Forensic Sciences Research最新文献

{"title":"Ground penetrating radar used to detect drowning victims under ice.","authors":"Gordon G Giesbrecht, Mitesh Patel, Rafid Javid, Scott Murray, Vrushil Patel, Noah Wiens, Darren Xie, Ian Jeffrey, Philip Ferguson","doi":"10.1093/fsr/owad040","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/fsr/owad040","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Every year, people drown after falling through ice on rivers and lakes. In some cases, the body of the victim floats up to the underside of the ice, making detection and recovery difficult using traditional search methods with divers. A robust and contact-less sensing system is required to locate drowning victims that does not put rescue teams at risk of falling through the ice themselves. In this paper, we demonstrate the feasibility of a ground penetrating radar (GPR) for detecting deceased drowning victims that have floated up to the underside of the ice. We placed three euthanized pigs simulating drowning victims under ice ranging in thickness from 5 to 26 cm. We dragged a GPR at 500 MHz and 1 GHz across the ice to detect the simulated victims using an autocorrelation-based detection technique. Results showed that both frequencies were able to detect the rough shape of the simulated victims at ice thicknesses up to 42 cm, with the 1-GHz data showing slightly more resolution than the 500-MHz data. These results show promise and suggest future development of an autonomous drone-based GPR detection system.</p><p><strong>Key points: </strong>Floating bodies are successfully detected under both ice and snow using a commercial ground penetrating radar system with ice depths reaching up to 26 cm in a controlled environment.The differences between using radar systems operating at/around 500 MHz and 1 GHz were not pronounced from the point of view of detection.Future studies should investigate the capabilities for detecting bodies in more realistic settings.</p>","PeriodicalId":45852,"journal":{"name":"Forensic Sciences Research","volume":"8 4","pages":"280-287"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2023-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10894067/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139973944","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Oral health professional intervention and child physical abuse—European legal approach","authors":"A. Corte-Real, P. Almiro, Mafalda Silva, T. Nunes, João Abreu, Carla Carreira, Duarte Nuno Vieira","doi":"10.1093/fsr/owad042","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/fsr/owad042","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Physical violence against children and adolescents is an issue of Global Public Health. This study aims to identify traumatic injuries and the medical–legal temporary framework of the victim’s profile in the European legal approach. Participants and Setting: The clinical reports of a Portuguese European Clinical Academic Center database were analyzed. An observational and prospective cohort study was performed. A descriptive analysis of the variables was conducted, considering gender, bimodal age groups, place of residence, offender data, place of occurrence, etiology, localization, type of injuries, personal injury assessment by Quantum doloris, and injury time. The statistical analysis was performed by Spearman’s rho and Kendall’s tau-b correlation tests, Pearson’s chi-square test of independence (χ2), and Mann–Whitney and Kruskal–Wallis nonparametric tests (P < 0.05). The relationship between age groups and the place of occurrence was statistically significant (P = 0.001). Orofacial and nonorofacial injuries were related (P = 0.035). The General Data Protection Regulation is not a barrier to the treatment and sharing of justified data but a framework for safeguarding individuals’ fundamental rights, including the Right to Health. Meticulous reporting of the clinical situation involves the victim, the occurrence, and the potential offender.","PeriodicalId":45852,"journal":{"name":"Forensic Sciences Research","volume":"28 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2023-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138598045","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A bibliometric analysis of research trends for missing persons globally and in East Asia from 2000 to 2021","authors":"Zixuan Zeng, Ishmael Dikeledi, Yehui Lv","doi":"10.1093/fsr/owad041","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/fsr/owad041","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 A bibliometric analysis was performed to explore the current research status and development trends for missing persons globally and in East Asia and to identify research hotspots and frontiers relating to this topic. A search was conducted to identify relevant literature on missing persons using the Web of Science Core Collection database for the period 2000–2021. Subsequently, a knowledge map was constructed using CiteSpace software to perform a visual analysis of the distribution of authors and institutions, journals, national/regional distribution; citation frequency; high-frequency keywords; and emerging research hotspots. The results