International Spectator最新文献

{"title":"Weathering the Geopolitical Storms: The Ever-elusive Success of EU Policy towards Iran","authors":"Riccardo Alcaro","doi":"10.1080/03932729.2023.2273852","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03932729.2023.2273852","url":null,"abstract":"Between 2003 and 2022, European Union policy towards Iran was the result of continuous course corrections made by EU institutions and member states to dodge internal disagreements and navigate the agitated waters of a region – the Middle East and the Gulf – mired in multipolar competition and beset by fragmented governance arrangements. A comprehensive review of official documents, relevant literature and interviews conducted with Iranian and European officials and experts demonstrates that a combination of prioritisation, compartmentalisation and multilateralisation kept EU foreign and security policy towards Iran on a fairly proactive and coherent course for almost twenty years. However, the forces unleashed by the United States’ withdrawal from the 2015 nuclear deal and more recently by Iran’s collusion in Russia’s war on Ukraine as well as the turmoil inside the Islamic Republic itself put the limits of the EU’s capacity to mitigate the effects of geopolitical rivalries, Middle Eastern fragmentation and intra-EU contestation on its Iran policy in sharp relief.","PeriodicalId":46246,"journal":{"name":"International Spectator","volume":"10 7","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135589831","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Opposing Nuclear Weapons Testing in the Global South: A Comparative Perspective","authors":"Exequiel Lacovsky","doi":"10.1080/03932729.2023.2270899","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03932729.2023.2270899","url":null,"abstract":"During the Cold War, nuclear weapon states outsourced their nuclear testing programmes to their hinterlands or overseas territories. Countries such as the United States (US), the United Kingdom (UK), France and the Soviet Union conducted more than 750 nuclear tests in the Marshall Islands, Australia, the Algerian Sahara, French Polynesia and Kazakhstan, respectively. In these cases, nuclear activities did not go unchallenged as they affected people’s health and the environment. To different extents, nuclear testing met with opposition from local, regional and international actors. A comparative perspective on anti-nuclear movements – in different regions and time frameworks – that struggled against nuclear colonialism in the form of nuclear testing highlights the impact left by anti-nuclear movements in the Global South, which is relevant to discussions on how the non-proliferation regime is structured today.","PeriodicalId":46246,"journal":{"name":"International Spectator","volume":"145 2","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135679096","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Oops! … EU Did It Again! The EU’s Preference for Global Treaties <i>vis-a-vis</i> the Reality of WHO Politics","authors":"Emanuela Bozzini, Daniela Sicurelli","doi":"10.1080/03932729.2023.2263350","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03932729.2023.2263350","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACTThe European Union (EU) emerged as an agenda-setter in the World Health Organization (WHO) negotiations for a Pandemic Treaty. However, rather than endorsing the EU proposal of a binding treaty, the negotiators agreed upon a two-track process, aimed both at negotiating a Framework Convention and revising existing WHO regulations. Why did the EU achieve only partial results in the ongoing negotiations? Concerns for the defence of national sovereignty and uncertainties around its potential to effectively deliver equal access to health resources informed the position of states that vetoed the EU’s proposal. Furthermore, the EU’s principled preference for international treaties, despite the crisis of multilateral governance, has demonstrated lack of flexibility in the way the EU addresses global challenges. Instead of streamlining WHO operations, the two-track process is expected to increase the complexity of the organisation’s response to future pandemics.KEYWORDS: World Health OrganizationEuropean UnionPandemic Treatynormative power AcknowledgementsThe authors express their gratitude to Marco Pertile, Irene Landini and the two anonymous reviewers for their insightful comments on the article.Notes1 A review of PT definitions goes beyond the scope of this paper. See George and Bennet Citation2005; Beach and Pedersen Citation2013; Blatter and Haverland (Citation2014).2 In detail: 74th World Health Assembly (May 2021), World Health Assembly Special Session (November 2021); 1st INB meeting (March 2022); 75th World Health Assembly (May 2022); 2nd INB meeting (July 2022); 3rd INB meeting (November 2022).3 Article 2 of the WHO's constitution provides a detailed list of its competences and establishes that it shall “act as the directing and co-ordinating authority on international health work”. See: https://apps.who.int/gb/bd/PDF/bd47/EN/constitution-en.pdf.4 The non-EU signatory countries were: Fiji, Britain, Rwanda, Kenya, Korea, Chile, Costa Rica, Albania, South Africa, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Senegal, Norway, Serbia, Indonesia and Ukraine. The EU signatory countries were Portugal, Italy, Romania, France, Germany, Greece, Croatia, the Netherlands and Spain.5 See: https://www.who.int/about/governance/world-health-assembly/seventy-fourth-world-health-assembly.6 Other areas were: nomenclature of diseases, standards for diagnostic procedures, standards for and advertising and labelling of biological and pharmaceutical products in international commerce.7 A special WHA session was convened on the premature death of the WHO Director-General, Dr Lee Jong-wook, to facilitate the procedure to elect the next Director-General.Additional informationFundingResearch for this article was carried out within the 2020_Covid 19 project, funded by the University of Trento, “L’Organizzazione Mondiale della Sanità nell’emergenza Covid-19: funzioni, limiti e impatto sul territorio”.Notes on contributorsEmanuela BozziniEmanuela Bozzini is Professor of Political So","PeriodicalId":46246,"journal":{"name":"International Spectator","volume":"194 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136097960","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Falklands/Malvinas as an Identity Dispute: A Constructivist Analysis of the British and Argentinian