Open Access Rheumatology-Research and Reviews最新文献

{"title":"New Perspectives on Diagnosing Psoriatic Arthritis by Imaging Techniques","authors":"M. I. Sarbu, N. Sârbu, Doriana Cristea Ene, Daniela Corche, R. Baz, D. Negru, A. Nechita, S. Fotea, Lucreţia Anghel, A. Tatu","doi":"10.2147/OARRR.S331859","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/OARRR.S331859","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Psoriatic arthritis is a chronic inflammatory condition that can lead to severe functional impairment and irreversible damage. The diagnosis can be difficult in early cases where the clinical exam is often scarce. The lack of a serological biomarker can lead to a considerable delay in diagnosis. In this review, we discuss the existent imaging methods that have improved the diagnosis of psoriatic arthritis (PsA). The degree and type of musculoskeletal involvement cannot be assessed by only one imaging method. We think that a combination of methods is the best approach to evaluate both structural damage and inflammatory lesions and that ultrasound (US) could be the best tool to screen a patient when considering the diagnosis of PsA. US is an accessible, non-ionizing technique that offers information regarding active inflammation in joints, entheses, and soft tissues.","PeriodicalId":45545,"journal":{"name":"Open Access Rheumatology-Research and Reviews","volume":"13 1","pages":"343 - 352"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48797270","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analysis of Serum Immune Markers in Seropositive and Seronegative Rheumatoid Arthritis Among Sudanese Patients and the Relation Between the Serotype and Joint Involvement: A Cohort Study.","authors":"Ahmed Seri,&nbsp;Hala Kamal Ali Mohamed,&nbsp;Mohammed Elmujtba Adam Essa,&nbsp;Elnour Mohammed Elagib,&nbsp;Noha Ibrahim Ahmed Eltahirm,&nbsp;Salma Mohammed Alfatih Mansour,&nbsp;Abdelkareem A Ahmed","doi":"10.2147/OARRR.S339134","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/OARRR.S339134","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by inflammation of the synovial membrane. RA is classified as seropositive or seronegative, according to the absence or presence of primarily IgM RF, RF, and/or ACPA. The aim of this study is to identify the relationship between the serotype of rheumatoid arthritis and the level of ESR.</p><p><strong>Methods and materials: </strong>This is a descriptive, cross-sectional study done in Omdurman military hospital, Khartoum, Sudan. Conducted with 60 patients with RA, data were collected through a designated questionnaire which included demographic, age, gender, duration of the disease, laboratory finding. All the patients in the study were treated with conventional DMARDs and diagnosed according to the 2010 ACR/EULAR criteria; their disease activity status was assessed by DAS28/ESR. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 23.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The study found that 91.7% of the patients were females, patients of age group between 36 and 50 years had the highest percentage at 38.3% followed by those between 51 and 70 years and the least age group between 20 and 35 years, 36.7% and 15%, respectively. Of all the patients 61.7% were found to be SPRA, while the remaining 38.3% were seronegative (SNRA). Altogether 55% of the patients had moderate disease activity, followed by 16.7% who had a remission, 15% had high disease activity and the remaining 13.3% had low disease activity. The metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joint was found to be the only joint that was significantly associated with DAS28 and its involvement was greater among seropositive patients. The most affected joints were found to be shoulders, knees, wrist, MCP, PIP and elbow, in that order.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Females, middle-age group and shoulder joint were the most affected. Most RA was found to be SPRA, and the seropositive group was found to be more associated with high disease activity, while the seronegative group was associated with remission and low disease activity.</p>","PeriodicalId":45545,"journal":{"name":"Open Access Rheumatology-Research and Reviews","volume":"13 ","pages":"325-332"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2021-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/84/13/oarrr-13-325.PMC8643210.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39578635","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Real-World Treatment Patterns and Outcomes from an Electronic Medical Records Database for Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis Treated with Repository Corticotropin Injection.","authors":"Kyle Hayes, Mary P Panaccio, Parul Houston, John Niewoehner, Mohammed Fahim, George J Wan, Bhavna Dhillon","doi":"10.2147/OARRR.S329766","DOIUrl":"10.2147/OARRR.S329766","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Repository corticotropin injection (RCI; Acthar^® Gel) is a naturally sourced mixture of adrenocorticotropic hormone analogs and other pituitary peptides that exerts anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties via melanocortin receptors. RCI is approved as a short-term adjunctive therapy for rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and is typically used in patients with refractory RA. The objective of this study was to describe real-world outcomes of RA patients treated with RCI by retrospective analysis of an electronic medical records (EMR) database.</p><p><strong>Patients and methods: </strong>EMR data were obtained from the United Rheumatology-Normal Integrated Community Evidence (UR-NICE^TM) data repository for patients who used RCI for the treatment of RA. Demographics, comorbidities, disease history, medications, and laboratory evaluations 365 days prior to and 365 days after initiation of RCI were examined.