{"title":"Reader empathy, textual features and the novel","authors":"Lucy Peacock","doi":"10.1177/09639470261458875","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09639470261458875","url":null,"abstract":"Most existing scholarship on reader empathy is either mostly theoretical (for example, Bourget, 2023; Keen, 2007), or uses short texts in empirical settings to gauge readers’ reactions (Fernandez-Quintanilla, 2020; Koopman, 2016; Van Peer and Pander Maat, 1996). This exploratory study used a reader survey in which respondents were asked to reflect on their emotional response to a novel which they had read in the course of their normal reading. The novels mentioned in the survey could thus be categorised into those which produced high degrees of empathy in readers and novels that did not. Through analysis of these novels, a number of textual features were identified which were more common in the higher empathy novels. These features include present tense narration, asynchrony, greater use of narrated perception, and a greater proportion of all categories of represented consciousness at the most emotional part of the story.","PeriodicalId":45849,"journal":{"name":"Language and Literature","volume":"146 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2026-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148285745","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Introduction: Assessing the significance of IA Richards’ P rinciples of L iterary Criticism (1924) a century later","authors":"David West","doi":"10.1177/09639470261455967","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09639470261455967","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45849,"journal":{"name":"Language and Literature","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2026-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148285746","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Of rhythm and texture: A cognitive aesthetics of embodiment in IA Richards’ Practical Criticism","authors":"Aleksandra Violana, Michael Burke","doi":"10.1177/09639470261455993","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09639470261455993","url":null,"abstract":"IA Richards’ critical output, especially in <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Principles of Literary Criticism</jats:italic> (1924) and <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Practical Criticism</jats:italic> (1929), is often placed at the fore of an uncomplicated trajectory from New Criticism through a series of formalist approaches to literary texts, before finally being displaced by structuralism. Less routinely, Richards has been read as an early precursor to the rise of late cognitive approaches to literary theory and analysis. This article adopts the less routine approach and, where previous considerations have been more generalist, opts to assess the more particular cognitivist inclinations in Richards’ work. It does so by, firstly, bringing together the main precepts and principles of modern theories of ‘embodied cognition’, ‘image schemata’, ‘affordances’ and ‘texture’ with relevant analogues in Richards’ work, namely the ‘experience of forms’, ‘muscular images’, ‘poise’, and finally ‘texture’ as well as ‘rhythm’. Secondly, keeping in mind this ‘cognitive aesthetic’ toolkit, a term adopted in reflection of Richards’ broad theoretical reliance on the discipline of aesthetics in particular, it evaluates Richards’ consonance with, and potential contribution to, cognitivist scholarship.","PeriodicalId":45849,"journal":{"name":"Language and Literature","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148285747","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Epilogue: Reading Principles of Literary Criticism","authors":"Mick Short","doi":"10.1177/09639470261456009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09639470261456009","url":null,"abstract":"Professor emeritus Mick Short describes the influence that I A Richards has had on his lifetime’s work in Stylistics and associated areas.","PeriodicalId":45849,"journal":{"name":"Language and Literature","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2026-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148285748","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"‘The key to the effects of poetry’: IA Richards and the centrality of sound","authors":"Roi Tartakovsky","doi":"10.1177/09639470261455991","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09639470261455991","url":null,"abstract":"In <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Principles of Literary Criticism</jats:italic> , IA Richards articulates succinctly what is perhaps his most pointed position on the centrality of sound in poetry: ‘in most cases’, he writes, the sound ‘is the key to the effects of poetry’. While Richards never says exactly why or how sound is so important, we can begin to understand this when we address what he says elsewhere in the book about sound. This article suggests that two interrelated points in Richards’ thinking help us understand sound as the key to the effects of poetry. First, Richards understands sounds to be in-and-of-themselves empty, gaining meaning or emotional weight only when they are heard within a given context (that of the reader and of the poem). Second, he sees emotional, rather than intellectual, effects as the stuff of poetic language, and so the centrality of sound is logically contingent on a link that Richards hints at between sound and emotion. This article pursues these two points with recourse to Richards and to other, both earlier and later, theorisations of the role of sound, before illustrating Richards’ position with the aid of Keats’ poem ‘On the Sea’.","PeriodicalId":45849,"journal":{"name":"Language and Literature","volume":"33 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2026-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148285750","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Affixal negation and linguistic creativity: A corpus-based case study of negative affixes in Ta-Nehisi Coates’s discourse on