Current Hypertension Reviews最新文献

{"title":"Hypertension and Diabetes: An Old Association to be Aware.","authors":"Ramiro Sanchez, Carla Musso","doi":"10.2174/157340211702211025101445","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/157340211702211025101445","url":null,"abstract":"Hypertension is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease and its prevalence is twice more than that of diabetes mellitus [1]. We are analysing in this issue the associated risk factors in Latin America. It is of particular importance since the high prevalence of both diseases is increasing. In addition, insufficient health economic resources and a reduced level of education affect the course of both diseases. Common mechanisms have been proposed to explain the association between diabetes and hypertension, such as atherosclerosis, endothelial dysfunction, vascular inflammation and oxidative stress. The up-regulation of renin angiotensin aldosterone system and activation of the immune system are also involved as a vicious circle [2]. In the third article by Lopez-Jaramillo et al., a review on epidemiology of hypertension and diabetes mellitus has been done, as they are two major factors that contribute to cardiovascular disease [3]. As a searching mechanism of developing heart ischemia and heart failure, dynamic changes determined by induced myocardial depression followed by an ischemia-reperfusion stage provided data to calculated Wall Thickening Fraction and Augmentation indices [4]. Further research, including arterial pressure waves obtained non-invasively in ischemic patients during acute heart failure (treated with IABP or not) is needed to confirm the usefulness of these results [2, 5]. Epigenetic influence also has a major contribution to the development of high risk of hypertension and diabetes. Central Obesity, as a chronic low inflammation disease, is a cause of nonalcohol liver disease with increased cardiovascular risk, high mortality risk and the first cause of liver transplantation [6]. Losing weight is one of the first therapies implemented on NALD, and metabolic surgery has been demonstrated to decrease cardiovascular disease. Chronic Hyperglycaemia and insulin resistance play an important role in Diabetic nephropathy, one of the most frequent complications to develop end-stage renal disease (ESRD). In this regard, pulse wave velocity, glomerular filtration rate and albumin/creatinine ratio as markers of coronary heart disease were analysed in this issue [7, 8]. Since we have new drugs to treat diabetic patients who demonstrated decrease cardiovascular risk and disease, known as sodium glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors and glucagon like peptide 1 agonist (GLP1) that change the sequence of diabetic algorithm or international guidelines. One of the most relevant complications of diabetic patients is heart failure, first cause of hospitalization, most of the heart failures result from preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF. iSGLT2 has a beneficial effect on these patients, reducing the risk of worsening heart failure or death from cardiovascular causes [9]. Recommendations from guidelines of treatment of hypertension in diabetic patients are still based on expert opinion and the clinician must choose the appropriate plan f","PeriodicalId":45941,"journal":{"name":"Current Hypertension Reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39602688","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of Metabolic Surgery on Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, Cardiovascular Risk Factors, and Mortality: A Review.","authors":"Ricardo Cohen,&nbsp;Noelia S Sforza,&nbsp;Romina G Clemente","doi":"10.2174/1573402116666200804153228","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1573402116666200804153228","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The association between obesity and a reduction in life expectancy is well established, and cardiovascular disease is a leading cause of mortality. Bariatric surgery has long been established as the most effective and durable intervention for obesity, and is the only intervention for obesity that consistently improves multiple comorbidities, reduces cardiovascular disease and long-term mortality. The purpose of this review is to describe the impact of metabolic/bariatric surgery on type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiometabolic parameters, including cardiovascular mortality.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A systematic literature search of Pubmed, MEDLINE, and Cochrane Central Register was performed. We included randomized controlled trials, meta-analysis, case-control trials, and cohort studies that contain data on reductions in cardiovascular risk factors and cardiovascular mortality in subjects who underwent metabolic/bariatric surgery from January 1, 2005 to June 1, 2020.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>There is sufficient evidence from randomized controlled trials that metabolic/bariatric surgery is associated with a significant improvement of all cardiovascular risk factors. Although studies are showing a reduction of macrovascular events and cardiovascular mortality, these findings come from observational studies and should be confirmed in randomized clinical trials.