Forensic Sciences Research最新文献_第10页

Comparing Traditional Age Estimation at the Defense POW/MIA Accounting Agency to Age Estimation Using Random Forest Regression 国防战俘/失踪人员会计机构的传统年龄估计与随机森林回归年龄估计的比较

IF 1.3 4区医学

Forensic Sciences Research Pub Date : 2023-04-19 DOI: 10.3390/forensicsci3020020

Kyle A. McCormick

{"title":"Comparing Traditional Age Estimation at the Defense POW/MIA Accounting Agency to Age Estimation Using Random Forest Regression","authors":"Kyle A. McCormick","doi":"10.3390/forensicsci3020020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/forensicsci3020020","url":null,"abstract":"Age estimation from developmental traits is typically assessed in isolation, where an age range is derived from known individuals that exhibit that degree of fusion. There are no objective means for incorporating developmental evidence from multiple areas of the skeleton into one cohesive age estimate. This limitation is obvious in the casework at the Defense POW/MIA Accounting Agency (DPAA), where subjectivity is introduced into age estimates based on multiple age indictors. This holds true even when age is derived from one source, The 1957 study by McKern and Stewart). This study uses 388 individuals from the McKern and Stewart study and 41 individuals from the Battle of Tarawa and uses Random Forest Regression (RFR) to estimate an age interval using multiple age indicators. These RFR estimates are compared to age estimates from the Forensic Anthropology Reports (FARs). Overall, FAR age estimates are more accurate (92.7%) than those from the two RFR models (80.5% and 76.6%). This increase in accuracy comes at the cost of some precision (FARs average age interval of 8.1 years and RFR average age intervals of 6.3 and 6.4 years). The RFR models prefer age indicators with late fusion, such as the medial clavicle, and the pubic symphysis, which exhibit a combination of developmental and degenerative ages in morphology. Some avenues for further research are discussed.","PeriodicalId":45852,"journal":{"name":"Forensic Sciences Research","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2023-04-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80054817","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

CBD-Containing Liquids for e-Cigarettes: Formation of Psychotropic and Secondary Cannabinoids and Amount of CBD Surviving the Smoking Procedure 电子烟含CBD液体:精神药物和次级大麻素的形成以及吸烟过程中幸存的CBD数量

IF 1.3 4区医学

Forensic Sciences Research Pub Date : 2023-04-10 DOI: 10.3390/forensicsci3020019

Andrea Capucciati, Arianna Bini, B. Mannucci, A. Porta, A. Profumo, D. Merli

{"title":"CBD-Containing Liquids for e-Cigarettes: Formation of Psychotropic and Secondary Cannabinoids and Amount of CBD Surviving the Smoking Procedure","authors":"Andrea Capucciati, Arianna Bini, B. Mannucci, A. Porta, A. Profumo, D. Merli","doi":"10.3390/forensicsci3020019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/forensicsci3020019","url":null,"abstract":"Recently, as the interest in cannabidiol (CBD) has grown due to its therapeutic potential, e-cigarette liquids containing CBD have proliferated on the market. Typically, e-liquids contain variable concentrations of CBD (from 2 mg∙mL−1 to 20 mg∙mL−1) in propylene glycol or 70:30 propylene glycol:glycerol mixture and are eventually flavored with food-grade flavors. In this work, carried out by a GC-MS analysis of the condensed smoke produced by a real e-cig, we have demonstrated the actual amount of CBD that can survive the smoking process, and we found that negligible amounts of THCs are formed during the smoking process (i.e., the amount formed was <0.005 mg for each mg of vaped CBD); considering that the threshold dose for ∆9-THC is around 2.5 mg (smoked or ingested per os), it is reasonable to conclude that accidental THC intoxication is unlikely, which is a very important issue from a forensic point of view, as in some court cases the use of e-cig liquids containing CBD has been argued as being the source of THC intoxication. Furthermore, all the other cannabinoids considered in this study and potentially derived from CBD thermal degradation have concentrations below the instrumental LOD.","PeriodicalId":45852,"journal":{"name":"Forensic Sciences Research","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2023-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84424639","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Recent Case Reveals a Nineteenth Century Trauma Analysis and Presentation of a Skull as Evidence in a Homicide Trial 最近的一个案例揭示了19世纪的创伤分析，并在杀人案审判中提出了头骨作为证据

