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Suffering in Animal Research: The Need for Limits and the Possibility of Compensation. 动物研究中的痛苦：限制的需要和补偿的可能性。
IF 1.1 4区 哲学
Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.1353/ken.2022.0019
David Wendler
{"title":"Suffering in Animal Research: The Need for Limits and the Possibility of Compensation.","authors":"David Wendler","doi":"10.1353/ken.2022.0019","DOIUrl":"10.1353/ken.2022.0019","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Guidelines and regulations for medical research recognize that the experiences of humans and animals both matter morally. They thus set a presumption against harming research subjects, whether humans or animals, and mandate that the harms subjects experience should be the minimal necessary for achieving the scientific aims of the study. Beyond this, guidelines and regulations place upper limits on the extent to which human, but not animal, subjects may be harmed. They also mandate that human, but not animal, subjects should be compensated for the harms they experience. In this article, I argue that this common approach to regulating medical research is mistaken. In particular, there are upper limits on the extent to which animals may ethically be harmed in order to collect data to benefit others, and there are moral reasons to compensate them for the harms they experience. I conclude that guidelines and regulations for research with animals should be revised accordingly.</p>","PeriodicalId":46167,"journal":{"name":"Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal","volume":"32 3","pages":"297-311"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10103024/pdf/nihms-1885476.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9652567","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Compensation and Limits on Harm in Animal Research. 动物研究中的损害补偿与限制。
IF 1.4 4区 哲学
Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.1353/ken.2022.0020
Jake Earl
{"title":"Compensation and Limits on Harm in Animal Research.","authors":"Jake Earl","doi":"10.1353/ken.2022.0020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/ken.2022.0020","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Although researchers generally take great care to ensure that human subjects do not suffer very serious harms from their involvement in research, the situation is different for nonhuman animal subjects. Significant progress has been made in reducing unnecessary animal suffering in research, yet researchers still inflict severe pain and distress on tens of thousands of animals every year for scientific purposes. Some bioethicists, scientists, and animal welfare advocates argue for placing an upper limit on the suffering researchers may impose on animal subjects, with rare exceptions for research that promises critical social benefits. In this article, I argue against such an upper limit on harm on the grounds that researchers often can compensate animal subjects for their suffering, even severe and long-lasting suffering. If animal subjects receive adequate compensation for the harms they suffer, then there is no general limit on how much suffering researchers may impose on them for scientific purposes.</p>","PeriodicalId":46167,"journal":{"name":"Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal","volume":" ","pages":"313-327"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40671064","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Epistemic Equality: Distributive Epistemic Justice in the Context of Justification. 认识平等:正当性背景下的分配认识正义。
IF 1.4 4区 哲学
Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.1353/ken.2022.0011
Boaz Miller, Meital Pinto
{"title":"Epistemic Equality: Distributive Epistemic Justice in the Context of Justification.","authors":"Boaz Miller,&nbsp;Meital Pinto","doi":"10.1353/ken.2022.0011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/ken.2022.0011","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Social inequality may obstruct the generation of knowledge, as the rich and powerful may bring about social acceptance of skewed views that suit their interests. Epistemic equality in the context of justification is a means of preventing such obstruction. Drawing on social epistemology and theories of equality and distributive justice, we provide an account of epistemic equality. We regard participation in, and influence over a knowledge-generating discourse in an epistemic community as a limited good that needs to be justly distributed among putative members of the community. We argue that rather than trying to operationally formulate an exact criterion for distributing this good, epistemic equality may be realized by insisting on active participation of members of three groups in addition to credited experts: relevant disempowered groups, relevant uncredited experts, and relevant stakeholders. Meeting these conditions fulfills the political, moral, and epistemic aims of epistemic equality.</p>","PeriodicalId":46167,"journal":{"name":"Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal","volume":"32 2","pages":"173-203"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40491550","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
