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How Soviet Legacies Shape Russia’s Response to the Pandemic: Ethical Consequences of a Culture of Non-Disclosure 苏联遗产如何影响俄罗斯应对疫情：保密文化的伦理后果
IF 1.4 4区 哲学
Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal Pub Date : 2020-11-14 DOI: 10.1353/ken.2020.0020
Nataliya Shok, Nataliya Nadezhda Beliakova
{"title":"How Soviet Legacies Shape Russia’s Response to the Pandemic: Ethical Consequences of a Culture of Non-Disclosure","authors":"Nataliya Shok, Nataliya Nadezhda Beliakova","doi":"10.1353/ken.2020.0020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/ken.2020.0020","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT:The COVID-19 pandemic required strong state responsibility for the health of its citizens and the effective allocation of healthcare resources. In Russia, extreme circumstances reveal hidden Soviet patterns of public health. This article illuminates how Russia has implemented some changes within its health insurance structures but also has maintained the paternalistic style of state governing within public health practices. The authors examine key neo-Soviet trends in Russian society revealed during the pandemic: the ethics of silence, a culture of non-disclosure, and doublethinking. Additionally, we argue that both modern Russian medicine and healthcare demonstrate gaps in implementing robust bioethical frameworks compared with the United States. Using a robust analysis of healthcare and state practice during the COVID-19 pandemic within the framework of global bioethics, this article aims to respond to Russian history and culture in order to advance the development of bioethics.","PeriodicalId":46167,"journal":{"name":"Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2020-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1353/ken.2020.0020","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44447598","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 6
Incarceration, COVID-19, and Emergency Release: Reimagining How and When to Punish 监禁、新冠肺炎和紧急释放：重新想象如何以及何时惩罚
IF 1.4 4区 哲学
Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal Pub Date : 2020-11-14 DOI: 10.1353/ken.2020.0016
Lauren Lyons
{"title":"Incarceration, COVID-19, and Emergency Release: Reimagining How and When to Punish","authors":"Lauren Lyons","doi":"10.1353/ken.2020.0016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/ken.2020.0016","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT:The wide-ranging effects of the COVID-19 pandemic have amplified social inequalities and revealed vulnerabilities in public systems. These dual effects are especially salient in the context of criminal justice systems, and activists and policymakers have called for reconfiguring justice system practices in response. This paper discusses and defends one of these proposals: rapidly reducing the number of people currently incarcerated by releasing people from jails and prisons. Drawing on moral and political philosophy and criminal law theory, I provide a rigorous case for why it is morally unjustified to continue to incarcerate people as usual under present circumstances—this position is intuitive to many and already reflected in emergency policies in jurisdictions worldwide. The paper proceeds by way of two arguments. First, I argue that we ought to release people from jails and prisons to prevent meting out disproportionately severe punishments, which are unjustified on standard theories of punishment. The second argument appeals to what I call the public interest constraint on criminal law policy: defending the idea that we ought not make use of the instruments of the criminal law if the downstream consequences of doing so run contrary to public welfare and wellbeing or undermine the provision of substantive common goods. I argue that circumstances related to the coronavirus pandemic trigger the constraint. Though the idea that we ought to take broad social costs into account in designing criminal justice policy may seem intuitive, it has radical implications for thinking about decarceration and the ethics of justice system practices during the coronavirus pandemic and beyond. In the last part of the paper, I propose and discuss three concrete policies that work to mitigate some of the potential negative consequences of emergency release.","PeriodicalId":46167,"journal":{"name":"Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2020-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1353/ken.2020.0016","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48684222","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
The Ethics of Lockdown: Communication, Consequences, and the Separateness of Persons 封锁的伦理：沟通、后果和人的分离
IF 1.4 4区 哲学
Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal Pub Date : 2020-08-17 DOI: 10.1353/ken.2020.0015
S. John
{"title":"The Ethics of Lockdown: Communication, Consequences, and the Separateness of Persons","authors":"S. John","doi":"10.1353/ken.2020.0015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/ken.2020.0015","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT:Are lockdown measures ethically justified? This paper outlines some of the key issues relevant to answering that question, paying particular attention to how decisions are framed. Section 1 argues that ethical reasoning about lockdown ought to be guided by a distinction between prudential and ethical reasons, grounded in a concern to respect the separateness of persons, but also that—as public health messaging implies—it can be unclear whether measures are in individuals’ prudential interests or not. Section 2 suggests that a similar set of problems affect attempts to adopt alternative cost-benefit-analysis frameworks for assessing lockdown. Section 3 suggests an answer to these shared problems: we need a process for determining when wellbeing claims and systems of categorization are ethically apt. Section 4 argues that settling the question of aptness is our key ethical task in assessing lockdown.","PeriodicalId":46167,"journal":{"name":"Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2020-08-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1353/ken.2020.0015","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49394085","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 8
