mpox virus. Statistical analyses included correlation assessments and comparisons across cohorts to determine the magnitude, longevity, and breadth of immune responses.</p><p><strong>Findings: </strong>Between July 7, 2022, and Aug 3, 2023, 262 participants were recruited, resulting in analysis of 378 samples. Both first-generation and third-generation smallpox vaccines elicited vaccinia virus-reactive and mpox virus-reactive antibodies, with the strongest responses targeting the less conserved extracellular virion antigens B5 and A33. Despite high concentrations of anti-mpox virus antibodies in the plasma, cross-neutralisation activity correlated with viral antigenic distance. Higher neutralisation was observed for cowpox virus than for mpox virus, which has lower antigenic conservation with vaccina virus. Complement-mediated neutralisation enhanced mpox virus neutralisation, overcoming the limitations of antigenic distance. Dryvax recipients sustained vaccina virus neutralisation titres for over 80 years, whereas cross-reactive responses did not show this durability. JYNNEOS-induced responses waned within a year. T-cell cross-reactivity was long-lasting, detected up to 70 years after vaccination. Booster vaccinations augmented the magnitude, breadth, and longevity of cross-neutralising responses.</p><p><strong>Interpretation: </strong>Our findings highlight the potential combined role of antibody effector functions and T-cell memory in cross-protection against orthopoxviruses. Complement-mediated neutralisation enhances cross-protection, overcoming antigenic distance. These Fc-mediated functions, along with T-cell responses, contribute to effective and long-lasting immunity conferred by smallpox vaccines against other orthopoxviruses.</p><p><strong>Funding: </strong>Yale University and Stavros Niarchos Foundation Institute for Global Infectious Disease.</p>","PeriodicalId":46633,"journal":{"name":"Lancet Microbe","volume":" ","pages":"101098"},"PeriodicalIF":20.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144041711","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Genome-scale evolution and phylodynamics of swine influenza A viruses in China: a genomic epidemiology study.","authors":"Hailiang Sun, Hanlin Liu, Jianfeng Zhang, Xiaoyun Qu, Zifeng Pang, Fengxiang Xu, Changrong Wu, Yinglin Jiang, Mang Shi, Quan Liu, Ming Liao","doi":"10.1016/j.lanmic.2024.101020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lanmic.2024.101020","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Background: &lt;/strong&gt;Pigs are recognised as crucial intermediate hosts for the emergence of influenza viruses of pandemic potential. As the largest pork-producing nation, China hosts a complex ecosystem of swine influenza viruses (SIVs). We aimed to investigate the evolutionary processes, spatiotemporal dynamics, and biological characteristics of SIVs in China.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Methods: &lt;/strong&gt;From Jan 15, 2016, to Dec 22, 2020, we collected nasal swabs from pigs at eight abattoirs and 16 swine farms in the Guangdong, Henan, and Shandong provinces of China, as part of SIV surveillance. SIVs were detected with RT-PCR. Positive samples underwent viral isolation and genome sequencing. We analysed evolution and spatiotemporal dynamics using the whole genomes of isolated SIVs, as well as genome sequences of SIV isolates from human infections worldwide retrieved from the Global Initiative on Sharing All Influenza Data and GenBank Flu databases up to April 28, 2024. Viral sequences without a sample collection area or date were excluded from the analysis. Viral receptor-binding properties and in-vitro replication of strains isolated in this study were evaluated with a solid-phase binding assay and various cell lines, including Madin-Darby canine kidney cells, porcine alveolar macrophages, primary porcine trachea epithelial cells, human bronchial epithelioid, and human lung adenocarcinoma epithelial (A549) cells. Viral replication and transmission studies were conducted in 33 guinea pigs and 13 pigs. Additionally, we collected serum samples from pig farm workers and members of the general public recruited by the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University between Feb 28 and May 11, 2023, to detect specific antibodies against Eurasian avian-like A(H1) and human-like A(H3N2) SIVs using the haemagglutination inhibition assay.