</p>","PeriodicalId":45941,"journal":{"name":"Current Hypertension Reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38227386","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) for Primary Care Providers: Beyond the Liver.","authors":"Eddison Godinez-Leiva,&nbsp;Fernando Bril","doi":"10.2174/1573402116999201209203534","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1573402116999201209203534","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has consolidated as a major public health problem, affecting ~25% of the global population. This percentage is significantly higher in the setting of obesity and/or type 2 diabetes. The presence of NAFLD is associated with severe liver complications, such as nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH; i.e., presence of inflammation and necrosis), cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. However, the majority of these patients die of cardiovascular disease. For this reason, management of this condition requires a multidisciplinary team, where primary care providers are at center stage. However, important misconceptions remain among primary care providers, preventing them from appropriately approach these patients. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease should be understood as part of a systemic disease characterized for abnormal accumulation of fat in tissues other than the adipose tissue. This, in turn, produces dysfunction of those organs or tissues (process sometimes referred to as lipotoxicity). Therefore, due to the systemic nature of this condition, it should not surprise that NAFLD is closely related to other metabolic conditions. This review will focus on the extrahepatic manifestations of NAFLD and its metabolic and cardiovascular implications. We believe these are the most important issues primary care providers should understand in order to effectively manage these complicated patients. In addition, we have provided a simple and straightforward approach to the diagnosis and treatment of patients with NAFLD and/or NASH. We hope this review will serve as a guide for primary care providers to approach their patients with NAFLD.</p>","PeriodicalId":45941,"journal":{"name":"Current Hypertension Reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38697523","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Relationship between Augmentation Index and Wall Thickening Fraction during Hypotension in an Animal Model of Myocardial Ischemia-Reperfusion and Heart Failure.","authors":"Sandra Wray,&nbsp;Elena Lascano,&nbsp;Jorge Negroni,&nbsp;Edmundo C Fischer","doi":"10.2174/1573402117666210322161445","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1573402117666210322161445","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aims: </strong>Non-invasive indices to evaluate left ventricular changes during ischemic heart failure are needed to quantify the myocardial impairment and the effectiveness of therapeutic manoeuvres. The aims of this work were to calculate the Wall Thickening Fraction (WTF) and the Augmentation Index (AIx) and to assess the relationship between WTF and AIx using data obtained from an animal model with heart failure followed by a myocardial ischemia stage and a reperfusion stage.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Nine Corriedale sheep that had been monitored for 10 minutes during a basal stage underwent 5-minute myocardial ischemia, followed by 60-minute reperfusion. Seven of them were subjected to an induced heart failure through an overdose of halothane, two of which were treated with intra-aortic counterpulsation during the reperfusion stage. The remaining two animals were monitored during their ischemia-reperfusion stage.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Data obtained in the 5 animals suffering from heart failure followed by myocardial ischemia showed that: a) heart failure induction determined decrease in cardiac output, cardiac index and systolic and diastolic aortic pressure (AoP) with respect to their basal values (p<0.05), b) myocardial ischemia decreased the WTF compared with basal and induced heart failure values (p<0.05), c) during the reperfusion stage accompanied by induced heart failure, WTF increased with respect to values observed during the ischemia induction stage (p<0.05); nevertheless, basal values were not recovered after reperfusion (p<0.05). During this 60-minute stage, systolic and diastolic AoP values were lower (p<0.05) than those at the basal stage.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>AIx and WTF values calculated from synchronically recorded values of aortic pressure and left ventricular wall thickness during the reperfusion stage in all animals (n = 9) showed a negative correlation (p<0.05). Analysed data provided evidence of a negative relationship between a left ventricular index of myocardial function and an arterial index obtained from AoP waves.</p>","PeriodicalId":45941,"journal":{"name":"Current Hypertension Reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39072738","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Potential Novel Benefits of Sodium Restriction in Chronic Kidney Disease.","authors":"Rodolfo Valtuille","doi":"10.2174/1573402116666200615152139","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1573402116666200615152139","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Chronic kidney disease is a global public health issue, and it has been considered as the epidemic of the 21st century. Therefore, all initiatives addressed to slow down the evolution and complications of this condition should be well received. While the effects of salt reduction on cardiovascular disease have some controversial issues, in chronic kidney disease, such a policy is beneficial in multiple aspects. In chronic kidney disease patients, dietary sodium restriction is regularly recommended to control extracellular fluid expansion, hypertension and cardiovascular risk. Instead, the effects of sodium reduction on chronic kidney disease progression are