Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal最新文献

{"title":"Re-Citing the Origins of <i>Neuroqueer</i>.","authors":"Perry Zurn","doi":"10.1353/ken.2024.a958998","DOIUrl":"10.1353/ken.2024.a958998","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Recently, neurodiversity scholars published a letter to the editor of Autism arguing that Judy Singer should not be cited as coiner of neurodiversity; rather, the term should be attributed to earlier neurodiverse forums online. I make a similar argument for neuroqueer. Neuroqueer is typically attributed to one of the letter's authors: Nick Walker (2015). Archival information, however, demonstrates that the term was developed in neuroqueer community conversations on the NeuroQueer blog (2013-2016) and, even earlier, on the alt.support. autism Usenet forum (2003). Walker's claim to coinage, then, obscures the collective origins of the concept and erases neuroqueer people from their own story. In retracing these historiographical steps, I pursue two theoretical questions. First, what can this broader history illuminate about the concept, theory, and practice of neuroqueer? Second, what might an explicitly neuroqueer citation politics look like? If not a single-origin story, then what?</p>","PeriodicalId":46167,"journal":{"name":"Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal","volume":"34 2","pages":"333-364"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144062660","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Contributors.","authors":"","doi":"10.1353/ken.2024.a965816","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/ken.2024.a965816","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46167,"journal":{"name":"Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal","volume":"34 4","pages":"vii"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144676067","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Seriousness of Mistakes and the Benefits of Getting it Right: Symmetries and Asymmetries in the Ethics of Epistemic Risk Management.","authors":"Torsten Wilholt","doi":"10.1353/ken.2024.a965815","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/ken.2024.a965815","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Scientists have to make trade-offs between different types of error risks when making methodological decisions. It is now widely recognized (and not disputed in this article) that in doing so they must consider how serious the consequences of each error would be. The fact that they must also consider the potential benefits of getting it right is not equally recognized (and explicitly rejected by Heather Douglas). In this article, I argue that scientists need to do both when managing epistemic risks. At the same time, I acknowledge that in some cases it intuitively seems as if considering the consequences of possible errors carries greater moral weight. I explain this intuition by arguing that in these cases the contrast between the seriousness of mistakes and the benefits of getting it right can be linked to the moral asymmetry between action and omission. I examine various reasons that might justify a stronger weighting of the consideration of the consequences of errors in light of the action-omission asymmetry. I conclude that for all but some exceptional cases, such asymmetrical consideration is not called for.</p>","PeriodicalId":46167,"journal":{"name":"Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal","volume":"34 4","pages":"419-437"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144676070","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Contributor","authors":"","doi":"10.1353/ken.2023.a904078","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/ken.2023.a904078","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT:COVID-19 elicited a rapid emergence of new mutual aid networks in the US, but the practices of these networks are understudied. Using qualitative methods, we explored the empirical ethics guiding US-based mutual aid networks' activities, and assessed the alignment between principles and practices as networks mobilized to meet community needs during 2020–21. We conducted in-depth interviews with 15 mutual aid group organizers and supplemented these with secondary source materials on mutual aid activities and participant observation of mutual aid organizing efforts. We analyzed participants' practices in relation to key mutual aid principles as defined in the literature: 1) solidarity not charity; 2) non-hierarchical organizational structures; 3) equity in decision-making; and 4) political engagement. Our data also yielded a fifth principle, \"mutuality,\" essential to networks' approaches but distinct from anarchist conceptions of mutualism. While mutual aid networks were heavily invested in these ethical principles, they struggled to achieve them in practice. These findings underscore the importance of mutual aid praxis as an intersection between ethical principles and practices, and the challenges that contemporary, and often new, mutual aid networks responding to COVID-19 face in developing praxis during a period of prolonged crisis. We develop a theory-of-change model that illuminates both the opportunities and the potential pitfalls of mutual aid work in the context of structural inequities, and shows how communities can achieve justice-oriented mutual aid praxis in current and future crises.","PeriodicalId":46167,"journal":{"name":"Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135046176","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mutual Aid Praxis Aligns Principles and Practice in Grassroots COVID-19 Responses Across the US.","authors":"Nora Kenworthy, Emily Hops, Amy Hagopian","doi":"10.1353/ken.2023.a904080","DOIUrl":"10.1353/ken.2023.a904080","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>COVID-19 elicited a rapid emergence of new mutual aid networks in the US, but the practices of these networks are