Positions","authors":"Magdalena Lisińska","doi":"10.1080/03932729.2023.2253728","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03932729.2023.2253728","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACTWhy is the Falklands/Malvinas case so prominent in the Argentine political narrative? Why is it almost absent in Britain? How can Britain afford to ignore United Nations General Assembly Resolutions calling for negotiations without the risk of being ostracised by the international community? The key to understanding the dispute lies in looking beyond material factors and examining the ideas behind the actions of the two actors involved. The Falklands/Malvinas case can thus be better examined as an identity dispute; a constructivist analysis highlights how the impasse between Britain and Argentina is the result of their different perceptions of the history of the islands, the international legal principles that apply to the case and the role Britain plays in the world system. Such diverging perceptions, in turn, prevent the parties from settling the dispute.KEYWORDS: Falkland IslandsIslas Malvinasconstructivismidentity AcknowledgmentsThe author would like to thank two anonymous reviewers and the editors of the journal for their valuable comments which helped to improve the paper.Notes1 The terms ‘South Atlantic War’ and ‘Falklands/Malvinas War’ are used interchangeably to refer to the 1982 armed conflict between Argentina and the United Kingdom.2 As Tony Ingesson (Citation2009, 15) notes, in a bipolar international system, a country planning a war must take into account the attitudes of the two superpowers. Indeed, in the face of the 1982 Falklands/Malvinas operation, Argentine military officials sought US neutrality. However, when President Ronald Reagan called his Argentine counterpart, General Leopoldo Galtieri, on the eve of the military operation, the latter failed to heed Reagan's warnings that the US could not support Argentina in a possible armed invasion of the islands (Clark Citation1982, 276-81)3 Anthony Cary, the 5th Viscount Falkland (1656-94) was a treasurer of the Navy from 1681 to 1689. He sponsored the South Atlantic expedition led by John Strong which landed in the islands in 1690.4 French explorers established their colony of Port St Luis on the East Falkland Island in 1764. However, in 1766, under a treaty between France and Spain, the French agreed to leave the South Atlantic and cede territory to the Spanish, who claimed the islands as their own. The Spanish took formal control of Port St Louis in 1767 and renamed the settlement Puerto Soledad.5 Indigenismo was a socio-political and cultural movement that called for the inclusion of indigenous peoples in nation-building projects. It emerged in Latin America at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, particularly in Mexico and Peru.6 An expression of the two countries' dichotomous approach to the sovereignty issue is the existence of competing publications presenting the British and Argentine interpretations, respectively. In 2008 and 2012, British authors Graham Pascoe and Peter Pepper published two online articles outlining Britain's rights to the islands. The respo","PeriodicalId":46246,"journal":{"name":"International Spectator","volume":"70 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135858849","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Kuwait as a Mediator in Regional Affairs: The Gulf Crises of 2014 and 2017","authors":"K. Ulrichsen","doi":"10.1080/03932729.2021.1982293","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03932729.2021.1982293","url":null,"abstract":"Kuwait has developed and earned a reputation as a mediator in regional affairs as leadership-level conceptions of ‘national’ and ‘regime’ security have intersected with pragmatic assessments of the...","PeriodicalId":46246,"journal":{"name":"International Spectator","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2021-10-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73662656","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Britain, Zionism and the Nimby Syndrome","authors":"R. Mazza","doi":"10.1080/03932729.2020.1776016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03932729.2020.1776016","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46246,"journal":{"name":"International Spectator","volume":"2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2020-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78628493","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Partnership‐building in the Mediterranean","authors":"C. Spencer","doi":"10.1080/03932729908456889","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03932729908456889","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46246,"journal":{"name":"International Spectator","volume":"8 1","pages":"59-74"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"1999-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79769120","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"US reluctance and UN revival","authors":"Jeffrey Laurenti","doi":"10.1080/03932729908456884","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03932729908456884","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46246,"journal":{"name":"International Spectator","volume":"46 1","pages":"13-20"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"1999-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75807488","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"NATO's nuclear weapons policy and the no‐first‐use option","authors":"Thomas Graham, J. Mendelsohn","doi":"10.1080/03932729908456883","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03932729908456883","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46246,"journal":{"name":"International Spectator","volume":"43 8","pages":"5-11"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"1999-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/03932729908456883","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72484516","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rugova and the UCK: Chronicle of a shifting balance","authors":"Remzi Lani","doi":"10.1080/03932729908456886","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03932729908456886","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46246,"journal":{"name":"International Spectator","volume":"1 1","pages":"29-40"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"1999-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90411120","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}