showed firstly that discussions on missing persons and related topics in East Asia are held at the regional scale. There is a paucity of research on this topic, which has been conducted on a limited scale, lacks depth and possibly innovation and entails limited discussion in this region. Secondly, there is a lack of social science research on missing persons and related topics worldwide. Thirdly, relevant research in East Asia should continue to preserve its own characteristics, effectively addressing current issues and enabling more people to participate in social science-oriented discussions focusing on the topic of missing persons. This approach provides a promising direction for pursuing the sustainable development of the topic of missing persons.","PeriodicalId":45852,"journal":{"name":"Forensic Sciences Research","volume":"21 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2023-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138596678","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sequence variations of 58 STRs and 94 SNPs in Northeastern Xibe with ForenSeq™ DNA signature prep kit","authors":"Fei Guo, Longnian Zhang, Y. Xin, Shiquan Liu","doi":"10.1093/fsr/owad043","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/fsr/owad043","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Massively parallel sequencing (MPS) technology has already shown many advantages in forensic DNA typing. In this study, the repeat region (RR) and flanking region (FR) variations were detected at 58 short tandem repeats (STRs) by MPS, which could increase allelic diversity (34.59%) and gene diversity (3.95%) compared with the capillary electrophoresis (CE) method. Six novel RR variants were identified at 5 STRs, and eleven FR variants were found at 8 STRs. Concordance amounted to 99.96% (4598 out of 4600 alleles) between ForenSeq DNA Signature Prep Kit and CE kits, and discordance was due to bioinformatic misinterpretation at DXS7132. Additionally, allele frequencies and forensic parameters of 94 identity-informative single nucleotide polymorphisms (iiSNPs) provided a reference dataset, which held a higher power of discrimination (1–3.4825 × 10−35). A total of 29 FR variants were found at 24 target iiSNPs. The power of the system effectiveness with the combined 27 autosomal STRs by sequence and 94 iiSNPs was added more substantially than that of a single type of marker alone, such as the combined power of discrimination (CPD) and the combined power of exclusion (CPE) achieving 1–7.1358 × 10−65 and 1–4.4803 × 10−21, respectively. Population structure analyses with iiSNPs and additional ancestry-informative SNPs (aiSNPs) demonstrated that Chinese Xibe in the northeast was one of the East Asian populations. At the genetic level, Northeastern Xibe is close to populations where they live, such as Han Chinese and other ethnic minority groups.","PeriodicalId":45852,"journal":{"name":"Forensic Sciences Research","volume":"24 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2023-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138596610","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A study on the measurement of GSR with bloodstains by ICP-MS.","authors":"Xiang Li, Aoyang Yü, Xinxin Xia, Yü Zhu, Hui Song","doi":"10.1093/fsr/owad033","DOIUrl":"10.1093/fsr/owad033","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In forensic laboratories, analytical investigations of gunshot residues (GSRs) are usually conducted by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) in combination with energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis. If GSRs are covered with bloodstains, SEM cannot detect them. In this study, an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry method is proposed to solve this problem. Results show that bloodstains did not interfere with GSRs and low-level elements are detected. Qualitative and quantitative analyses of Sn, Sb, Ba, and Pb elements in GSRs are also carried out. Different pretreatment methods are adopted according to the characteristics of different samples. Our investigations suggest that the proposed method has the advantages of low detection limit and high sensitivity and it can be very important in expert testimony.</p><p><strong>Key points: </strong>GSRs with bloodstains could be successfully detected <i>via</i> ICP-MS and bloodstains did not interfere in GSRs analysis.The best pretreatment method for incident bullet holes with bloodstains was microwave digestion.The best pretreatment method for the region around the bullet hole and the shooter's hand with bloodstains was ultrasonic vibration.For the same shooting distance, GSRs collected from the cloth and the shooter's hand with type 95-1 rifle were higher than that of type 92 pistol.