How Government Leaders Violated Their Epistemic Duties During the SARS-CoV-2 Crisis 政府领导人如何在严重急性呼吸系统综合征冠状病毒2型危机期间违反其认识义务
IF 1.4 4区 哲学
Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal Pub Date : 2020-05-20 DOI: 10.1353/KEN.2020.0013
Eric Winsberg, J. Brennan, Chris W. Surprenant
{"title":"How Government Leaders Violated Their Epistemic Duties During the SARS-CoV-2 Crisis","authors":"Eric Winsberg, J. Brennan, Chris W. Surprenant","doi":"10.1353/KEN.2020.0013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/KEN.2020.0013","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT:In spring 2020, in response to the COVID-19 crisis, many world leaders imposed universal lockdowns. We argue that these restrictions have not been accompanied by the epistemic practices morally required for their adoption or continuation. While in theory lockdowns can be justified, governments did not meet and have not yet met their justificatory burdens. We will not argue that less stringent policies were optimal or better justified. Rather, we explain how government leaders failed and have continued to fail to meet their epistemic duties by relying upon data, models, and evidence of insufficiently good quality to justify their actions.","PeriodicalId":46167,"journal":{"name":"Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2020-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1353/KEN.2020.0013","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42436036","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 29
Contextual Injustice. 上下文不公正。
IF 1.4 4区 哲学
Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal Pub Date : 2020-01-01 DOI: 10.1353/ken.2020.0004
Jonathan Jenkins Ichikawa
{"title":"Contextual Injustice.","authors":"Jonathan Jenkins Ichikawa","doi":"10.1353/ken.2020.0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/ken.2020.0004","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Contextualist treatments of clashes of intuitions can allow that two apparently conflicting claims can both be true. But making true claims is far from the only thing that matters-there are often substantive normative questions about what contextual parameters are appropriate to a given conversational situation. This paper foregrounds the importance of the social power to set contextual standards and how it relates to injustice and oppression, introducing a phenomenon I call \"contextual injustice,\" which has to do with the unjust manipulation of conversational parameters in context-sensitive discourse. My central example applies contextualism about knowledge ascriptions to questions about knowledge regarding sexual assault allegations, but I will also discuss parallel dynamics in other examples of context-sensitive language involving politically significant terms, including gender terms. The discussion further illustrates some of the deep connections between language, epistemology, and social justice.</p>","PeriodicalId":46167,"journal":{"name":"Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1353/ken.2020.0004","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37874358","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 10
Moral Self-Orientation in Alzheimer's Dementia. 阿尔茨海默氏痴呆症的道德自我取向。
IF 1.4 4区 哲学
Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal Pub Date : 2020-01-01 DOI: 10.1353/ken.2020.0009
Steve Matthews
{"title":"Moral Self-Orientation in Alzheimer's Dementia.","authors":"Steve Matthews","doi":"10.1353/ken.2020.0009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/ken.2020.0009","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>People with Alzheimer's dementia experience significant neuropsychological decline, and this seems to threaten their sense of self. Yet they continue to have regard for their moral standing, especially from the feedback they receive from others in relation to such things as pride in their work, retaining a valued role, or acting out of a sense of purpose. This continuing self-regard is based on a self-image which often persists through memory loss. I will argue that in care settings the self-image ought to be assumed to remain intact. Treating a person with Alzheimer's dementia supportively and respectfully as the person with a certain role or identity-say as scientist, musician, janitor, parent, or friend-fosters an environment in which they are best able to retain what I call moral self-orientation. The latter notion is central to the well-being of social persons, and so it takes on special significance for people with dementia because, although their remembering selves are fragmenting, their self-image persists. Normative aspects of the self-image, I argue, require a social framework of support to sustain the self-image.</p>","PeriodicalId":46167,"journal":{"name":"Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1353/ken.2020.0009","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38795893","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Research and Responsibility in Global Health: An Analysis of the Joining Forces Study in Ghana. 全球卫生的研究与责任:对加纳联合力量研究的分析。
IF 1.4 4区 哲学
Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal Pub Date : 2020-01-01 DOI: 10.1353/ken.2020.0008
Lauren Taylor, Sadath Sayeed
