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The revolt of the chemists: biofuels, agricultural overproduction, and the chemurgy movement in New Deal America 化学家的反抗:生物燃料，农业生产过剩，以及美国新政时期的化学运动
IF 1.2 1区 历史学
History and Technology Pub Date : 2021-10-02 DOI: 10.1080/07341512.2022.2026135
Frank Uekötter
{"title":"The revolt of the chemists: biofuels, agricultural overproduction, and the chemurgy movement in New Deal America","authors":"Frank Uekötter","doi":"10.1080/07341512.2022.2026135","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07341512.2022.2026135","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This article proposes a new reading of the chemurgy movement in New Deal America. It shows that the quest for renewable energy was rooted in a vision of a new economy based on chemical knowledge. Rather than a goal in itself, fuel alcohol for automotive uses was meant to showcase the problem-solving power of chemists and the urgency to put chemists in charge on all levels. The article places this vision in the context of the existential crisis of capitalism in the 1930s and traces the movement’s formation, its defining projects and their failures, and how the cause petered out in the post-war years. The chemurgy movement failed for three reasons. Its defining product, fuel alcohol, was not competitive on existing markets, the movement lacked political allies, particularly in the farming community, and faced vigorous resistance from the oil industry, and its vision of expert rule never gained momentum.","PeriodicalId":45996,"journal":{"name":"History and Technology","volume":"4 1","pages":"429 - 445"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2021-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82813593","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
The materiality of space heating: heat pumps and heating transitions in Twentieth-century Switzerland 空间供暖的物质性:二十世纪瑞士的热泵和供暖过渡
IF 1.2 1区 历史学
History and Technology Pub Date : 2021-10-02 DOI: 10.1080/07341512.2022.2033385
Irene Pallua
{"title":"The materiality of space heating: heat pumps and heating transitions in Twentieth-century Switzerland","authors":"Irene Pallua","doi":"10.1080/07341512.2022.2033385","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07341512.2022.2033385","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT In the past thirty years, heat pumps have increasingly gained importance in Switzerland as an environmentally-friendly technology for space heating. The paper traces their history of back to World War One when their use was first envisioned by experts in order to save coal. Despite promising pilot projects, heat pumps were marginalized by the end of the 1950s. It was only in the 1990s that they once again became a valid option. Their marginalization has previously been explained with the availability of cheap oil, their rediscovery in the 1990s with favorable policies. This essay aims at complementing these explanations by focusing on the materiality of space heating (energy, buildings, and heating systems), a topic that so far has only been touched upon in the history of renewables. By embedding heat pumps into a broader energy history, the essay provides new insights into both realized and envisioned energy transitions.","PeriodicalId":45996,"journal":{"name":"History and Technology","volume":"99 1","pages":"505 - 526"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2021-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81207947","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Historicizing renewables: issues and challenges 历史性的可再生能源:问题和挑战
IF 1.2 1区 历史学
History and Technology Pub Date : 2021-10-02 DOI: 10.1080/07341512.2022.2033384
Ute Hasenöhrl, Patrick Kupper
{"title":"Historicizing renewables: issues and challenges","authors":"Ute Hasenöhrl, Patrick Kupper","doi":"10.1080/07341512.2022.2033384","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07341512.2022.2033384","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The essay discusses some main challenges involved in historicizing renewables. It highlights three approaches that we regard as central for re- and deconstructing the history of renewables, and which show potential for rethinking familiar narratives in both the history of technology and environmental history. First, we argue that the adoption or rejection of renewables was specific to place and time and thus can only be understood within a framework of sociotechnological change. Second, we stress that the term renewables has its own history and that the term and its equivalents not only represented a number of technologies and energy carriers but also signified certain ideas about present and future society. Third, we explain why a deeper knowledge of how renewable energies were utilized throughout history not only leads to a better understanding of the past, but might help to identify challenges and pitfalls in current energy transitions.","PeriodicalId":45996,"journal":{"name":"History and Technology","volume":"414 1","pages":"397 - 410"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2021-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80825964","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 3
Putting oceans to work: tidal energy in the USA and the USSR, 1930–1970 让海洋发挥作用:1930-1970年美国和苏联的潮汐能
IF 1.2 1区 历史学
History and Technology Pub Date : 2021-10-02 DOI: 10.1080/07341512.2022.2038982
F. Frey