understudied. Using qualitative methods, we explored the empirical ethics guiding US-based mutual aid networks' activities, and assessed the alignment between principles and practices as networks mobilized to meet community needs during 2020-21. We conducted in-depth interviews with 15 mutual aid group organizers and supplemented these with secondary source materials on mutual aid activities and participant observation of mutual aid organizing efforts. We analyzed participants' practices in relation to key mutual aid principles as defined in the literature: 1) solidarity not charity; 2) non-hierarchical organizational structures; 3) equity in decision-making; and 4) political engagement. Our data also yielded a fifth principle, \"mutuality,\" essential to networks' approaches but distinct from anarchist conceptions of mutualism. While mutual aid networks were heavily invested in these ethical principles, they struggled to achieve them in practice. These findings underscore the importance of <i>mutual aid praxis</i> as an intersection between ethical principles and practices, and the challenges that contemporary, and often new, mutual aid networks responding to COVID-19 face in developing praxis during a period of prolonged crisis. We develop a theory-of-change model that illuminates both the opportunities and the potential pitfalls of mutual aid work in the context of structural inequities, and shows how communities can achieve justice-oriented mutual aid praxis in current and future crises.</p>","PeriodicalId":46167,"journal":{"name":"Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal","volume":"33 1","pages":"115-144"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10927022/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44574988","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Contributors","authors":"","doi":"10.1353/ken.2023.a899461","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/ken.2023.a899461","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46167,"journal":{"name":"Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135469559","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Maternal Imprint: The Contested Science of Maternal-Fetal Effects (2021) by Sarah Richardson (review)","authors":"","doi":"10.1353/ken.2023.a901272","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/ken.2023.a901272","url":null,"abstract":"Reviewed by: The Maternal Imprint: The Contested Science of Maternal-Fetal Effects (2021) by Sarah Richardson Quill Kukla Quill Kukla, review of Sarah Richardson's The Maternal Imprint: The Contested Science of Maternal-Fetal Effects (2021) I had been eagerly anticipating the release of Sarah Richardson's meticulously researched The Maternal Imprint: The Contested Science of Maternal-Fetal Effects (2021) for several years, and I was not disappointed. A leading feminist scholar of the history and philosophy of science, Richardson traces the scientific history of the idea that pregnant people's bodies control the future health, character, and well-being of their offspring. She also explores how this science is translated into social messaging and shaped by social ideology. Richardson delves into the details of the methodology, motivations, results, and communication of the science of maternal influences. She reveals a history of shaky results, contested methods, and socially loaded messaging, unified by a sustained interest in framing maternal bodies as sites of risk and responsibility for birth outcomes. A central narrative of the book is that the perceived location and mechanism through which pregnant bodies control fetal development keeps shifting around; over time, scientists have located this maternal influence in the uterine environment, the cytoplasm, the methylation of DNA, maternal nutrition, and even in the emotions, thoughts, and imagination of the mother, among other locations.1 Each time a version of the maternal influence hypothesis re-emerges, targeting a different bodily location and mechanism, it comes along with similar social messaging: pregnant people are distinctively responsible for the 'quality' of their children; their bodies are distinctive sites of risk, in need of social management; and their influence can be understood and controlled independent of the context in which they live. Given how many times this scientific hypothesis and its accompanying social messaging has died and been reborn, it is hard not to conclude, with Richardson, that background ideology compels us to keep searching for new stories that take this same form. The idea that pregnant people's bodies are understood as decontextualized and heightened sites of risk and responsibility for birth outcomes, in need of systematic discipline (both self-discipline and social discipline) in order to ensure their production of proper offspring, is one that has been explored [End Page e-1] in quite a bit of depth within feminist theory and reproductive ethics over the last thirty years. To name just a few, Barbara Duden's Disembodying Women: Perspectives on Pregnancy and the Unborn (1993), Deborah Lupton's \"Risk and the Ontology of Pregnant Embodiment\" (1999), Lisa Mitchell's Baby's First Picture: Ultrasound and the Politics of Fetal Subjects (2001), and my own Mass Hysteria: Medicine, Culture, and Mothers' Bodies (2005) are all works firmly within this tradition. Wh","PeriodicalId":46167,"journal":{"name":"Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135469498","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Contributors","authors":"","doi":"10.1353/ken.2022.0025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/ken.2022.0025","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;In lieu of&lt;/span&gt; an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content:&lt;/span&gt;\u0000&lt;p&gt; &lt;ul&gt; &lt;li&gt;&lt;!-- html_title --&gt; Contributors &lt;!