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Findings: &lt;/strong&gt;23 (1·3%) of 1818 nasal swabs collected in abattoirs had SIVs; 22 (0·9%) of 2375 swabs from swine farms had SIVs. Further viral isolation yielded 39 strains of SIV. We identified 534 A(H1N1), 69 A(H1N2), and 92 A(H3N2) SIVs, representing 20 genotypes within the Eurasian avian-like lineage, 14 within the classical swine A(H1) lineage, and 16 within the human-like A(H3N2) lineage. The introduction of the A(H1N1)pdm/09 virus significantly influenced the internal gene pool of SIVs, enhancing genotypic diversity in China. Notably, the Eurasian avian-like A(H1), classical swine A(H1), and human-like A(H3N2) lineages showed human-mediated spread over long distances between provinces, with the Eurasian avian-like A(H1) lineage showing the most prevalent spread pathways. Eurasian avian-like A(H1) SIVs showed a preference for binding to sialic acid α-2,6 glycan receptors, predominantly found in humans, resulting in an increased production of progeny viruses in human airway epithelial cells, as well as effective transmission and infectivity among guinea pigs and pigs. Among 54 eligible serum sampl","PeriodicalId":46633,"journal":{"name":"Lancet Microbe","volume":" ","pages":"101020"},"PeriodicalIF":20.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144040903","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Heteroresistance and clinical outcomes: much still to be understood-Authors' reply.","authors":"Nikos Fatsis-Kavalopoulos, Gabriel Heyman, Karin Hjort, Sofia Jonsson, Herve Nicoloff, Mia Furebring, Dan I Andersson","doi":"10.1016/j.lanmic.2025.101142","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lanmic.2025.101142","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46633,"journal":{"name":"Lancet Microbe","volume":" ","pages":"101142"},"PeriodicalIF":20.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144021264","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Immunogenicity of MVA-BN vaccine deployed as mpox prophylaxis: a prospective, single-centre, cohort study and analysis of transcriptomic predictors of response.","authors":"Philip G Drennan, Nicholas M Provine, Stephanie A Harris, Ashley Otter, Kate Hollett, Cushla Cooper, Roel P H De Maeyer, Beatrice Nassanga, Alberta Ateere, Maria Fransiska Pudjohartono, Yanchun Peng, Ji-Li Chen, Scott Jones, Nurul Huda Mohamad Fadzillah, Alba Grifoni, Allessandro Sette, Iman Satti, Sam M Murray, Cathy Rowe, Sema Mandal, Bassam Hallis, Paul Klenerman, Tao Dong, Duncan Richards, James Fullerton, Helen McShane, Mark Coles","doi":"10.1016/j.lanmic.2024.101045","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lanmic.2024.101045","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Background: &lt;/strong&gt;Since 2022, mpox has emerged as a global health threat, with two clades (I and II) causing outbreaks of international public health concern. The third generation smallpox vaccine modified vaccinia Ankara, manufactured by Bavarian Nordic (MVA-BN), has emerged as a key component of mpox prevention. To date, the immunogenicity of this vaccine, including determinants of response, has been incompletely described, especially when MVA-BN has been administered intradermally at a fifth of the registered dose (so-called fractionated dosing), as recommended as a dose-sparing strategy. The aim of this study was to explore the immunogenicity of MVA-BN and baseline determinants of vaccine response in an observational public-health response setting.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Methods: &lt;/strong&gt;We conducted a prospective cohort study and immunological analysis of responses to MVA-BN in patients attending a sexual health vaccination clinic in Oxford, UK. Blood samples were taken at baseline, day 14, and day 28 after first vaccine, and 28 and 90 days following a second vaccine. A subcohort had additional blood samples collected day 1 following their first vaccine (optional timepoint). We assessed IgG responses to mpox and vaccinia antigens using Luminex assay (MpoxPlex) using generalised linear mixed modelling, and T-cell responses using IFN-γ enzyme-linked immunospot and activation-induced marker assay. Associations between blood transcriptomic signatures (baseline, day 1) and immunogenicity were assessed using differential expression analysis and gene set enrichment methods.