still controversial. In the last years, potentially beneficial effects of a low sodium diet on chronic kidney disease evolution have emerged. Firstly, recent magnetic resonance-based findings of increased Na depots in skin and muscle associated with renal function, ageing and sodium intake open a vast body of investigation as a potential tool for monitoring effects of sodium restriction. In this narrative review, we also discussed novel aspects of sodium restriction in chronic kidney disease to manage metabolic acidosis as well as renal effects on fibroblast growth factor 23 or gut microbiota. Beyond current evidence, these approaches showed that common findings of kidney failure environment such as sodium -sensitivity, micro-inflammation, arterial stiffness metabolic acidosis and sarcopenia could be delayed controlling dietary sodium. Additional studies are now needed in populations with chronic kidney disease to confirm these new findings, addressed to slow down the evolution and complications of this condition.</p>","PeriodicalId":45941,"journal":{"name":"Current Hypertension Reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38044391","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Epidemiology of Hypertension and Diabetes Mellitus in Latin America.","authors":"Patricio Lopez-Jaramillo,&nbsp;Jose Lopez-Lopez,&nbsp;Daniel Cohen,&nbsp;Natalia Alarcon-Ariza,&nbsp;Margarita Mogollon-Zehr","doi":"10.2174/1573402116999200917152952","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1573402116999200917152952","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Hypertension and type 2 diabetes mellitus are two important risk factors that contribute to cardiovascular diseases worldwide. In Latin America, hypertension prevalence varies from 30 to 50%. Moreover, the proportion of awareness, treatment and control of hypertension is very low. The prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus varies from 8 to 13% and around 40% of patients are unaware of their condition. In addition, the prevalence of prediabetes varies from 6 to 14% and this condition has also been associated with increased risk of cardiovascular diseases. The principal factors linked to a higher risk of hypertension in Latin America are increased adiposity, low muscle strength, unhealthy diet, low physical activity and low education. Besides being chronic conditions, leading causes of cardiovascular mortality, both hypertension and type 2 diabetes mellitus, represent a substantial cost for the weak health systems of Latin American countries. Therefore, it is necessary to implement and reinforce public health programs to improve awareness, treatment and control of hypertension and type 2 diabetes mellitus, in order to reach the mandate of the United Nations to decrease the premature mortality for CVD.</p>","PeriodicalId":45941,"journal":{"name":"Current Hypertension Reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38393455","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluating the Safety and Tolerability of Azilsartan Medoxomil Alone or in Combination With Chlorthalidone in the Management of Hypertension: A Systematic Review.","authors":"Vasiliki Katsi,&nbsp;Christos Michalakeas,&nbsp;Stergios Soulaidopoulos,&nbsp;Alexios S Antonopoulos,&nbsp;Charalambos Vlachopoulos,&nbsp;Dimitris Tousoulis,&nbsp;Konstantinos Tsioufis","doi":"10.2174/1573402117666210112144505","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1573402117666210112144505","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Azilsartan medoxomil (AZM) is the newest representative in the class of angiotensin receptor blockers. Azilsartan medoxomil in combination with the older diuretic chlorthalidone (CLD) in fixed-doses of AZM/CLD 40/12.5 mg and 40/25 mg has been approved by the FDA for use in patients with essential hypertension. We sought to evaluate the safety and tolerability of AZL-M alone and in combination with CLD.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We conducted a search in PubMed using the keywords 'azilsartan', 'azilsartan medoxomil', 'chlorthalidone, 'safety', 'tolerability' in order to find scientific studies evaluating the safety of these drugs. We included studies reporting side effects of these drugs, alone or in combination, in comparison to placebo or other antihypertensive medications. For our systematic review, we followed the PRISMA guidelines.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Azilsartan medoxomil is a potent antihypertensive medicine with an acceptable safety profile. The most commonly reported adverse events are dizziness, headache, fatigue, upper respiratory tract infection and urinary tract infection. Chlorthalidone is more potent and has a considerably longer duration of action than the most commonly prescribed diuretic hydrochlorothiazide. Safety and tolerability between these two drugs are similar except higher serum uric acid and lower potassium levels with chlorthalidone.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The combination of azilsartan medoxomil with chlorthalidone has been shown to be effective in lowering blood pressure with an acceptable safety and tolerability profile. This fixeddose combination is an attractive treatment option for hypertension management.