-- /html_title --&gt;&lt;/li&gt; &lt;/ul&gt; &lt;p&gt;Dr. Emma C. Gordon is a Lecturer in Applied Ethics at the University of Glasgow and Head of Interdisciplinary Research at the COGITO Epistemology Research Centre. Her main research interests are in bioethics, medical ethics, epistemology, and the philosophy of technology. Her book, &lt;em&gt;Human Enhancement and Well-Being&lt;/em&gt;, is forthcoming with Routledge in 2023.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Anne-Marie Gagné-Julien is a postdoctoral fellow at the Biomedical Ethics Unit at McGill University. She is also affiliated with the Centre de recherche en éthique (CRE, Montréal) and École normale supérieure (Paris). She holds a PhD in philosophy of science and psychiatry from the Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM). Her research interests lie at the intersection of the philosophy and ethics of psychiatry, feminist philosophy of science, and epistemic injustices.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Nabina Liebow is the Director of the College of the Arts and Sciences Leadership and Ethical Development Program at American University. She is also a Professorial Lecturer in the Department of Philosophy and Religion at American University.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Megan A. Dean is assistant professor of Philosophy at Michigan State University. She works in feminist bioethics with a focus on the ethics of eating.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Neşe Devenot, PhD is a Postdoctoral Associate at the University of Cincinnati's Institute for Research in Sensing, an Affiliate Scholar at The Ohio State University's Center for Psychedelic Drug Research &amp; Education, and a Research Fellow with Psymposia. Dr. Devenot works at the intersection of health humanities, psychedelic bioethics, neuroethics, and comparative literature. Their research examines changes to self-concept alongside the function of metaphor and other literary devices in narrative accounts of psychedelic experiences.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Aidan Seale-Feldman, PhD, is an Assistant Professor of Medical Anthropology at the University of Notre Dame. For the past decade, she has conducted ethnographic research in the Nepal Himalayas on disaster, mental health, and the translation of affliction between Indigenous and psychiatric worlds. Dr. Seale-Feldman's current work explores the imagined possibilities of psychedelic medicine as a solution to America's \"mental health crisis.\"&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Elyse Smith, M.A., is a doctoral student in medical and environmental anthropology at the University of Connecticut. Her scholarship examines environmental ethics and human health, Indigenous sovereignty, the bioethics of psychedelic medicine, and evidence-based approaches to drug policy that are grounded in a decolonial, trauma-informed, human rights perspective. Her research explores psychedelic community integration and harm reduction-based socialized care frameworks, which diverge from the burgeoning clinical model of psychedelic medicine access and regulation. ","PeriodicalId":46167,"journal":{"name":"Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal","volume":"49 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138518206","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Screening Out Neurodiversity.","authors":"Jada Wiggleton-Little, Craig Callender","doi":"10.1353/ken.2023.a899458","DOIUrl":"10.1353/ken.2023.a899458","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Autistic adults suffer from an alarmingly high and increasing unemployment rate. Many companies use pre-employment personality screening tests. These filters likely have disparate impacts on neurodivergent individuals, exacerbating this social problem. This situation gives rise to a bind. On the one hand, the tests disproportionately harm a vulnerable group in society. On the other, employers think that personality test scores are predictors of job performance and have a right to use personality traits in their decisions. It is difficult to say whether these negative disparate impacts are a case of wrongful discrimination. Nevertheless, we will show that pre-employment personality tests prey on several features of autism in an unfair way, and for this reason, we suggest the contours of some regulation that we deem necessary.</p>","PeriodicalId":46167,"journal":{"name":"Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal","volume":"33 1","pages":"21-54"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45767115","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Equality and a Complete Ban on the Sale of Cigarettes.","authors":"Nethanel Lipshitz","doi":"10.1353/ken.2023.a899460","DOIUrl":"10.1353/ken.2023.a899460","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In the last two decades it has become increasingly common to advocate for a complete ban on the sale of cigarettes. One reason in favor of such a ban is egalitarian: differences in the prevalence of smoking between socioeconomic groups go a long way in explaining health inequality, and a complete ban might be effective in reducing this inequality. However, a complete ban might also be objectionable on egalitarian grounds if issued with a discriminatory intent or if it is selectively paternalistic. This article argues that a complete ban is likely to be guilty of both, especially when one of its aims is to reduce unequal rates of smoking between groups. A complete ban on the sale of cigarettes thus exhibits a curious feature: in aiming to reduce inequality it threatens to be inegalitarian. This is characteristic of a wider class of public health policies that deserves further attention by egalitarians.</p>","PeriodicalId":46167,"journal":{"name":"Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal","volume":"33 1","pages":"91-113"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46496476","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}