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Contextual Injustice. 上下文不公正。
IF 1.4 4区 哲学
Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal Pub Date : 2020-01-01 DOI: 10.1353/ken.2020.0004
Jonathan Jenkins Ichikawa
{"title":"Contextual Injustice.","authors":"Jonathan Jenkins Ichikawa","doi":"10.1353/ken.2020.0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/ken.2020.0004","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Contextualist treatments of clashes of intuitions can allow that two apparently conflicting claims can both be true. But making true claims is far from the only thing that matters-there are often substantive normative questions about what contextual parameters are appropriate to a given conversational situation. This paper foregrounds the importance of the social power to set contextual standards and how it relates to injustice and oppression, introducing a phenomenon I call \"contextual injustice,\" which has to do with the unjust manipulation of conversational parameters in context-sensitive discourse. My central example applies contextualism about knowledge ascriptions to questions about knowledge regarding sexual assault allegations, but I will also discuss parallel dynamics in other examples of context-sensitive language involving politically significant terms, including gender terms. The discussion further illustrates some of the deep connections between language, epistemology, and social justice.</p>","PeriodicalId":46167,"journal":{"name":"Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal","volume":"30 1","pages":"1-30"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1353/ken.2020.0004","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37874358","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 10
Moral Self-Orientation in Alzheimer's Dementia. 阿尔茨海默氏痴呆症的道德自我取向。
IF 1.4 4区 哲学
Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal Pub Date : 2020-01-01 DOI: 10.1353/ken.2020.0009
Steve Matthews
{"title":"Moral Self-Orientation in Alzheimer's Dementia.","authors":"Steve Matthews","doi":"10.1353/ken.2020.0009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/ken.2020.0009","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>People with Alzheimer's dementia experience significant neuropsychological decline, and this seems to threaten their sense of self. Yet they continue to have regard for their moral standing, especially from the feedback they receive from others in relation to such things as pride in their work, retaining a valued role, or acting out of a sense of purpose. This continuing self-regard is based on a self-image which often persists through memory loss. I will argue that in care settings the self-image ought to be assumed to remain intact. Treating a person with Alzheimer's dementia supportively and respectfully as the person with a certain role or identity-say as scientist, musician, janitor, parent, or friend-fosters an environment in which they are best able to retain what I call moral self-orientation. The latter notion is central to the well-being of social persons, and so it takes on special significance for people with dementia because, although their remembering selves are fragmenting, their self-image persists. Normative aspects of the self-image, I argue, require a social framework of support to sustain the self-image.</p>","PeriodicalId":46167,"journal":{"name":"Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal","volume":"30 2","pages":"141-166"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1353/ken.2020.0009","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38795893","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Research and Responsibility in Global Health: An Analysis of the Joining Forces Study in Ghana. 全球卫生的研究与责任:对加纳联合力量研究的分析。
IF 1.4 4区 哲学
Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal Pub Date : 2020-01-01 DOI: 10.1353/ken.2020.0008
Lauren Taylor, Sadath Sayeed
{"title":"Research and Responsibility in Global Health: An Analysis of the Joining Forces Study in Ghana.","authors":"Lauren Taylor,&nbsp;Sadath Sayeed","doi":"10.1353/ken.2020.0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/ken.2020.0008","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We explore conceptions of responsibility and integrity in global health research and practice as it is being carried out in the academic setting. Our specific motivation derives from the recent publication of a study by a clinical research team involving the delivery of mental health care services in a Ghanaian prayer camp. The study was controversial on account of the prayer camp's history of human rights abuses and therefore was met with several high-profile critiques. We offer a more charitable evaluation of the Joining Forces study. Our analysis has three primary goals. First, we respond to criticism suggesting that the Joining Forces research team needed to maintain some form of morally \"clean hands\" in relation to the human rights abuses at Mount Horeb prayer camp. We argue that, for academic global health practitioners working under severe resource constraints, what is reasonable and responsible to pursue is a complex proposition without a one-size-fits-all ethical answer. Second, we offer an explanation for why the Joining Forces study team designed the project as they did in spite of their obvious vulnerability to ethical concern. We argue that the Joining Forces study was a morally risky, but ethically earnest effort to reach a neglected patient population and promote behavior change in prayer camp staff. Third, we identify an open ethical question born of the researchers' commitment to pragmatism that, to our knowledge, has not been previously addressed in published discussion of the Joining Forces project. Namely, was the incomplete disclosure of information to prayer camp staff defensible? We close with a broader reflection on the notion of moral integrity in the pursuit of the salutary aims of global health.