</p>","PeriodicalId":45852,"journal":{"name":"Forensic Sciences Research","volume":"9 4","pages":"owad033"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-11-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11630047/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142814509","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sternal Rib Ends as a Method of Age Estimation at the CIL: A Brief Note","authors":"Alexander F. Christensen","doi":"10.3390/forensicsci3040041","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/forensicsci3040041","url":null,"abstract":"This communication reports the relationship between skeletal age estimates based on the sternal rib ends (using the phase method of İşcan and colleagues, later revised by Hartnett) and the chronological age at the death of 221 U.S. military casualties processed by the Scientific Analysis section of the Defense POW/MIA Accounting Agency and its predecessor laboratories from 2000 to the present. Previously published age ranges for each phase do not provide accurate estimates for a sufficient proportion of the cases for forensic use; as an example, the age ranges that accompany reference cast sets proved accurate for 55% of CIL cases. Combining the published age ranges of İşcan and Hartnett, on the other hand, proved accurate in 99% of the cases.","PeriodicalId":45852,"journal":{"name":"Forensic Sciences Research","volume":" 39","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135241747","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Marijuana: Forensics of Abuse, Medical Uses, Controversy, and AI","authors":"Olen R. Brown","doi":"10.3390/forensicsci3040040","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/forensicsci3040040","url":null,"abstract":"Motor vehicle accidents are a significant consequence of marijuana abuse. Limitations of its roadside detection and the forensic problems with establishing impairment require innovations that are scientifically achievable. Marijuana abuse currently is at an all-time high in the United States and its physiological effects make it a popular recreational drug that is reported to be a leading cause of preventable morbidity and mortality among the youth in the 18 most affluent nations. The medical benefits of drugs derived from marijuana complicate its forensic regulation. In an extensive 2017 report by The American Academy of Sciences, the evidence for the medical benefits of delta-9 tetrahydrocannabinol (derived from marijuana) were stated to be conclusive or substantial for the treatment of chronic pain in adults, as an antiemetic for treatment of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting, and for improving patient-reported multiple sclerosis spasticity symptoms. The benefits from treatment for many other medical conditions were inconclusive or absent. The evidence is clear that safely driving a motor vehicle is significantly impaired while under the influence of marijuana. However, there is no roadside forensic test that reliably detects impairment, and there is an urgent need for such to protect the public while insuring the legal rights of users. There is strong societal pressure to relax marijuana’s forensic regulation, including removing it from Schedule I of the Controlled Substances Act. Artificial intelligence (AI) should be implemented with appropriate human control to resolve controversies.","PeriodicalId":45852,"journal":{"name":"Forensic Sciences Research","volume":"106 S7","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135540384","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Presence of the Human Auditory Ossicles—Detected Postmortem by CT Scan—As a Taphonomic Indicator","authors":"Edda E. Guareschi, Sara Poggesi, Marco Palmesino, Paola A. Magni","doi":"10.3390/forensicsci3040039","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/forensicsci3040039","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Three tiny bones compose the human ossicular chain: malleus, incus and stapes. Also known as auditory ossicles, they are united by joints in the middle ear cavity of the petrous part of the temporal bone. Completely developed two years after birth, the ossicular chain is involved in the physiological process of hearing, by which sound waves from the environment are converted into electrochemical impulses. In the last 500 years, most studies have focused on the morphogenesis, morphological variability and clinical pathology of the ossicular chain, whilst only a few studies have added relevant knowledge to anthropology and forensic science. The auditory ossicles and the enclosing petrous bone are some of the hardest in the human skeleton. This is reflected in a relative resistance to fire and in the possibility of preservation and fossilization in millions of years. Materials and Methods: The literature and four present-day forensic cases were included in studying the postmortem loss of the auditory ossicles in skeletal or decomposing remains. Results indicate that it can be ascribed to their destruction or physical displacement, by either macro-micro-faunal action and/or any other natural or artificial disturbance. Discussion: Physical displacement is closely connected to the depositional environment of the skeletal remains, such as burial, entombment (sarcophagus, coffin, vault…), submersion or exposure to natural elements. Auditory ossicles can be recovered in situ, or very close to their anatomical location, when the skeletal material has been involved in an archaeological excavation. In the case of accessible or disturbed remains, scavengers may remove the tiny ossicles and/or they can slip out of the middle ear cavity following skull