International Journal of Law Crime and Justice最新文献

{"title":"Investigating the police use of stop and search in England and Wales during the coronavirus pandemic","authors":"Eric Halford","doi":"10.1016/j.ijlcj.2023.100617","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijlcj.2023.100617","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In this study we examine the use of the police stop and search tactic for preventing and investigating crime and as a method for maintaining order, during periods of national lockdown in England and Wales during the covid-19 global pandemic. By using time series modelling on data for all recorded stop and search over a 5-year period, we identify that of the 24 areas we examined, 16 saw the volume of stop and search increase significantly during lockdown periods. Significant findings included a rise in the overall volume of stop and search, and searches for controlled drugs. This is unusual given the reductions in crime and traditional police demand during the pandemic, creating somewhat of a paradox. We discuss this further and suggest that this can be reconciled by considering the possibility that the police have used the tactic of stop and search as a tool to maintain order during the pandemic, and specifically adherence to national lockdowns. This position is supported by the academic literature, an absence in associated recorded crime, correlations in the application of FPNs during the same period, and an increased volume of searches that resulted in no further action.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":46026,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Law Crime and Justice","volume":"74 ","pages":"Article 100617"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49824399","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reporting the real names of juvenile offenders: A study of Japanese perspectives through the lens of symbolic discrimination","authors":"Eiichiro Watamura,&nbsp;Tomohiro Ioku","doi":"10.1016/j.ijlcj.2023.100603","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijlcj.2023.100603","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study examined Japanese attitudes toward reporting the real names of juvenile offenders, through the lens of symbolic discrimination. This topic has attracted much attention in recent literature. As extant research suggests that the Japanese public considers Japan's Juvenile Law to be outdated, we hypothesized that the notion of symbolic discrimination—which argues that juveniles should not be treated differently from adults—would be related to attitudes toward real-name reportage. After an online survey of 961 Japanese people<span> aged 14 years and older, a multiple regression analysis was conducted to investigate attitudes toward real-name reportage of and symbolic discrimination against juvenile offenders, including appropriate punishment for bad behavior (balance) and adversity experienced by juvenile offenders (adversity). The results showed that, in addition to several of the participants' beliefs about and perceptions of juvenile offenders and crimes, balance was associated with support for real-name reportage, demonstrating that symbolic discrimination was related to support for the same.</span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":46026,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Law Crime and Justice","volume":"74 ","pages":"Article 100603"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49783361","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Education, (re)training, and traffic stops: Felonious law enforcement officer deaths in the United States","authors":"Michelle Rippy,&nbsp;Summer Jackson","doi":"10.1016/j.ijlcj.2023.100618","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijlcj.2023.100618","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Traffic stops continue to be the primary contact between law enforcement and the public, yet little priority is given to traffic stop education and training. A systematic review of felonious traffic stop-related law enforcement officer (LEO) deaths from 1990 to June 2021 revealed the average LEO killed during and after traffic stops was male, in their late 30s, at the rank of officer, with an average tenure of 9.6 years, and killed by a firearm. A synthesis of state and local law enforcement regulations in states with the most officers killed showed the average hours spent in the academy on traffic stop-related training was 20.3 h (3.6%). The overall annual training requirement averaged just 13 h, and only one state required traffic stop-related training, which was once every four years. The lack of education, training, and retraining may precipitate deadly circumstances for a routine law enforcement function.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":46026,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Law Crime and Justice","volume":"74 ","pages":"Article 100618"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49783727","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How do German police officers of varying empathy levels react to different styles of interviewing a suspected sex offender?","authors":"Bianca Baker-Eck ,&nbsp;Ray Bull","doi":"10.1016/j.ijlcj.2023.100610","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijlcj.2023.100610","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The United Nations' ‘Special Rapporteur on torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment’, disseminated an extensive ‘Universal protocol’ on interviewing/interrogation styles in summer 2021. Its implementation across the world is likely to be influenced by current practices in various countries (such as the rapport building and empathy employed). The aims of the present study were (i) to examine German police officers' estimates of suspect interviews in four different styles of suspect interviews (‘humane’, dominant’, ‘theme development’ or ‘neutral’); and (ii) to see whether interviewers' level of empathy is associated with their reactions to the interview styles. There were significant effects found in the dominant interviewing style regarding the participants' estimation of (i) interviewer fairness towards suspect, (ii) interviewer's understanding on suspect's thought-process toward the crime, (iii) whether the interviewer was aggressive, or (iv) humane, and (v) whether the interview was conducted well. Officers' empathy level only had an effect for the dominant interviewing style.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":46026,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Law Crime and Justice","volume":"74 ","pages":"Article 100610"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49823956","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Can community notifications be improved to change public perceptions of released justice-involved persons and of the criminal justice system?","authors":"Marguerite K. Himmen,&nbsp;Mackenzie L. Thomas,&nbsp;Rosalia R. Scavuzzo,&nbsp;Sandy Jung","doi":"10.1016/j.ijlcj.2023.100607","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijlcj.2023.100607","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Community notifications are released by law enforcement to warn the public of a high-risk offender re-entering the community. Unfortunately, negative media attention generated from community notifications can impact an individual's ability to successfully reintegrate, leading to increased recidivism. This study examines whether modifications to community notifications can change public perceptions of offenders. Participants were presented with community notifications including jargon or simple language, an explanation of release or no explanation, and various sentence lengths served by the justice-involved individual. Notable results included a higher tolerance for justice-involved individuals when legal jargon was used in the explanation of release. Moreover, justice-involved people were perceived to be more likeable when information on sentence length was not provided. These findings contribute to a greater understanding of factors that affect public perceptions of justice-involved individuals. Addressing these factors could decrease recidivism rates by adequately informing the public of risks without negatively impacting offender reintegration.