</p>","PeriodicalId":46167,"journal":{"name":"Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal","volume":"30 2","pages":"111-139"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1353/ken.2020.0008","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38795892","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Children, Culture, and Body Modification. 儿童、文化和身体修饰。
IF 1.4 4区 哲学
Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal Pub Date : 2020-01-01 DOI: 10.1353/ken.2020.0005
Eldar Sarajlic
{"title":"Children, Culture, and Body Modification.","authors":"Eldar Sarajlic","doi":"10.1353/ken.2020.0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/ken.2020.0005","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In this paper, I analyze the phenomenon of child cultural body modification (CCBM). I describe the practice, discuss philosophical, sociological, and anthropological arguments about the parental motivations, and evaluate an influential justification based on the children's putative cultural benefit of undergoing CCBM. I propose an alternative view of bodily integrity based on the value of body agency, the ability of individuals to generate meaning in their world through conscious, voluntary, and purpose-driven usage of their own bodies.</p>","PeriodicalId":46167,"journal":{"name":"Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal","volume":"30 2","pages":"167-190"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1353/ken.2020.0005","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38795894","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 4
When is the Promotion of Prenatal Testing for Selective Abortion Wrong? 什么时候提倡选择性堕胎的产前检查是错误的?
IF 1.4 4区 哲学
Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal Pub Date : 2020-01-01 DOI: 10.1353/ken.2020.0001
Javiera Perez Gomez
{"title":"When is the Promotion of Prenatal Testing for Selective Abortion Wrong?","authors":"Javiera Perez Gomez","doi":"10.1353/ken.2020.0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/ken.2020.0001","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Medical professionals routinely offer prenatal genetic testing services to their expecting patients. Some bioethicists believe that when these professionals promote the use of such testing for abortion on grounds of disability, they express a devaluing message to and about extant disabled people. Supporters of this expressivist objection further maintain that, in expressing such a message, medical professionals reinforce negative attitudes about extant disabled people and thereby further stigmatize them. But while the expressivist objection has received quite a bit of support from disability rights theorists-in part because of its intuitive appeal-its current formulation suffers from various shortcomings that render it implausible. By invoking tools from the philosophy of language, I present the expressivist objection*: an improved and distinctive formulation of the expressivist objection that preserves some of its core insights. According to this improved formulation, the promotion of prenatal testing for selective abortion can at least sometimes be wrong.</p>","PeriodicalId":46167,"journal":{"name":"Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal","volume":"30 1","pages":"71-109"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1353/ken.2020.0001","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37874360","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 3
Editor's Note. 编者按。
IF 1.4 4区 哲学
Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal Pub Date : 2020-01-01 DOI: 10.1353/ken.2020.0003
Travis N Rieder
{"title":"Editor's Note.","authors":"Travis N Rieder","doi":"10.1353/ken.2020.0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/ken.2020.0003","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46167,"journal":{"name":"Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal","volume":"30 1","pages":"vii-x"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1353/ken.2020.0003","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37873879","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Ethical Concerns with Applied Behavior Analysis for Autism Spectrum "Disorder". 自闭症谱系“障碍”应用行为分析的伦理关注。
IF 1.4 4区 哲学
Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal Pub Date : 2020-01-01 DOI: 10.1353/ken.2020.0000
Daniel A Wilkenfeld, Allison M McCarthy