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The patient cohort was predominantly White females with a mean age of 60 years and high RA activity prior to RCI therapy. Clinical measures of disease severity indicated that patients had high RA activity before starting RCI therapy. Clinical Disease Activity Index (CDAI) scores were significantly reduced 365 days post-initiation of RCI. Swollen and tender joint counts and patient-reported outcomes, including Routine Assessment of Patient Index Data 3 (RAPID3), Physician Global Assessment, and patient assessment of pain severity were also significantly lower. The number of patients taking conventional synthetic (cs) disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs), biologic (b) DMARDs, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS), and opioids decreased, as did the number of drugs tried within each class for csDMARDs, bDMARDs, NSAIDs, and glucocorticoids.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>These findings suggest that RCI significantly improves clinical outcomes of RA and decreases the need for concomitant medications for up to 1 year following initiation of therapy. The study provides valuable insights into the use of RCI and management of these difficult-to-treat RA patients during routine clinical practice.</p>","PeriodicalId":45545,"journal":{"name":"Open Access Rheumatology-Research and Reviews","volume":"13 ","pages":"315-323"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2021-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/0d/72/oarrr-13-315.PMC8526946.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39564092","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hyperuricemia Among Egyptian Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients. Is It an Association or an Inflammatory Marker? A Cross-Sectional Observational Study.","authors":"Doaa Nada,&nbsp;Rasha Gaber,&nbsp;Al Shymaa Mahmoud,&nbsp;Radwa Elkhouly,&nbsp;Doaa Alashkar","doi":"10.2147/OARRR.S331488","DOIUrl":"10.2147/OARRR.S331488","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To detect the prevalence of hyperuricemia in Egyptian rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients as well as to assess its association with the severity of joint inflammation and disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) in those patients.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A total of 150 RA patients were recruited; all patients were subjected to (1) clinical and functional assessment by disease activity score in 28 joints (DAS28) and modified health assessment questionnaire (MHAQ). (2) Laboratory investigations: serum uric acid (SUA) level, complete blood count (CBC), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), C-reactive protein (CRP), rheumatoid factor (RF), anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide (anti-CCP), tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interleukin 1 (IL1), and interleukin 6 (IL6) levels. (3) Radiological evaluation: (A) plain X-ray of both hands and feet; (B) musculoskeletal ultrasound (MSUS) of both wrists, hands, shoulder, ankle, and knee joints.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>SUA was significantly correlated with disease activity by DAS28. Acute-phase reactants and inflammatory markers (IL1β, IL6, and TNF-α) were also significantly elevated in RA patients with low and high hyperuricemia compared to those with normal SUA. A total of 90% of RA patients with low hyperuricemia had synovial proliferation with power Doppler (1+ and 2+), and 30 patients had mild effusion (1+), while nearly all patients with high hyperuricemia had hypoechoic synovial proliferation (2+ and 3+), and 20 patients had moderate effusion. However, 70% RA patients with normal serum uric acid showed mild synovitis and effusion (1+). No significant association was found between the administered DMARDs and levels of SUA as well as inflammatory markers; however, high-dose steroid treatment was associated with high SUA level.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Elevation of serum uric acid levels in Egyptian RA patients was prevalent and might be an inflammatory marker for severity of joint inflammation. Moreover, higher doses of steroids could be considered a cause of hyperuricemia.</p>","PeriodicalId":45545,"journal":{"name":"Open Access Rheumatology-Research and Reviews","volume":"13 ","pages":"305-314"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2021-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/c0/e7/oarrr-13-305.PMC8502065.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39540233","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Treatment of Connective Tissue Disease-Related Intractable Disease with Biological Therapeutics.","authors":"Yoshio Ozaki,&nbsp;Shosaku Nomura","doi":"10.2147/OARRR.S328211","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/OARRR.S328211","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The treatment of connective tissue disease (CTD) and CTD-related intractable diseases (CTD-IDs) currently depends on the use of steroid therapy. Approximately 20 years have passed since the approval of infliximab for rheumatoid arthritis in 2003. Since then, several biological therapeutics have been marketed and adapted for many CTDs and CTD-IDs other than rheumatoid arthritis. Although conventional treatment for patients with these diseases is rarely used because of their poor prognosis, these cases may benefit from biological therapeutics. However, choosing biological therapeutics is difficult because they have different target molecules compared with conventional therapeutics. In this review, we address the current situation of biological therapeutics for CTD-IDs including Behcet's disease, psoriatic arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-related arthritis, and adult Still's disease, as well as the choice of biological therapeutics in clinical practice.