{"title":"Putting oceans to work: tidal energy in the USA and the USSR, 1930–1970","authors":"F. Frey","doi":"10.1080/07341512.2022.2038982","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07341512.2022.2038982","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Aspirations to convert the movement of ebb and flow into electricity have a long and checkered history. Proposals for tidal power plants at Passamaquoddy Bay (Maine/New Brunswick) and in the Soviet Murmansk region emerged in the 1920s and were discussed well into the 1960s. Considering that tidal power had to compete with established energy sources like coal, oil, and conventional hydropower, the longevity of discussions about the two tidal power projects is surprising. Their proponents tapped into questions of energy independence, economic progress, and international cooperation to keep the technology in the race. However, the decade-long negotiations did not result in the construction of major tidal power plants. The technology’s geographical immobility (the plants needed to be constructed where high tides coincided with a suitable coastline) and doubts about economic rationality halted tidal dreams both in the USA and in the USSR.","PeriodicalId":45996,"journal":{"name":"History and Technology","volume":"12 1","pages":"487 - 504"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2021-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79670383","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Driving on wood: the Swedish transition to wood gas during World War Two 在木头上开车:第二次世界大战期间瑞典向木质气体的过渡
IF 1.2 1区 历史学
History and Technology Pub Date : 2021-10-02 DOI: 10.1080/07341512.2022.2033387
A. Kaijser
{"title":"Driving on wood: the Swedish transition to wood gas during World War Two","authors":"A. Kaijser","doi":"10.1080/07341512.2022.2033387","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07341512.2022.2033387","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This article is about the rapid transition to gasifiers in Sweden during World War Two, which made it possible to fuel cars with domestic wood instead of petrol, the imports of which seized during the war. The transition had been prepared in the interwar period and was executed very effectively in the beginning of the war. However, when the war was over and petrol became available again most gasifiers were quickly dismantled. In the concluding discussion, the concepts of head wind and tail wind transitions are introduced to analyze why gasifiers were introduced so rapidly in the beginning of the war, and why they were dismantled just as quickly after the war. It is argued, that the gasifiers were a clear example of a head wind transition, and the gasifier transition is briefly contrasted with two other energy transitions in Sweden that were tail wind transitions: the development of hydropower and of nuclear power.","PeriodicalId":45996,"journal":{"name":"History and Technology","volume":"1 1","pages":"468 - 486"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2021-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83064227","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Reassembling colonial infrastructure in Cold War Korea: the Han River Basin Joint Survey Project (1966-71) 冷战时期韩国殖民基础设施的重新组装:汉江流域联合调查项目(1966-71)
IF 1.2 1区 历史学
History and Technology Pub Date : 2021-07-03 DOI: 10.1080/07341512.2021.2009323
Seohyun Park
{"title":"Reassembling colonial infrastructure in Cold War Korea: the Han River Basin Joint Survey Project (1966-71)","authors":"Seohyun Park","doi":"10.1080/07341512.2021.2009323","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07341512.2021.2009323","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This article explores how the Han River Basin Joint Survey Team (HJST), consisting of American and Korean engineers, planned the Han River Basin development project in South Korea during the late 1960s and the early 1970s. While much of the existing literature adopts the lens of Cold War geopolitics, arguing that American political and technical elites drove worldwide river basin development to promote an anti-communist alternative, this article reveals a nuanced picture of localized tensions between the authoritarian regime’s political aspirations and longstanding Cold War and colonial legacies. It shows that development of the Han River Basin was planned based on hydrological data and technical infrastructure produced during Korea’s Japanese colonial era. Moreover, it is impossible to understand HJST’s work without taking into account the political aspirations of the South Korean authoritarian regime.","PeriodicalId":45996,"journal":{"name":"History and Technology","volume":"16 1","pages":"329 - 354"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2021-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88257075","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Modernizing a nation through its radio and television industry: RCA Victor in Chile, 1928-1973 通过广播和电视产业实现国家现代化:智利的RCA Victor, 1928-1973
IF 1.2 1区 历史学
History and Technology Pub Date : 2021-07-03 DOI: 10.1080/07341512.2021.2004008
Francisco Garrido, Ricardo Paredes
{"title":"Modernizing a nation through its radio and television industry: RCA Victor in Chile, 1928-1973","authors":"Francisco Garrido, Ricardo Paredes","doi":"10.1080/07341512.2021.2004008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07341512.2021.2004008","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The RCA Victor company in Chile portrayed itself as a participant in the nation’s progress. Its success was part of a larger governmental plan to boost the industrial capacities of the country, during a period marked by political polarization and extensive demographic changes in terms of rural to urban migration, the formation of a working middle class, and greater investment in education. Their electronic devices were intimately linked to this broader socio-political context, where both state and partner industries presented technological production in terms of national pride and progress. Via a material culture analysis and archival sources related to the history and production of RCA Victor in Chile, we show and argue that its technological devices were shaped actively by and participated in the complexities and contradictions of the social and political changes of the era.","PeriodicalId":45996,"journal":{"name":"History and Technology","volume":"15 1","pages":"379 - 395"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2021-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75986571","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