{"title":"Research and Responsibility in Global Health: An Analysis of the Joining Forces Study in Ghana.","authors":"Lauren Taylor,&nbsp;Sadath Sayeed","doi":"10.1353/ken.2020.0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/ken.2020.0008","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We explore conceptions of responsibility and integrity in global health research and practice as it is being carried out in the academic setting. Our specific motivation derives from the recent publication of a study by a clinical research team involving the delivery of mental health care services in a Ghanaian prayer camp. The study was controversial on account of the prayer camp's history of human rights abuses and therefore was met with several high-profile critiques. We offer a more charitable evaluation of the Joining Forces study. Our analysis has three primary goals. First, we respond to criticism suggesting that the Joining Forces research team needed to maintain some form of morally \"clean hands\" in relation to the human rights abuses at Mount Horeb prayer camp. We argue that, for academic global health practitioners working under severe resource constraints, what is reasonable and responsible to pursue is a complex proposition without a one-size-fits-all ethical answer. Second, we offer an explanation for why the Joining Forces study team designed the project as they did in spite of their obvious vulnerability to ethical concern. We argue that the Joining Forces study was a morally risky, but ethically earnest effort to reach a neglected patient population and promote behavior change in prayer camp staff. Third, we identify an open ethical question born of the researchers' commitment to pragmatism that, to our knowledge, has not been previously addressed in published discussion of the Joining Forces project. Namely, was the incomplete disclosure of information to prayer camp staff defensible? We close with a broader reflection on the notion of moral integrity in the pursuit of the salutary aims of global health.</p>","PeriodicalId":46167,"journal":{"name":"Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1353/ken.2020.0008","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38795892","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Children, Culture, and Body Modification. 儿童、文化和身体修饰。
IF 1.4 4区 哲学
Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal Pub Date : 2020-01-01 DOI: 10.1353/ken.2020.0005
Eldar Sarajlic
{"title":"Children, Culture, and Body Modification.","authors":"Eldar Sarajlic","doi":"10.1353/ken.2020.0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/ken.2020.0005","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In this paper, I analyze the phenomenon of child cultural body modification (CCBM). I describe the practice, discuss philosophical, sociological, and anthropological arguments about the parental motivations, and evaluate an influential justification based on the children's putative cultural benefit of undergoing CCBM. I propose an alternative view of bodily integrity based on the value of body agency, the ability of individuals to generate meaning in their world through conscious, voluntary, and purpose-driven usage of their own bodies.</p>","PeriodicalId":46167,"journal":{"name":"Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1353/ken.2020.0005","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38795894","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 4
When is the Promotion of Prenatal Testing for Selective Abortion Wrong? 什么时候提倡选择性堕胎的产前检查是错误的?
IF 1.4 4区 哲学
Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal Pub Date : 2020-01-01 DOI: 10.1353/ken.2020.0001
Javiera Perez Gomez
{"title":"When is the Promotion of Prenatal Testing for Selective Abortion Wrong?","authors":"Javiera Perez Gomez","doi":"10.1353/ken.2020.0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/ken.2020.0001","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Medical professionals routinely offer prenatal genetic testing services to their expecting patients. Some bioethicists believe that when these professionals promote the use of such testing for abortion on grounds of disability, they express a devaluing message to and about extant disabled people. Supporters of this expressivist objection further maintain that, in expressing such a message, medical professionals reinforce negative attitudes about extant disabled people and thereby further stigmatize them. But while the expressivist objection has received quite a bit of support from disability rights theorists-in part because of its intuitive appeal-its current formulation suffers from various shortcomings that render it implausible. By invoking tools from the philosophy of language, I present the expressivist objection*: an improved and distinctive formulation of the expressivist objection that preserves some of its core insights. According to this improved formulation, the promotion of prenatal testing for selective abortion can at least sometimes be wrong.</p>","PeriodicalId":46167,"journal":{"name":"Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1353/ken.2020.0001","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37874360","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 3
Editor's Note. 编者按。
IF 1.4 4区 哲学
Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal Pub Date : 2020-01-01 DOI: 10.1353/ken.2020.0003
Travis N Rieder
{"title":"Editor's Note.","authors":"Travis N Rieder","doi":"10.1353/ken.2020.0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/ken.2020.0003","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46167,"journal":{"name":"Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1353/ken.2020.0003","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37873879","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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