Linguistic Typology最新文献_第7页

Baring the bones: the lexico-semantic association of bone with strength in Melanesia and the study of colexification 裸露骨骼:美拉尼西亚地区骨骼与强度的词汇语义关联以及共化的研究

IF 2 2区文学

Linguistic Typology Pub Date : 2021-07-27 DOI: 10.1515/lingty-2021-2082

Antoinette Schapper

引用次数: 0

Kinship terminologies reveal ancient contact zone in the Hindu Kush 亲属术语揭示了古接触带在兴都库什山脉

IF 2 2区文学

Linguistic Typology Pub Date : 2021-07-26 DOI: 10.1515/lingty-2021-2080

Henrik Liljegren

{"title":"Kinship terminologies reveal ancient contact zone in the Hindu Kush","authors":"Henrik Liljegren","doi":"10.1515/lingty-2021-2080","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/lingty-2021-2080","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The Hindu Kush, or the mountain region of northern Pakistan, north-eastern Afghanistan and the northern-most part of the Indian-administered Kashmir region, is home to approximately 50 languages belonging to six different genera: Indo-Aryan, Iranian, Nuristani, Sino-Tibetan, Turkic and the isolate Burushaski. Areality research on this region is only in its early stages, and while its significance as a convergence area has been suggested by several scholars, only a few, primarily phonological and grammatical, features have been studied in a more systematic fashion. Cross-linguistic research in the realms of semantics and lexical organization has been given considerably less attention. However, preliminary findings indicate that features are geographically bundled with one another, across genera, in significant ways, displaying semantic areality on multiple levels throughout the region or in one or more of its sub-regions. The present study is an areal-typological investigation of kinship terms in the region, in which particular attention is paid to a few notable polysemy patterns and what appears to be a significant geographical clustering of these. Comparisons are made between the geographical distribution of such patterns and those of some other linguistic features as well as with relevant non-linguistic factors related to shared cultural values or identities and a long history of small-scale cross-community interaction in different parts of the region.","PeriodicalId":45834,"journal":{"name":"Linguistic Typology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/lingty-2021-2080","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44019848","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

Red, black, and white hearts: ‘heart’, ‘liver’, and ‘lungs’ in typological and areal perspective 红色、黑色和白色心脏：从类型学和区域学角度看“心脏”、“肝脏”和“肺部”

IF 2 2区文学

Linguistic Typology Pub Date : 2021-07-15 DOI: 10.1515/lingty-2021-2081

M. Urban

{"title":"Red, black, and white hearts: ‘heart’, ‘liver’, and ‘lungs’ in typological and areal perspective","authors":"M. Urban","doi":"10.1515/lingty-2021-2081","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/lingty-2021-2081","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract On the basis of a sample of 424 languages or dialects, this article provides a typological-comparative investigation of designations for three major internal organs of the torso, the ‘heart’, the ‘liver’, and the ‘lungs’. While colexification patterns are relatively unconstrained, the data show a skewing in morphologically complex terms: ‘heart’ and ‘liver’ often serve as head nouns in complex terms for ‘lungs’, but the reverse is rare. Another recurrent phenomenon is that two of the organs –sometimes ‘heart’ and ‘lungs’, but more frequently ‘liver’ and ‘lungs’– share their head noun, and are distinguished from one another by modifiers that refer to their most salient characteristics, as in Azerbaijani aɣ ǯiyær ‘white ǯiyær’ = ‘lungs’ and gara-ǯiyær ‘black-ǯiyær’ = ‘liver’. Having thus set the typological stage, I move on to discuss two different regions of the world in which such terms for ‘lungs’ and ‘liver’ have spread through language contact. This has happened in Eurasia, where the abovementioned pattern, which I call “explicitly dyadic”, was brought from Turkish to vernaculars of the Balkans and, most likely through Azerbaijani influence, to languages of the Southern Caucasus. Similar explicitly dyadic terms, but based on a head noun meaning ‘heart’, also occur in the Andes, where they appear to have spread from Quechuan to Barbacoan languages. The evidence not only shows that ‘liver’ and ‘lungs’ form a “semantic dyad” in which designations make use of “opposed characteristics” in different regions of the world, but also that such designations are salient and therefore prone to spread in language contact situations.","PeriodicalId":45834,"journal":{"name":"Linguistic Typology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45940065","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 2