movements. Entombment offers effective protection against the displacement of the auditory ossicles, whereas aquatic submersion and aquatic movement almost invariably displace them. Conclusion: the preservation of the human auditory ossicles should be critically considered in the comprehensive context of any forensic investigation on human remains since it can assist the reconstruction of their taphonomic history. Taphonomic histories of remains can add crucial information to forensic investigations (e.g., the Post Mortem Interval, PMI). The aim of this study, limited by scarce relevant literature, is to discuss the potential role of the ossicular chain, detected by postmortem imaging techniques, as a taphonomical indicator in decomposing and/or skeletonized bodies.","PeriodicalId":45852,"journal":{"name":"Forensic Sciences Research","volume":"61 7","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135933527","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"ChatGPT in forensic sciences: a new Pandora’s box with advantages and challenges to pay attention","authors":"Ricardo Jorge Dinis-Oliveira, Rui M S Azevedo","doi":"10.1093/fsr/owad039","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/fsr/owad039","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract ChatGPT is a variant of the GPT (Generative Pre-trained Transformer) language model that uses large amounts of text-based training data and a transformer architecture to generate human-like text adjusted to the received prompts. ChatGPT presents several advantages in forensic sciences, namely constituting a virtual assistant to aid lawyers, judges, and victims in managing and interpreting forensic expert data. But what would happen if ChatGPT began to be used to produce forensic expertise reports? Despite its potential applications, the use of ChatGPT and other Large Language Models (LLM) and artificial intelligence (AI) tools in forensic writing also poses ethical and legal concerns, which are discussed in this perspective together with some expected future perspectives.","PeriodicalId":45852,"journal":{"name":"Forensic Sciences Research","volume":"2002 7","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135412967","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Reflective Spectroscopy and Mineralogical Investigation of Cosmetic Blush (Wet‘N’Wild) Potentially for Forensic Investigations Related to Interpersonal Violence—An Experimental Feasibility Study","authors":"Juliana Curtis, Landon Stitle, Jessica Certain, Madeline Murchland, Charlotte Piszel, Jordan Vest, Claire L. McLeod, Mark P. S. Krekeler","doi":"10.3390/forensicsci3040038","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/forensicsci3040038","url":null,"abstract":"Interpersonal violence is a rising issue in global society and new approaches are being sought to combat the problem. Within this context, expanding forensic techniques to better document violent crime scenes is critical for improving and acquiring legal evidence, such as proving or tracing contact between victims and suspects. This project aims to demonstrate the potential for forensic investigations in the context of interpersonal violence using a field-based reflective spectroscopy approach. For this, a common cosmetic, Wet‘N’Wild “Color Icon” blush in the shade “Pearlescent Pink”, was mineralogically characterized using transmission electron microscopy and powder X-ray diffraction and subsequently investigated via reflective spectroscopy on a variety of common substrates. Differing amounts of the cosmetic product, ranging from 0.001 g to 0.075 g, were applied to a variety of substrates using a simple push method to simulate forcible contact and material transfer. Substrates included a pine wood block; (calcareous) sand from Tulum, Mexico; Ottawa sand; tile; Pergo wood; linoleum; closet material; carpets; and fabrics. The reflective spectra of cosmetic–substrate combinations were measured via an ASD FieldSpec 4 Hi-Res spectroradiometer. The Wet‘N’Wild cosmetic was reliably detected on various substrates relevant to crime scenes. Minor amounts (as low as 0.02 mg/mm2) could be detected, and average limits of detection of 0.03 mg/mm2) were achieved; however, a calcareous sand (Tulum) had a high level of detection (&gt;0.38 mg/mm2), suggesting that further investigation is needed for more complex sand substrates. The use of the ASD spectroradiometer as a forensic tool within the context of crime scene documentation shows promise. Future work should expand the characterization of cosmetic materials across a broad range of substrates and consider systematic studies of specific population groups. Furthermore, combining this approach with hyperspectral imaging at crime scenes is a promising future direction for crime scene documentation. This work therefore demonstrates a novel method for investigating cosmetics within the context of interpersonal violence and provides a foundation for future laboratory and field work using the ASD FieldSpec 4 and hyperspectral imaging systems.","PeriodicalId":45852,"journal":{"name":"Forensic Sciences Research","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136032969","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}