race","authors":"Yulia Hathaway","doi":"10.1177/09639470261422520","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09639470261422520","url":null,"abstract":"Linguistic negation has been described as a natural foregrounding device, with some researchers noting that foregrounding with negators is not always marked grammatically, but also semantically or through textual effect. However, most studies focus on the use of sentential negation (e.g., <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">not, no</jats:italic> ), whereas other expressions of negation, such as affixal negation, remain understudied. Recent research indicates that affixal negation is used by speakers to convey a variety of opposite meanings, often in creative and subtle ways. This study is a systematic investigation of the use of negative affixes in an oppositional discourse, namely discourse on race in the USA. The dataset is a specialized corpus, <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">The Corpus of the Non-Fictional Writings by Ta-Nehisi Coates (COCO)</jats:italic> (468,899 words, 1996–2018). Methodologically, the study combines corpus linguistic techniques with co(n)textual discourse analysis. The results show that affixal negation in COCO, particularly with the prefixes <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">un-, non-</jats:italic> and <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">anti-,</jats:italic> is used by Coates to disrupt patterns of collocations, fixed expressions or phrases, producing either lexically or semantically deviant instances. Thus, affixal negation has a foregrounding effect and a potential to introduce evaluative clashes in a discourse. The findings, examined through the lens of linguistic creativity, indicate that Coates employs affixal negation to perform various functions: from explicit foregrounding (e.g., as attention-seeking devices) to a subtle critique of societal norms and established institutional order (e.g., renaming concepts to offer an alternative perspective on reality).","PeriodicalId":45849,"journal":{"name":"Language and Literature","volume":"23 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2026-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147684591","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"- ly adverbs in fictional speech presentation: Functions and patterns","authors":"Lorenzo Mastropierro, Pablo Ruano San Segundo","doi":"10.1177/09639470261419881","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09639470261419881","url":null,"abstract":"This paper explores - <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">ly</jats:italic> adverbs in fictional reported speech. Specifically, it combines quantitative, corpus-based perspectives to qualitative analysis to investigate the co-occurrence of - <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">ly</jats:italic> adverbs and reporting verbs in 225 English novels (26M words). With an evidential basis significantly larger than what was taken into account by previous research, this paper offers both an overview of the frequency of usage of - <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">ly</jats:italic> adverbs in fictional reported speech and a detailed investigation of the most frequent patterns of co-occurrence between these adverbs and verbs. Moreover, building on the quantitative data, we propose a classification model of - <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">ly</jats:italic> adverbs that shows the main functions these items enact when used with reporting verbs. Overall, this paper contributes importantly to further our understanding of the stylistic role - <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">ly</jats:italic> adverbs play in fictional speech presentation, shedding light on both the patterns they create and the functions they enact.","PeriodicalId":45849,"journal":{"name":"Language and Literature","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2026-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146115675","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Book Review: Ritual and language KádárDániel, Ritual and Language, New York: Cambridge University Press, 2024; 262 pp.: ISBN: 9781108472968, $105.00(hbk).","authors":"Huiling Chen, Runze Zhang","doi":"10.1177/09639470261417749","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09639470261417749","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45849,"journal":{"name":"Language and Literature","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2026-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146032723","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Negation, expectation and ideology in written texts. A textual and communicative perspective NahajecLisa, Negation, Expectation and Ideology in Written Texts. A Textual and Communicative Perspective. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2021, xiii+218pp.: ISBN 9789027208682, €99.00 (hbk).","authors":"Esterino Adami","doi":"10.1177/09639470261417748","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09639470261417748","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45849,"journal":{"name":"Language and Literature","volume":"81 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2026-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145986248","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Book Review: Children’s Literature and Childhood Discourses: Exploring Identity through Fiction Cermakova A and Mahlberg M (2024) Children’s Literature and Childhood Discourses: Exploring Identity Through Fiction. London: Bloomsbury, p. 280. ISBN: 9781350177000, £90.00 (ebk).","authors":"Maria Fanlo-Pinies","doi":"10.1177/09639470261417388","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09639470261417388","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45849,"journal":{"name":"Language and Literature","volume":"2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2026-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145955053","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}