IF 1.3 4区医学

Forensic Sciences Research Pub Date : 2023-04-05 DOI: 10.3390/forensicsci3020018

H. Garvin, Lindsey Hohulin, Alexis VanBaarle, Andrew Wilson

{"title":"Recent Case Reveals a Nineteenth Century Trauma Analysis and Presentation of a Skull as Evidence in a Homicide Trial","authors":"H. Garvin, Lindsey Hohulin, Alexis VanBaarle, Andrew Wilson","doi":"10.3390/forensicsci3020018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/forensicsci3020018","url":null,"abstract":"Following a recent death, a human skull was found in a worn physician bag at the decedent’s residence. The bag was labeled with the name “G.B. Ward”, who was found to be a practicing physician and surgeon in the late 1800s, and contained historic medical paraphernalia and letters and receipts dated to the late 1890s. A forensic anthropological analysis of the skull concluded that it was not of modern medicolegal significance but revealed certain inconsistencies with standard professionally prepared anatomical specimens. This initiated further investigation into the history of G.B. Ward, which ultimately resulted in the circumstantial identification of the skull and revealed more than forty detailed newspaper accounts of its evidentiary use in an 1895 homicide trial in the rural United States. Ultimately, the Prosecution’s argument was likely based on the misinterpretation of a transmaxillary (Le Fort) fracture, which had yet to be defined in the medical literature. This case study emphasizes the importance of investigative and forensic anthropological efforts and cautions against cursory designations of skeletal remains as medical specimens. It also highlights the early recognition of the evidentiary value of skeletal remains in court cases and pioneering efforts in performing forensic skeletal trauma analyses.","PeriodicalId":45852,"journal":{"name":"Forensic Sciences Research","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2023-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77533204","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Crime Scene Novichok—Optical Detection of Fourth-Generation Agents (FGAs) Using Handheld Forensic Light Sources 基于手持式法医光源的第四代探员(FGAs)犯罪现场诺维乔克光学检测

IF 1.3 4区医学

Forensic Sciences Research Pub Date : 2023-03-30 DOI: 10.3390/forensicsci3020017

Gerald Bauer, Agnes Wildauer, G. Povoden, Benjamin Menzi, C. Curty

{"title":"Crime Scene Novichok—Optical Detection of Fourth-Generation Agents (FGAs) Using Handheld Forensic Light Sources","authors":"Gerald Bauer, Agnes Wildauer, G. Povoden, Benjamin Menzi, C. Curty","doi":"10.3390/forensicsci3020017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/forensicsci3020017","url":null,"abstract":"Novichok-like or fourth-generation agents (FGAs) are chemical warfare agents (CWAs) which have been gaining attention since their use in assassination attempts on Sergei Skripal and Alexei Navalny. Due to their physicochemical properties, these substances are difficult to detect by implemented technologies, resulting in massive response efforts if their occurrence is suspected in a civilian environment. In this work, an approach is presented that uses handheld forensic light sources to visually detect surfaces contaminated with Novichok. More than 100 different wavelength combinations were applied to seven substances chosen to represent the newly listed schedule 1 subgroups in the Annex on Chemicals of the Chemical Weapons Convention. One waveband was identified as promising, which allowed the optical detection of all tested substances. Several surfaces, which could be affected in case of a possible attack using novichok-like nerve agents, were also successfully evaluated. The proposed procedure could be implemented for CBRN responders and security agencies to significantly reduce response efforts, thereby diminishing the overall threat posed by this group of chemicals (FGAs). This procedure was also extended to carbamates and CWAs.","PeriodicalId":45852,"journal":{"name":"Forensic Sciences Research","volume":"28 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2023-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89316160","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

Utility of Osteoarthritis as an Indicator of Age in Human Skeletal Remains: Validating the Winburn and Stock (2019) Method 骨关节炎作为人类骨骼遗骸年龄指标的效用:验证Winburn和Stock(2019)方法

IF 1.3 4区医学

Forensic Sciences Research Pub Date : 2023-03-29 DOI: 10.3390/forensicsci3020016

Ariana N. Strasheim, A. Winburn, M. Stock

引用次数: 0

Evaluation of DNA Methylation-Based Age-Prediction Models from Saliva and Buccal Swab Samples Using Pyrosequencing Data 利用焦磷酸测序数据评估唾液和口腔拭子样本的DNA甲基化年龄预测模型

IF 1.3 4区医学

Forensic Sciences Research Pub Date : 2023-03-24 DOI: 10.3390/forensicsci3020015

Alexandre Poussard, Jean-Yves Curci, C. Siatka, Francis Hermitte, Amaury Pussiau, Hélène Singla-Sanchez, Sylvain Hubac