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":46026,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Law Crime and Justice","volume":"74 ","pages":"Article 100607"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49783362","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An empirical study of social disorganization theory in China","authors":"Zhewei Mao ,&nbsp;Jun Wu ,&nbsp;Ziwan Zheng ,&nbsp;Ruijiao Sang ,&nbsp;Chen Jin","doi":"10.1016/j.ijlcj.2023.100608","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijlcj.2023.100608","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Social disorganization theory has been tested for several decades in different countries, especially in the United States and Britain. With rapid urbanization, China is facing the similar issue of disruption of neighborhood organization in transitional zones as other countries have experienced. To test the applicability of social disorganization theory in China, this study examined the impact of both neighborhood structural characteristics and organizational characteristics of communities on victimization, utilizing a sample from a small rural-urban town in Zhejiang Province, China. The findings indicated that local dialect competence, residential mobility, and attitude toward the police were significantly associated with individual victimization. Therefore, social disorganization theory is supported based upon the current sample. Limitations and future studies are also discussed.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":46026,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Law Crime and Justice","volume":"74 ","pages":"Article 100608"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49783368","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"‘Not-guilty’ verdicts in China: An empirical examination of legal defense and judicial rationales","authors":"Bin Liang ,&nbsp;Ming Hu","doi":"10.1016/j.ijlcj.2023.100611","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijlcj.2023.100611","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46026,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Law Crime and Justice","volume":"74 ","pages":"Article 100611"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49783369","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"“Whenever big changes come, big talks don't” – An examination of the police experience of recruitment and promotion positive action processes","authors":"Gareth Stubbs","doi":"10.1016/j.ijlcj.2023.100614","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijlcj.2023.100614","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Policing in England Wales is currently experiencing a large uplift in police recruitment. This has been due to the Government's target to uplift officers by 20,000. As a result, police forces are implementing large scale, sustained recruitment drives. These are accompanied by positive action schemes to address deficits in officer representation. Current statistics now indicate that representation in forces is rising slowly, as these initiatives are employed. There is little literature that examines the impact of positive action on existing police officers' perceptions, despite the initiative's relative proliferation. Procedural Justice theoretical literature is utilised to situate this in the research context.</p><p>This study represents 17 theoretically informed, long form, phenomenological interviews conducted with serving officers in a uniform, response policing environment. The interviews were semi-structured, open ended and participant led, allowing the officers to present and explore their own thoughts and feelings about positive action, developed through their lived experience in an active police role. These interviews were conducted in an operational environment, from an insider-outsider perspective with total privacy. Officers openly discussed how they felt about the implementation of such policies and procedures.</p><p>The findings indicate that a taboo exists with regards to the discussion of positive action processes in the police workplace. A juxtaposition also exists between the existence of positive action initiatives and the theme of meritocracy amongst the police officers. Officers strongly refuted the need for positive action to remedy issues with representation, but similarly criticised the current representation levels within forces. Theoretically this indicates an informational gap between police implementation of positive action interventions, and the perceived need for them to exist at all amongst rank and file. Implications for the study's findings are explored and possible remedies discussed.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":46026,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Law Crime and Justice","volume":"74 ","pages":"Article 100614"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49783371","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The politics of informality in criminal procedures","authors":"Kei Hannah Brodersen,&nbsp;Nadja Capus,&nbsp;Damian Rosset","doi":"10.1016/j.ijlcj.2023.100612","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijlcj.2023.100612","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The tension between formality and informality is intrinsic to the implementation of criminal law. Criminal procedures in fact always happen on a continuum between formality and informality, where the different actors involved (police officers and other street-level bureaucrats, prosecutors, judges, experts, defense lawyers, etc.) continuously perform and negotiate (in)formality. This special issue explores these “politics of (in)formality” in different criminal law settings and from different disciplinary perspectives. The different empirical contributions explore the continuum between formality and informality as well as practices of informalization in two different levels of the criminal justice system: police investigations and court proceedings.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":46026,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Law Crime and Justice","volume":"74 ","pages":"Article 100612"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49824419","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The relationship between victimization and vaping results from monitoring the future","authors":"Jun Wu ,&nbsp;Xiaochen Hu ,&nbsp;Michael Conklin","doi":"10.1016/j.ijlcj.2023.100613","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijlcj.2023.100613","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Previous studies found a positive relationship between prior violent victimization experience and substance use among adolescents based on general strain theory. However, there is limited knowledge on the link between violent victimization and vaping, which is a relatively new method of substance use. Therefore, the current study applies general strain theory to examine the relationship between violent victimization and vaping. Three types of vaping, nicotine, marijuana, and flavor only, are examined in correlation with violent victimization, utilizing data from the 2019 cohort of the Monitoring the Future study (MTF). The findings suggest that students with violent victimization experience are more likely to engage in vaping. Also, students with stronger negative emotions, weaker social bonds, and more unstructured time with peers are more likely to vape. The current study provides empirical evidence on using general strain theory to explain vaping behavior among students. Applicable policies are also discussed.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":46026,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Law Crime and Justice","volume":"74 ","pages":"Article 100613"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49783370","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}