Planning Perspectives最新文献

{"title":"‘Living beyond its present means’: World Bank push and local pushback over lowest-cost housing for postcolonial Dakar","authors":"Helen Gyger","doi":"10.1080/02665433.2023.2273429","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02665433.2023.2273429","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACTIn mid-1972, the World Bank approved its first loan for a sites and services project, selecting Senegal for the location based on the country's prior experience with similar schemes. Through a close reading of documents in the Bank archive, this article explores the serious differences that emerged between the Bank and Senegal in shaping the project, focusing on three issues: determining whether slum clearance or upgrading should be used to manage existing unregulated urban settlements; eliminating government subsidies for moderate-income housing schemes in order to shift investment to sites and services; and setting appropriate standards for the new Bank-sponsored neighbourhood. Moreover, the partners conceived the project quite differently: while the Bank was fixed on the successful implementation of its first sites and services scheme, for Senegal, this project was only one element of a larger vision for Dakar, which reflected the ambitions of the country's first postcolonial president, Léopold Senghor, and was given shape in the 1967 master plan developed by French urban planner Michel Écochard. The article examines the completed project through the contrasting evaluations produced by the project partners, and considers the complex power dynamics of the relationship between the Bank and Senegal as aid lender and recipient.KEYWORDS: World bankSenegalDakarlow-cost housingsites and servicessquatter settlementsslum clearanceupgradinghousing subsidieshousing standardsLéopold SenghorMichel Écochard AcknowledgementMy sincere thanks to the anonymous reviewers for their insightful and productive feedback on an earlier version of this article.Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Notes1 Westebbe, “The Urbanization Problem,” 94, 95.2 Ayres, Banking on the Poor, 226. For further discussion of the political dimensions of the Bank’s poverty-alleviation efforts, see Pereira, “The World Bank’s ‘Assault on Poverty’.”3 Richard M. Westebbe, quoted in Oliver, “A Conversation,” 15–17.4 R. Venkateswaran and Jacques Yenny to Robert Sadove, “Senegal: Dakar – Project Identification Mission, September 21–24, 1970,” October 21, 1970, p. 1, Folder ID 1714698, World Bank Group Archives (hereafter WBGA). In this and subsequent references to World Bank files, the documents are listed by Folder ID only, with the corresponding Folder Title noted in the bibliography.5 See for example: Keare, “Affordable Shelter,” 3; Jones and Ward, “The World Bank’s ‘New’ Urban Management,” 35; Ramsamy, The World Bank, 81.6 Richard M. Westebbe to Moustepha Sar, September 30, 1970, Folder ID 1714698, WBGA. See [Westebbe], “Urbanization,” in Annual Report 1970.7 Westebbe, “The Urbanization Problem,” 81n1-3. Westebbe cited three texts: Abrams’s Man’s Struggle, and Turner’s “Uncontrolled Urban Settlement” and “The Barriada Movement.”8 Westebbe, “The Urbanization Problem,” 95.9 World Bank, Urbanization, 59–60.10 Ayres, Banking on the Poor, 162.","PeriodicalId":46569,"journal":{"name":"Planning Perspectives","volume":"1 2","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135934650","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Taming ‘wild’ Vienna? The handling of informal settlements by the planning authorities – perspectives, discourse, (counter)actions in the interwar and post-war periods","authors":"Andre Krammer, Friedrich Hauer","doi":"10.1080/02665433.2023.2272144","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02665433.2023.2272144","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a periodized overview of informal urbanization in Vienna in the twentieth century. It offers a new perspective on the evolution of planning discourse and the phenomenon’s handling by planning authorities. The variegated manifestations of ‘Informal Vienna’ triggered an ongoing dispute on how orderly city development could be re-established after 1945. Our approach combines quantitative and qualitative aspects and illuminates not only the shifting significance of informal urbanization over several decades – especially in their lengthy formalization process – but also highlights the co-evolution of formal planning and the Viennese informal ‘grand project’.","PeriodicalId":46569,"journal":{"name":"Planning Perspectives","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136068132","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Local planning in the national provisions of the Polish Building Code of 1928 - a forgotten legacy","authors":"Wojciech Korbel","doi":"10.1080/02665433.2023.2272737","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02665433.2023.2272737","url":null,"abstract":"Since the political transformation initiated in 1989, there has been a continuous discussion in Poland on the directions of reforming the spatial planning system and the principles of shaping space. It has been accompanied by numerous statutory changes. Despite this, the issue of the quality of local space and the importance of urban composition in the spatial policy remain an unresolved, pressing problem requiring new regulations. In the search for these solutions, the historic Ordinance on the Law of Building and Development of Settlements of 1928, which created the system framework in the spatial development of the country reborn after World War I, is of particular importance. 95 years after the promulgation of this regulation, the system solutions adopted at that time as crucial to Poland's spatial development were analyzed. The aim of the study was to identify tools introduced in 1928 for shaping space at the local level, in the nature of operational urban planning instruments. The identified regulations were confronted with contemporary solutions. The results indicate a strongly marginalized range of tools of real space shaping in the current legislation and the need for changes, referring to the solutions identified in the study as a forgotten legacy.","PeriodicalId":46569,"journal":{"name":"Planning Perspectives","volume":"51 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136068122","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A review of housing policy in post-war Yugoslavia and Kosovo","authors":"Gazmend Uka","doi":"10.1080/02665433.2023.2271885","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02665433.2023.2271885","url":null,"abstract":"This study examines the literature on social housing in Yugoslavia and Kosovo, and covers different topics and approaches. By combining findings spanning the periods of development, construction techniques, Yugoslavian particularities, social approaches, standardization, finance, and investment, it takes a comprehensive approach, hitherto missing. The literature review is conducted at two levels: the central level in Yugoslavia and the local level in Kosovo. While there is a massive gap in the local context, the aim is not to fill this gap but to demonstrate how one can begin to address and gain insights into social housing in 1970s Kosovo. The urban planning and design principles that influenced social housing in Yugoslavia were also present in Kosovo, as in other Yugoslav cities, but to varying extents and on a smaller scale.","PeriodicalId":46569,"journal":{"name":"Planning Perspectives","volume":"12 2","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134902561","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"In the Skin of the City. Spatial transformation in Luanda <b>In the Skin of the City. Spatial transformation in Luanda</b> , by António Tomás, Durham and London, Duke University Press, 2022, 266 pp., US$28(paperback)","authors":"Carlos Nunes Silva","doi":"10.1080/02665433.2023.2268948","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02665433.2023.2268948","url":null,"abstract":"\"In the Skin of the City. Spatial transformation in Luanda.\" Planning Perspectives, ahead-of-print(ahead-of-print), pp. 1–2","PeriodicalId":46569,"journal":{"name":"Planning Perspectives","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135779552","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}