{"title":"Evaluation of DNA Methylation-Based Age-Prediction Models from Saliva and Buccal Swab Samples Using Pyrosequencing Data","authors":"Alexandre Poussard, Jean-Yves Curci, C. Siatka, Francis Hermitte, Amaury Pussiau, Hélène Singla-Sanchez, Sylvain Hubac","doi":"10.3390/forensicsci3020015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/forensicsci3020015","url":null,"abstract":"In forensic genetics, the identification of an individual is often carried out by comparing unknown DNA profiles obtained in a case against databases or references. When no match is found, investigators need new tools in order to obtain additional leads. The latest technical advances now make it possible to predict externally visible characteristics. With this objective, predicting the age of an individual through DNA methylation analysis remains one of the last challenges. The prediction models have to account for the specific constraints of this field, including tissue specificity and DNA availability (i.e., low DNA amounts or low-quality DNA). Jung and colleagues have recently produced models from blood, saliva and buccal cells by using a single base extension sequencing method. With the goal of evaluating these models in our own analytical conditions, saliva and buccal cell samples from 115 French individuals between the ages of 0 and 88 years old were collected and analyzed. After having determined the optimal analysis conditions, including the DNA quantity for bisulfite conversion (75 ng), some differences were highlighted in the measured methylation rates between the two studies. Despite these discrepancies, the prediction performance levels remain very similar, our study showing mean absolute errors of 3.5 years, 3.9 years and 3.2 years, respectively, for the saliva, buccal swab and multitissue model, with limitations observed for the oldest and youngest individuals. Furthermore, we propose the use of a prediction interval with an error dispersion and correct prediction rate at ±5 years and ±10 years, respectively.","PeriodicalId":45852,"journal":{"name":"Forensic Sciences Research","volume":"116 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2023-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77232473","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

Age-at-Death Estimation: Accuracy and Reliability of Common Age-Reporting Strategies in Forensic Anthropology 死亡年龄估计:法医人类学常用年龄报告策略的准确性和可靠性

IF 1.3 4区医学

Forensic Sciences Research Pub Date : 2023-03-20 DOI: 10.3390/forensicsci3010014

Christine Bailey, Giovanna M. Vidoli

{"title":"Age-at-Death Estimation: Accuracy and Reliability of Common Age-Reporting Strategies in Forensic Anthropology","authors":"Christine Bailey, Giovanna M. Vidoli","doi":"10.3390/forensicsci3010014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/forensicsci3010014","url":null,"abstract":"Forensic anthropologists build a biological profile—consisting of sex, age, population affinity, and stature estimates—to assist medicolegal stakeholders in the identification of unknown human skeletal remains. While adult age-at-death estimations can narrow the pool of potential individuals, a lack of standards, best practices, and consensus among anthropologists for method selection and the production of a final age estimate present significant challenges. The purpose of this research is to identify age-reporting strategies that provide the most accurate and reliable (i.e., low inaccuracy and low bias) adult age-at-death estimates when evaluated considering the total sample, age cohort (20–39; 40–59; 60–79), and sex. Age-reporting strategies in this study were derived from six age-at-death estimation methods and tested on 58 adult individuals (31 males, 27 females) from the UTK Donated Skeletal Collection. An experienced-based estimation strategy was also assessed. A paired-samples t-test was used to determine whether there was a significant difference (p ≤ 0.05) between the mean estimated age and the actual age for all age-reporting strategies. Results show that the most accurate and reliable age-reporting strategy varied if the sample was evaluated as a whole, by age, or by sex. While none of the age-reporting strategies evaluated in this study were consistently the most accurate and reliable for all of the sample categories, the experience-based approach performed well for each group.","PeriodicalId":45852,"journal":{"name":"Forensic Sciences Research","volume":"77 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2023-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84652901","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

The Effects of Physiological Stress on the Accuracy of Age-at-Death Estimation in The Hamann–Todd Collection 生理应激对哈曼-托德收集的死亡年龄估计准确性的影响

IF 1.3 4区医学

Forensic Sciences Research Pub Date : 2023-03-15 DOI: 10.3390/forensicsci3010012

Allyson M. Simon, Colleen M. Cheverko, Melissa A. Clark, Tempest D. Mellendorf, M. Hubbe

{"title":"The Effects of Physiological Stress on the Accuracy of Age-at-Death Estimation in The Hamann–Todd Collection","authors":"Allyson M. Simon, Colleen M. Cheverko, Melissa A. Clark, Tempest D. Mellendorf, M. Hubbe","doi":"10.3390/forensicsci3010012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/forensicsci3010012","url":null,"abstract":"Age-at-death estimation is influenced by biological and environmental factors. Physiological stress is intertwined with these factors, yet their impact on senescence and age estimation is unknown. Stature, linear enamel hypoplasia (LEH), and antemortem tooth loss (AMTL) in the Hamann–Todd Osteological Collection (n = 297) are used to understand whether physiological stress is related to age estimation inaccuracy using transition analysis (TA). Considering the low socioeconomic status of individuals in the collection, it was expected that many people experienced moderate to severe physiological stressors throughout their lives. Of the sample, 44.1% had at least one LEH, but analyses found no relationship between LEH incidence and TA error. There was no association between stature and TA error for males or females. However, females with at least one LEH had significantly shorter statures (t = 2.412, p = 0.009), but males did not exhibit the same pattern (t = 1.498, p = 0.068). Further, AMTL frequency and TA error were related (r = 0.276, p < 0.001). A partial correlation controlling for age-at-death yielded a correlation coefficient of 0.024 (p = 0.684), suggesting that this relationship is mostly explained by age-at-death. These data suggest that age estimation methods are not significantly affected by physiological stress in this sample, but further investigations are needed to understand how these variables relate to skeletal aging.","PeriodicalId":45852,"journal":{"name":"Forensic Sciences Research","volume":"55 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2023-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76798050","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The Code of Ethics and Conduct for Forensic Specialists: A Framework from The Portuguese Association of Forensic Sciences 《法医专家道德和行为准则:葡萄牙法医科学协会框架》