Editor's Note, December 2022. 编者按，2022年12月
IF 1.4 4区 哲学
Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.1353/ken.2022.0026
{"title":"Editor's Note, December 2022.","authors":"","doi":"10.1353/ken.2022.0026","DOIUrl":"10.1353/ken.2022.0026","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46167,"journal":{"name":"Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal","volume":"1 1","pages":"vii-ix"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48582439","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Foundations of Bioethics through the Voice of a Pioneer: Conversations with Robert M. Veatch. 先驱之声中的生命伦理学基础:与罗伯特·m·韦奇的对话。
IF 1.4 4区 哲学
Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.1353/ken.2022.0017
Marta Dias Barcelos
{"title":"Foundations of Bioethics through the Voice of a Pioneer: Conversations with Robert M. Veatch.","authors":"Marta Dias Barcelos","doi":"10.1353/ken.2022.0017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/ken.2022.0017","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In these Conversations, Robert Veatch reveals remarkable moments of his intellectual journey through bioethics. In Part I, he recalls some of the major historical events that contributed to modern bioethics development from the 1970s onward. Going back more than one decade, he emphasizes the impact of the Antiwar and Civil Rights movements, his pacifist ideals, and his engagement as an activist. In Part II, Veatch discusses the core of his theoretical proposal for bioethics, which is based on seven principles. He explains how his principles work in practice and why he defends the lexical ordering strategy, prioritizing the duty-based principles over consequentialist ones. Finally, he addresses the issue of the universality of ethical principles while, at the same time, acknowledging that different cultural values may condition the interpretation of a problem and, thus, lead to a different conclusion.</p>","PeriodicalId":46167,"journal":{"name":"Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal","volume":" ","pages":"237-259"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40669655","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
White Ignorance in Pain Research: Racial Differences and Racial Disparities. 疼痛研究中的白人无知:种族差异和种族差异。
IF 1.4 4区 哲学
Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.1353/ken.2022.0012
Phoebe Friesen, Nada Gligorov
{"title":"White Ignorance in Pain Research: Racial Differences and Racial Disparities.","authors":"Phoebe Friesen,&nbsp;Nada Gligorov","doi":"10.1353/ken.2022.0012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/ken.2022.0012","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Racial disparities in pain treatment are well documented. Such disparities are explained with reference to factors related to providers, health care structures, and patient behaviors. Racial differences in pain experiences, although well documented, are less well understood. Explanations for such differences usually involve genetic or psychological factors. Here, we argue that racial differences in pain experiences might also be explained by disparities in pain treatment. Based on what we know about the nature of pain, particularly the cognitive and affective aspects of the phenomenon, it is likely that disparities in the treatment of racialized patients can lead to significant racial differences in pain experience that show up at the population level. We argue that the failure of research programs to consider this causal factor is an example of white ignorance. We also consider several implications of the link between racial disparities in pain treatment and racial differences in pain experience.</p>","PeriodicalId":46167,"journal":{"name":"Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal","volume":"32 2","pages":"205-235"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40491551","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
Editor's Note, September 2022. 编者按，2022年9月。
IF 1.4 4区 哲学
Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.1353/ken.2022.0016
{"title":"Editor's Note, September 2022.","authors":"","doi":"10.1353/ken.2022.0016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/ken.2022.0016","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46167,"journal":{"name":"Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal","volume":" ","pages":"vii-viii"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40669654","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Virtual Reality and Technologically Mediated Love. 虚拟现实和技术介导的爱情
IF 1.4 4区 哲学
Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.1353/ken.2022.0027
Emma Gordon