</p>","PeriodicalId":45941,"journal":{"name":"Current Hypertension Reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38813394","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Vascular Inflammation in Hypertension: Targeting Lipid Mediators Unbalance and Nitrosative Stress.","authors":"Alexandre S Bruno,&nbsp;Patricia das Dores Lopes,&nbsp;Karla C M de Oliveira,&nbsp;Anizia K de Oliveira,&nbsp;Stefany B de Assis Cau","doi":"10.2174/1573402116666191220122332","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1573402116666191220122332","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Arterial hypertension is a worldwide public health threat. High Blood Pressure (BP) is commonly associated with endothelial dysfunction, nitric oxide synthases (NOS) unbalance and high peripheral vascular resistance. In addition to those, inflammation has also been designated as one of the major components of BP increase and organ damage in hypertension. This minireview discusses vascular inflammatory triggers of high BP and aims to fill the existing gaps of antiinflammatory therapy of hypertension. Among the reasons discussed, enhanced prostaglandins rather than resolvins lipid mediators, immune cell infiltration and oxidative/nitrosative stress are pivotal players of BP increase within the inflammatory hypothesis. To address these inflammatory targets, this review also proposes new concepts in hypertension treatment with non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), nitric oxide-releasing NSAIDs (NO-NSAIDs) and specialized proresolving mediators (SPM). In this context, the failure of NSAIDs in hypertension treatment seems to be associated with the reduction of endogenous NO bioavailability, which is not necessarily an effect of all drug members of this pharmacological class. For this reason, NO-releasing NSAIDs seem to be safer and more specific therapy to treat vascular inflammation in hypertension than regular NSAIDs.</p>","PeriodicalId":45941,"journal":{"name":"Current Hypertension Reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37476099","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 Roles in the Pathogenesis of COVID-19.","authors":"Azra Kenarkoohi,&nbsp;Maryam Maleki,&nbsp;Tahereh Safari,&nbsp;Mohammad Reza Kaffashian,&nbsp;Fateme Saljoughi,&nbsp;Shahla Sohrabipour","doi":"10.2174/1573402116666200810134702","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1573402116666200810134702","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The new pandemic Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) causes a wide range of clinical consequences, from asymptomatic infection to acute respiratory failure, and it is very heterogeneous. The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is well recognized as a key regulating system in circulatory homeostasis that plays prominent roles in pathophysiological processes in abnormal activation, for instance, renal and cardiovascular diseases, obesity, and stroke. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2(ACE2) is a component of the RAS system. However, unlike the ACE, its activity is not inhibited by the ACE inhibitors. The major product of ACE2 is Ang1-7, known as a vasodilator peptide and part of the depressant arm of the RAS. There are two forms of ACE2; Transmembrane ACE2 and soluble ACE2. Coronavirus is covered with some proteins in order to help viral attachment to the cell membrane ACE2 as a receptor and then fuse and enter the cells. ACE2 was expressed in the oral cavity, salivary glands of the mouth, esophagus, myocardial cells, kidney, and enterocytes, along with all the respiratory tract, intestine, and blood vessels. In this article, the renin- angiotensin system and its components have been explained. Moreover, the organs involved in COVID-19 disease, and the possible causes of damage to these organs have also been discussed. The probable mechanism of using ACE2 in viral attachment and the probable treatment processes will also be reviewed based on the surface proteins of the virus and ACE2. In addition, we briefly discuss anti-angiotensin drugs and why patients with chronic diseases are more susceptible to COVID-19 infection and show worse progression.</p>","PeriodicalId":45941,"journal":{"name":"Current Hypertension Reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38249448","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Vascular Dysfunction in the Brain; Implications for Heavy Metal Exposures.","authors":"Nzube F Olung,&nbsp;Oritoke M Aluko,&nbsp;Sikirullai O Jeje,&nbsp;Ayotunde S Adeagbo,&nbsp;Omamuyovwi M Ijomone","doi":"10.2174/1573402117666210225085528","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1573402117666210225085528","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Normal or diseased conditions that alter the brain's requirement for oxygen and nutrients via alterations to neurovascular coupling have an impact on the level of the neurovascular unit; comprising neuronal, glial and vascular components. The communications between the components of the neurovascular unit are precise and accurate for its functions; hence a minute disturbance can result in neurovascular dysfunction. Heavy metals such as cadmium, mercury, and lead have been identified to increase the vulnerability of the neurovascular unit to damage. This review examines the role of heavy metals in neurovascular dysfunctions and the possible mechanisms by which these metals act. Risk factors ranging from lifestyle, environment, genetics, infections, and physiologic ageing involved in neurological dysfunctions were highlighted, while stroke was discussed as the prevalent consequence of neurovascular dysfunctions. Furthermore, the role of these heavy metals in the pathogenesis of stroke consequently pinpoints the importance of understanding the mechanisms of neurovascular damage in a bid to curb the occurrence of neurovascular dysfunctions.</p>","PeriodicalId":45941,"journal":{"name":"Current Hypertension Reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25405518","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}