{"title":"Ethical Concerns with Applied Behavior Analysis for Autism Spectrum \"Disorder\".","authors":"Daniel A Wilkenfeld,&nbsp;Allison M McCarthy","doi":"10.1353/ken.2020.0000","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/ken.2020.0000","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This paper has both theoretical and practical ambitions. The theoretical ambitions are to explore what would constitute both effective and ethical treatment of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). However, the practical ambition is perhaps more important: we argue that a dominant form of Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA), which is widely taken to be far-and-away the best \"treatment\" for ASD, manifests systematic violations of the fundamental tenets of bioethics. Moreover, the supposed benefits of the treatment not only fail to mitigate these violations, but often exacerbate them. Warnings of the perils of ABA are not original to us-autism advocates have been ringing this bell for some years. However, their pleas have been largely unheeded, and ABA continues to be offered to and quite frequently pushed upon parents as the appropriate treatment for autistic children. Our contribution is to argue that, from a bioethical perspective, autism advocates are fully justified in their concerns-the rights of autistic children and their parents are being regularly infringed upon. Specifically, we will argue that employing ABA violates the principles of justice and nonmaleficence and, most critically, infringes on the autonomy of children and (when pushed aggressively) of parents as well.</p>","PeriodicalId":46167,"journal":{"name":"Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal","volume":"30 1","pages":"31-69"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1353/ken.2020.0000","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37874359","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 44
Editor's Note: June 2020. 编者按:2020年6月。
IF 1.4 4区 哲学
Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal Pub Date : 2020-01-01 DOI: 10.1353/ken.2020.0007
{"title":"Editor's Note: June 2020.","authors":"","doi":"10.1353/ken.2020.0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/ken.2020.0007","url":null,"abstract":"Since my last Editor's Note, the KIEJ has issued a call for, collected, and published an online advance issue of papers addressing ethical issues raised by the COVID-19 pandemic (online version published on the KIEJ website;hardcopy double-issue coming this fall) [ ]researchers in Ghana partnered with a 'prayer camp,' which claims to treat psychiatric illness but through brutal, sometimes-torturous 'spiritual' therapy;this includes forced fasting, as well as being chained for significant periods of time In the final paper of this issue, Eldar Sarajlic argues forcefully and convincingly that many instances of child cultural body modification (CCBM, which includes everything from hair and nail trims to ear piercings to circumcision and plastic surgery) are morally impermissible","PeriodicalId":46167,"journal":{"name":"Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal","volume":"30 2","pages":"vii-x"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1353/ken.2020.0007","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38796482","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Editorial Note 编者按语
IF 1.4 4区 哲学
Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal Pub Date : 2019-10-23 DOI: 10.1353/ken.2019.0021
Sandra L Borden
{"title":"Editorial Note","authors":"Sandra L Borden","doi":"10.1353/ken.2019.0021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/ken.2019.0021","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46167,"journal":{"name":"Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal","volume":"29 1","pages":"ix - vii"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2019-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1353/ken.2019.0021","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47866133","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The Harm of Ableism: Medical Error and Epistemic Injustice 残疾歧视的危害:医疗错误与认识不公
IF 1.4 4区 哲学
Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal Pub Date : 2019-10-23 DOI: 10.1353/ken.2019.0023
D. Peña-Guzmán, J. Reynolds
{"title":"The Harm of Ableism: Medical Error and Epistemic Injustice","authors":"D. Peña-Guzmán, J. Reynolds","doi":"10.1353/ken.2019.0023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/ken.2019.0023","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT:This paper argues that epistemic errors rooted in group- or identity-based biases, especially those pertaining to disability, are undertheorized in the literature on medical error. After sketching dominant taxonomies of medical error, we turn to the field of social epistemology to understand the role that epistemic schemas play in contributing to medical errors that disproportionately affect patients from marginalized social groups. We examine the effects of this unequal distribution through a detailed case study of ableism. There are four primary mechanisms through which the epistemic schema of ableism distorts communication between nondisabled physicians and disabled patients: testimonial injustice, epistemic overconfidence, epistemic erasure, and epistemic derailing. Measures against epistemic injustices in general and against schema-based medical errors in particular are ultimately issues of justice that must be better addressed at all levels of health care practice.","PeriodicalId":46167,"journal":{"name":"Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal","volume":"29 1","pages":"205 - 242"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2019-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1353/ken.2019.0023","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41415419","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 46
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