How a West African language becomes North African, and vice versa 西非语言如何变成北非语，反之亦然

IF 2 2区文学

Linguistic Typology Pub Date : 2021-07-06 DOI: 10.1515/lingty-2021-2083

Lameen Souag

{"title":"How a West African language becomes North African, and vice versa","authors":"Lameen Souag","doi":"10.1515/lingty-2021-2083","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/lingty-2021-2083","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Updating the methodology of Hayward, Richard J. 1991. A propos patterns of lexicalization in the Ethiopian language area. In Daniela Mendel & Ulrike Claudi (eds.), Ägypten im afroorientalischen Kontext. Special issue of Afrikanistische Arbeitspapiere, 139–156. Cologne: Institute of African Studies, using the concept of colexification (François, Alexandre. 2008. Semantic maps and the typology of colexification: Intertwining polysemous networks across languages. In Martine Vanhove (ed.), Studies in language companion series, vol. 106, 163–215. Amsterdam: John Benjamins), this paper, for the first time, provides quantitative evidence that the languages of the West African Sahel/Savanna form a lexical-typological language area characterised by shared colexifications absent further north. It then uses the linguistic comparative method to determine how languages entering or leaving this area, or coming into increasing contact with it at its edges, have converged with their new neighbours within the past millennium. The results indicate sharp differences in the respective roles and rates of borrowing and calquing, with the latter acting almost exclusively to increase shared colexifications.","PeriodicalId":45834,"journal":{"name":"Linguistic Typology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43069671","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 2

Frontmatter Frontmatter

IF 2 2区文学

Linguistic Typology Pub Date : 2021-06-29 DOI: 10.1515/lingty-2021-frontmatter2

引用次数: 0

Appositive possession in Ainu and around the Pacific 在阿伊努岛和太平洋周围拥有

IF 2 2区文学

Linguistic Typology Pub Date : 2021-06-09 DOI: 10.1515/lingty-2021-2079

A. Bugaeva, J. Nichols, B. Bickel

{"title":"Appositive possession in Ainu and around the Pacific","authors":"A. Bugaeva, J. Nichols, B. Bickel","doi":"10.1515/lingty-2021-2079","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/lingty-2021-2079","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Some languages around the Pacific have multiple possessive classes of alienable constructions using appositive nouns or classifiers. This pattern differs from the most common kind of alienable/inalienable distinction, which involves marking, usually affixal, on the possessum, and has only one class of alienables. The Japanese language isolate Ainu has possessive marking that is reminiscent of the Circum-Pacific pattern. It is distinctive, however, in that the possessor is coded not as a dependent in an NP but as an argument in a finite clause, and the appositive word is a verb. This paper gives a first comprehensive, typologically grounded description of Ainu possession and reconstructs the pattern that must have been standard when Ainu was still the daily language of a large speech community; Ainu then had multiple alienable class constructions. We report a cross-linguistic survey expanding previous coverage of the appositive type and show how Ainu fits in. We split alienable/inalienable into two different phenomena: argument structure (with types based on possessibility: optionally possessible, obligatorily possessed, and non-possessible) and valence (alienable, inalienable classes). Valence-changing operations are derived alienability and derived inalienability. Our survey classifies the possessive systems of languages in these terms.","PeriodicalId":45834,"journal":{"name":"Linguistic Typology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/lingty-2021-2079","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41730093","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 7

Towards a typology of predicative demonstratives 走向指示语的类型学

IF 2 2区文学

Linguistic Typology Pub Date : 2021-05-26 DOI: 10.1515/lingty-2021-2078

D. Killian

引用次数: 2

Jenneke van der Wal and Larry M. Hyman: The conjoint/disjoint alternation in Bantu 詹内克·范德沃尔和拉里·M·海曼：班图的联合/不相交交替