IF 1.3 4区医学

Forensic Sciences Research Pub Date : 2023-03-15 DOI: 10.3390/forensicsci3010013

Áurea Madureira-Carvalho, N. Gomes, D. Dias-da-Silva, R. Azevedo, Luís Fernandes, R. Dinis-Oliveira, I. Caldas

{"title":"The Code of Ethics and Conduct for Forensic Specialists: A Framework from The Portuguese Association of Forensic Sciences","authors":"Áurea Madureira-Carvalho, N. Gomes, D. Dias-da-Silva, R. Azevedo, Luís Fernandes, R. Dinis-Oliveira, I. Caldas","doi":"10.3390/forensicsci3010013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/forensicsci3010013","url":null,"abstract":"Forensic sciences aggregate a series of scientific and technological domains that aid the judiciary and judicial system. Despite the highly specialized and qualified professionals taking a role in forensic practice, this paradigmatic integration of law, science, and technology often leads them to face significant ethical challenges. Indeed, forensic sciences hold a unique position due to the social and legal implications inherent to forensic expertise. The potential interference with personal rights and freedoms requires the professional practice of the forensic specialist to be guided by alignment with scientific-technical competence under the seal of the highest ethical principles. However, the absence of a specific statutory regulation blurs the performance of the forensic professional and may harm the professional credibility but also the scientific domain as a whole. The existence of ethical pillars is essential to support professional practice, following international recommendations in this regard. Herein, we propose a framework for a code of ethics and conduct that is based on the professional particularities characterizing the forensic practice but also considers the ethical issues that are mandatory to ensure high levels of reliability and credibility of forensic specialists.","PeriodicalId":45852,"journal":{"name":"Forensic Sciences Research","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2023-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75384505","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

Discrimination between falls and blows from the localization and the number of fractures on computed tomography scans of the skull and the trunk. 从颅骨和躯干计算机断层扫描的骨折位置和数量区分跌倒和打击。

IF 1.4 4区医学

Forensic Sciences Research Pub Date : 2023-03-09 eCollection Date: 2023-03-01 DOI: 10.1093/fsr/owad006

Mélanie Henriques, Bérengère Saliba-Serre, Laurent Martrille, Alain Blum, Kathia Chaumoître, Paulo Donato, Nuno Campos, Eugénia Cunha, Pascal Adalian

{"title":"Discrimination between falls and blows from the localization and the number of fractures on computed tomography scans of the skull and the trunk.","authors":"Mélanie Henriques, Bérengère Saliba-Serre, Laurent Martrille, Alain Blum, Kathia Chaumoître, Paulo Donato, Nuno Campos, Eugénia Cunha, Pascal Adalian","doi":"10.1093/fsr/owad006","DOIUrl":"10.1093/fsr/owad006","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The distinction between falls and blows is a common and difficult task in forensic sciences. One of the most often used criteria to address this issue is the hat brim line (HBL) rule, which states that fall-related injuries do not lie above the HBL. Some studies, however, have found that the use of HBL rule is not so relevant. This study assesses the aetiologies, the number of fractures, and their location on the skull and the trunk in a sample of 400 individuals aged 20-49 years, which were CT scanned after traumas. This may facilitate the interpretation of such injuries in skeletonized or heavily decomposed bodies in which soft tissues are no longer available. Our aim is to improve the distinction rate between falls and blows by combining several criteria and assessing their predictability. Skeletal lesions were analysed using retrospective CT scans. Cases selected comprise 235 falls and 165 blows. We registered the presence and the number of fractures in 14 skeletal anatomical regions related to the two different aetiologies. We showed that the HBL rule should be used with caution, but there is nevertheless a possibility of discussing the aetiology of blunt fractures. Possibly, parameters like the anatomical location and the number of fractures by region can be used to distinguish falls and blows.</p>","PeriodicalId":45852,"journal":{"name":"Forensic Sciences Research","volume":"8 1","pages":"30-40"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-03-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/1d/c3/owad006.PMC10265964.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9805767","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0