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Findings: &lt;/strong&gt;We recruited 34 participants between Dec 1, 2022 and May 3, 2023 of whom 33 received fractionated dosing. Of the 30 without previous smallpox vaccination, 14 (47%) seroconverted by day 28, increasing to 25 (89%) 90 days after second vaccination. However, individuals seronegative on day 28 had persistently lower responses compared with individuals seropositive on day 28 (numerically lower antibody responses to six of seven dynamic antigens in the MPoxPlex assay, p&lt;0·05). Serological response on day 28 was positively associated with type I and II interferon signatures 1 day after vaccination (n=18; median module score 0·13 vs 0·06; p=1·1 × 10&lt;sup&gt;-&lt;/sup&gt;⁶), but negatively associated with these signatures at baseline (normalised enrichment score -2·81 and -2·86, respectively).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Interpretation: &lt;/strong&gt;Baseline inflammatory states might inhibit MVA-BN serological immunogenicity by inhibiting the upregulation of MVA-induced innate immune signalling. If confirmed mechanistically, these insights could inform improved vaccination strategies against mpox in diverse geographic and demographic settings. Given the likelihood of vaccine supply limitations presently and in future outbreak settings, the utility of dose-sparing vaccine strategies as a general approach to maximising population benefit warrants further study.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Fund","PeriodicalId":46633,"journal":{"name":"Lancet Microbe","volume":" ","pages":"101045"},"PeriodicalIF":20.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144040320","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Early warning alert and response system for Darfur, Sudan.","authors":"Muhammad Ali Raja, Kazuki Shimizu, Muntasir Mohammed Osman, Elfadil Mohammed Mahmoud, Mazza Abasher Alzain, Boris Igor Pavlin","doi":"10.1016/j.lanmic.2025.101147","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lanmic.2025.101147","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46633,"journal":{"name":"Lancet Microbe","volume":" ","pages":"101147"},"PeriodicalIF":20.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144055829","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"UKHSA publishes updated guidance for C auris.","authors":"Timothy Jesudason","doi":"10.1016/j.lanmic.2025.101151","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lanmic.2025.101151","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46633,"journal":{"name":"Lancet Microbe","volume":" ","pages":"101151"},"PeriodicalIF":20.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144024302","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advancing mechanistic understanding of post-acute sequelae of Ebola virus disease.","authors":"Xinyue Wang, Yaxian Kong","doi":"10.1016/j.lanmic.2025.101139","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lanmic.2025.101139","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46633,"journal":{"name":"Lancet Microbe","volume":" ","pages":"101139"},"PeriodicalIF":20.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144050119","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fungal Update: Mycology 2025.","authors":"Elena Dalla Vecchia","doi":"10.1016/j.lanmic.2025.101152","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lanmic.2025.101152","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46633,"journal":{"name":"Lancet Microbe","volume":" ","pages":"101152"},"PeriodicalIF":20.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144041760","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Altered IL-6 signalling and risk of tuberculosis-Authors' reply.","authors":"Fergus W Hamilton, Tom Parks, Gabriele Pollara","doi":"10.1016/j.lanmic.2025.101135","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lanmic.2025.101135","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46633,"journal":{"name":"Lancet Microbe","volume":" ","pages":"101135"},"PeriodicalIF":20.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144051031","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Age-stratified seroprevalence of enterovirus D68 and the need for cohort studies in children.","authors":"Jian-Te Lee, Ya-Li Hu, Wei-Liang Shih, Luan-Yin Chang","doi":"10.1016/j.lanmic.2025.101130","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lanmic.2025.101130","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46633,"journal":{"name":"Lancet Microbe","volume":" ","pages":"101130"},"PeriodicalIF":20.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144044383","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}