IF 2 2区文学

Linguistic Typology Pub Date : 2021-02-24 DOI: 10.1515/lingty-2021-2076

Jeff Good

引用次数: 0

Sinitic as a typological sandwich: revisiting the notions of Altaicization and Taicization 作为一个类型三明治的汉语：重新审视阿尔泰化和台化的概念

IF 2 2区文学

Linguistic Typology Pub Date : 2021-02-18 DOI: 10.1515/LINGTY-2021-2074

Pui Yiu si˥tʰou⇃ Szeto pʰuy˧ jiu⇃, Chingduang juʔ˥raʔ˥joŋ˧ Yurayong tɕʰiŋ˧duəŋ˧

{"title":"Sinitic as a typological sandwich: revisiting the notions of Altaicization and Taicization","authors":"Pui Yiu si˥tʰou⇃ Szeto pʰuy˧ jiu⇃, Chingduang juʔ˥raʔ˥joŋ˧ Yurayong tɕʰiŋ˧duəŋ˧","doi":"10.1515/LINGTY-2021-2074","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/LINGTY-2021-2074","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Decades of works dedicated to the description of (previously) lesser-known Sinitic languages have effectively dispelled the common myth that these languages share a single “universal Chinese grammar”. Yet, the underlying cause of their grammatical variation is still a matter for debate. This paper focuses on typological variation across Sinitic varieties. Through comparing the typological profiles of various Sinitic languages with those of their Altaic and Mainland Southeast Asian (MSEA) neighbors, we discuss to what extent the variation within the Sinitic branch can be attributed to areal diffusion. Taking into account over 360 language varieties of seven different genetic affiliations (Sinitic, Turkic, Mongolic, Tungusic, Hmong-Mien, Tai-Kadai, Austroasiatic) and 30 linguistic features, we conduct a typological survey with the aid of the phylogenetic program NeighborNet. Our results suggest that convergence towards their non-Sinitic neighbors has likely played a pivotal role in the typological diversity of Sinitic languages. Based primarily on their degree of Altaic/MSEA influence, the Sinitic varieties in our database are classified into four areal groups, namely 1) Northern, 2) Transitional, 3) Central Southeastern, 4) Far Southern. This classification scheme reflects the intricate interplay between areal convergence, regional innovations, and retention of archaic features.","PeriodicalId":45834,"journal":{"name":"Linguistic Typology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/LINGTY-2021-2074","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49371051","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 10

Heterogeneous sets: a diachronic typology of associative and similative plurals 异质集合：联想复数和比喻复数的历时类型学

IF 2 2区文学

Linguistic Typology Pub Date : 2021-02-15 DOI: 10.1515/LINGTY-2021-2072

Caterina Mauri, A. Sansó

{"title":"Heterogeneous sets: a diachronic typology of associative and similative plurals","authors":"Caterina Mauri, A. Sansó","doi":"10.1515/LINGTY-2021-2072","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/LINGTY-2021-2072","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This paper provides a diachronic typology of what we call ‘heterogeneous plurals’, an overarching term comprising associative plurals (expressions meaning X[person] & company) and similative plurals (expressions meaning X and similar entities). Based on a 110-language sample, we identify the most recurrent sources of these two types of plurals by means of various types of evidence (homophony/identity, internal reconstruction, comparison with cognate languages). The two types of plurals develop out of different source types: while the sources of associative plurals include elements that work as set constructors (plural anaphoric elements, plural possessives, names meaning ‘group’), those of similative plurals comprise elements with vague reference such as interrogative/indefinite items or uncertainty markers. There are also a few source types that may develop into both associative and similative plurals, such as connectives (‘and/with’) and universal quantifiers (‘every/all’). The differences in the diachronic pathways leading to the two types of plurals are explained in terms of the different referential properties of the nominal bases from which they are formed (proper names/kin terms vs. common nouns), but also taking into account the typical discourse contexts in which the two types of plurals are employed.","PeriodicalId":45834,"journal":{"name":"Linguistic Typology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/LINGTY-2021-2072","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46143371","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 8