{"title":"Virtual Reality and Technologically Mediated Love.","authors":"Emma Gordon","doi":"10.1353/ken.2022.0027","DOIUrl":"10.1353/ken.2022.0027","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>An emerging line of research in bioethics questions whether enhanced love is less significant or valuable than otherwise, where \"enhanced love\" generally refers to cases where drugs (e.g., oxytocin, etc.) are relied on to maintain romantic relationships. Separate from these debates is a recent body of literature on the philosophy and psychology of \"Virtual Reality (VR) dating,\" where romantic relationships are developed and sustained in a way that is mediated by VR. Interestingly, these discussions have proceeded largely independently from each other. This article considers whether and to what extent philosophical arguments leveled against the value of enhanced love in the pharmacological case extend to cases where loving relationships are technologically mediated via VR rather than pharmacologically mediated. It will be argued that, while some worries about the pharmacological case do not extend over in a way that will be particularly problematic for VR, two (of the four arguments considered) are more prima facie serious. I conclude by suggesting why even these stronger argument strategies are not insurmountable and, thus, that there is reason to be cautiously optimistic that VR-mediated love can largely withstand variations on the bioconservative critiques that target pharmacologically enhanced love.</p>","PeriodicalId":46167,"journal":{"name":"Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal","volume":"32 1","pages":"329-357"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47853523","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Adolescent Medical Transition is Ethical: An Analogy with Reproductive Health. 青少年医疗转型是伦理的:与生殖健康的类比。
IF 1.4 4区 哲学
Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.1353/ken.2022.0010
Florence Ashley
{"title":"Adolescent Medical Transition is Ethical: An Analogy with Reproductive Health.","authors":"Florence Ashley","doi":"10.1353/ken.2022.0010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/ken.2022.0010","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In this article, I argue that adolescent medical transition is ethical by analogizing it to abortion and birth control. The interventions are similar insofar as they intervene on healthy physiological states by reason of the person's fundamental self-conception and desired life, and their effectiveness is defined by their ability to achieve patients' embodiment goals. Since the evidence of mental health benefits is comparable between adolescent medical transition, abortion, and birth control, disallowing transition-related interventions would betray an unacceptable double standard. While great enough risks can override autonomy over fundamental aspects of personal identity, I demonstrate that the available scientific evidence does not corroborate the view that adolescent medical transition is dangerous. Consequently, adolescent medical transition should be recognized as ethical and remain available.</p>","PeriodicalId":46167,"journal":{"name":"Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal","volume":"32 2","pages":"127-171"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40491549","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 5
Psychedelic Identity Shift: A Critical Approach to Set And Setting. 迷幻身份转换：一种批判性的设定方法
IF 1.4 4区 哲学
Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.1353/ken.2022.0022
Neşe Devenot, Aidan Seale-Feldman, Elyse Smith, Tehseen Noorani, Albert Garcia-Romeu, Matthew W Johnson
{"title":"Psychedelic Identity Shift: A Critical Approach to Set And Setting.","authors":"Neşe Devenot, Aidan Seale-Feldman, Elyse Smith, Tehseen Noorani, Albert Garcia-Romeu, Matthew W Johnson","doi":"10.1353/ken.2022.0022","DOIUrl":"10.1353/ken.2022.0022","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>While the literature on psychedelic medicine emphasizes the importance of set and setting alongside the quality of subjective drug effects for therapeutic efficacy, few scholars have explored the therapeutic frameworks that are used alongside psychedelics in the lab or in the clinic. Based on a narrative analysis of the treatment manual and post-session experience reports from a pilot study of psilocybin-assisted treatment for tobacco smoking cessation, this article examines how therapeutic frameworks interact with the psychedelic substance in ways that can rapidly reshape participants' identity and sense of self. We identified multiple domains relating to identity shift that appear to serve as smoking cessation mechanisms during psilocybin sessions, each of which had an identifiable presence in the manualized treatment. As psychedelic medicine becomes mainstream, consensual and evidence-based approaches to psychedelic-assisted identity shift that respect patient autonomy and encourage empowerment should become areas of focus in the emergent field of psychedelic bioethics.</p>","PeriodicalId":46167,"journal":{"name":"Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal","volume":"32 1","pages":"359-399"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46888371","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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