On humble technologies: containers, care, and water infrastructure in northwest Madagascar, 1750s-1960s 关于简陋的技术:集装箱、护理和水基础设施在马达加斯加西北部，1750 - 60年代
IF 1.2 1区 历史学
History and Technology Pub Date : 2021-07-03 DOI: 10.1080/07341512.2021.1999076
Tasha Rijke-Epstein
{"title":"On humble technologies: containers, care, and water infrastructure in northwest Madagascar, 1750s-1960s","authors":"Tasha Rijke-Epstein","doi":"10.1080/07341512.2021.1999076","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07341512.2021.1999076","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Anchored in urban Madagascar, this study probes historical entanglements between water systems, containers as ordinary technological things, and labor regimes from the late eighteenth century through French colonial times (1896–1960). As technologies-in-use, water containers were sometimes materials of governance, but increasingly they were anticipatory technologies through which families could navigate the precarities of monarchal and then colonial rule by storing excess, manipulating time, and sustaining everyday life. While technologies-in-use are always embedded in local moral economies, I argue that they also act on users in sometimes contradictory ways – ossifying labor regimes and entrenching existing practices that navigate everyday predicaments of urban space. Ultimately, this essay calls for historians of technology to attend to the relationships between humble artifacts (containers) and labor practices to understand how practices of care are forged in tandem with the material world.","PeriodicalId":45996,"journal":{"name":"History and Technology","volume":"4 1","pages":"293 - 328"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2021-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76004907","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
‘We were shot down!’: Earth observing satellites, data surveillance, and NASA’s 1982 Global Habitability initiative “我们被击落了!”:地球观测卫星、数据监视和NASA 1982年的全球宜居性倡议
IF 1.2 1区 历史学
History and Technology Pub Date : 2021-07-03 DOI: 10.1080/07341512.2021.1989127
Jenifer Barton
{"title":"‘We were shot down!’: Earth observing satellites, data surveillance, and NASA’s 1982 Global Habitability initiative","authors":"Jenifer Barton","doi":"10.1080/07341512.2021.1989127","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07341512.2021.1989127","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT At a United Nations space conference in 1982, NASA officials unveiled Global Habitability, an Earth science initiative to study the physical, chemical, and biological processes of the world’s lands, oceans, and atmosphere as a single, integrated system using a fleet of Earth observing satellites. A peaceful and timely initiative that focused on global environmental problems and invited international participation, US officials fully anticipated that it would be favourably received. However, the international response to Global Habitability was not merely unfavourable but openly hostile, leading to the initiative’s failure and its almost total obscurity today. This paper explores the history of this unsuccessful initiative to launch a global Earth science research program. Global Habitability was the product of a small group of US scientists who failed to grasp the inherently political nature of data and the importance of the geopolitical context of the 1970s and early 1980s for a scientific and technological research program.","PeriodicalId":45996,"journal":{"name":"History and Technology","volume":"50 1","pages":"355 - 378"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2021-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74150979","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Uranium exposed at Expo 58: the colonial agenda behind the peaceful atom 第58届世博会曝光的铀:和平原子背后的殖民议程
IF 1.2 1区 历史学
History and Technology Pub Date : 2021-04-03 DOI: 10.1080/07341512.2021.1960074
Dennis Pohl
{"title":"Uranium exposed at Expo 58: the colonial agenda behind the peaceful atom","authors":"Dennis Pohl","doi":"10.1080/07341512.2021.1960074","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07341512.2021.1960074","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This research focuses on the staged contrast between atomic modernity and colonial backwardness at Expo 58 in Brussels, as a strategic promise of the peaceful nuclear, powered by Congolese uranium. I analyze the management of nuclear power – ranging from household technologies to European (post)colonial infrastructures of uranium resources and nuclear power plants – to reveal architecture as a geopolitical technology. The article argues that the ‘domestication of the atom’ goes hand in hand with the domestication of power, exercised through architecture on various levels, affecting the politics of visibility, knowledge, and imagination. The article examines Expo 58 as a case study, where global uranium agents such as the Union Minière du Haut-Katanga (UMHK), the US Atomic Energy Commission (USAEC), the Belgian Centre d’Études pour les applications de l’Energie Nucléaire (SKC-CEN), and the European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom) met in a setting that constructed both a Western scientific gaze and colonial backwardness.","PeriodicalId":45996,"journal":{"name":"History and Technology","volume":"77 1","pages":"172 - 202"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2021-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84654011","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
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