</p>","PeriodicalId":45545,"journal":{"name":"Open Access Rheumatology-Research and Reviews","volume":"13 ","pages":"293-303"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2021-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/09/05/oarrr-13-293.PMC8487282.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39489856","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Long-Term Outcome Measures of Repeated Non-Animal Stabilized Hyaluronic Acid (Durolane) Injections in Osteoarthritis: A 6-Year Cohort Study with 623 Consecutive Patients.","authors":"Georgia Carney,&nbsp;Andrew Harrison,&nbsp;Jane Fitzpatrick","doi":"10.2147/OARRR.S331562","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/OARRR.S331562","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To determine the duration of symptom relief following repeated administration of hyaluronic acid injections for osteoarthritis.</p><p><strong>Patients and methods: </strong>This was a 6-year observational study with 623 consecutive patients who had received hyaluronic acid injections. The primary outcome measure was the mean time between injections measured in days. Classical one-sample 2-sided <i>t</i>-tests, one-way analysis of variances and post-hoc analyses were performed to determine if there were statistically significant differences between age, gender, radiographic severity and the type of joints injected. All patients were invited to complete an online post-treatment experience and satisfaction survey.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The analysis included 727 joints (mean Kellgren-Lawrence grade, 2.9 ± 0.8 (range 2-4)) in 623 patients (297 (47.7%) male; mean age at first injection, 57.8 ± 12.7 years (range 21.2-92.1)). Patients ranged from having 1-8 injections per joint. The mean time between injections in days was 466.8 ± 321.7 (2nd injection, 157 joints), 400.5 ± 164.7 (3rd injection, 58 joints), 378.2 ± 223.1 (4th injection, 27 joints), 405.3 ± 216.3 (5th injection, 7 joints), 268.4 ± 104.4 (6th injection, 5 joints), 289.8 ± 99.4 (7th injection, 4 joints), and 272.5 ± 33.2 (8th injection, 2 joints). Patients with grades 2 and 3 compared to grade 4 osteoarthritis experienced a longer time between injections (F (2, 154) = 3.53, p = 0.0316). No statistically significant differences were observed between age, gender, or joint groups. The survey included 233 participants (109 (46.8% male)). A total of 144 respondents (64.9%) recommended hyaluronic acid injections for osteoarthritis.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Pain relief from hyaluronic acid injections was sustained for on average 466.8 days post initial treatment. Patients who received subsequent 3rd, 4th, and 5th injections also experienced extended duration of benefit. Patients with grades 2 or 3 osteoarthritis are more likely to experience a longer duration of relief.</p>","PeriodicalId":45545,"journal":{"name":"Open Access Rheumatology-Research and Reviews","volume":"13 ","pages":"285-292"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2021-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/ad/a2/oarrr-13-285.PMC8457651.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39451336","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of Missed Doses on the Therapeutic Effect of Methotrexate for Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Pharmacokinetic Modeling Study.","authors":"Alan Morrison,&nbsp;Melissa E Stauffer,&nbsp;Anna S Kaufman","doi":"10.2147/OARRR.S329178","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/OARRR.S329178","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Patients rarely, if ever, take their medications exactly as prescribed. The extent to which missed doses interfere with a drug's therapeutic effect remains unclear.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>After weekly oral dosing of methotrexate (MTX) for rheumatoid arthritis, its polyglutamate derivatives (MTXglu) accumulate in red blood cells, where they are markers for the drug's therapeutic effectiveness. We used Medication Event Monitoring System data and pharmacokinetic modeling to analyze whether missing MTX doses causes the MTXglu level in red blood cells to fall below the range associated with the drug's clinical effect.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>For patients initiating oral MTX, the threshold for clinical effectiveness and the steady state level were reached in medians of 6 weeks and 22 weeks, respectively. For patients at steady state who discontinued MTX, the MTXglu level fell below the therapeutic threshold after a median of 3 weeks. After initiating MTX, single missed doses did not cause a loss of therapeutic effect in the median patient if they occurred after 10 weeks, while runs of ≥3 consecutive missed doses did cause the MTXglu level to fall below the therapeutic threshold.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>While there is considerable variation between patients, pharmacokinetic modeling indicates that instances of isolated single missed doses of MTX typically will not cause polyglutamated methotrexate levels in red blood cells to fall below the range associated with the therapeutic effect. Runs of ≥3 consecutive missed doses, however, are typically expected to result in a loss of the therapeutic effect.</p>","PeriodicalId":45545,"journal":{"name":"Open Access Rheumatology-Research and Reviews","volume":"13 ","pages":"267-274"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2021-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/2b/07/oarrr-13-267.PMC8450605.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39442589","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Comparison of Demographics, Disease Activity, Disability, and Treatment Among Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients with and without Osteoporosis.","authors":"Altaf Abdulkhaliq,&nbsp;Mohamed Cheikh,&nbsp;Fahad Almuntashri,&nbsp;Haneen Alzahrani,&nbsp;Huda Nadwi,&nbsp;Eithar Kadi,&nbsp;Mutasem Abed,&nbsp;Murad Janaini,&nbsp;Alaa Monjed,&nbsp;Nahed Janoudi,&nbsp;Hani Almoallim","doi":"10.2147/OARRR.S318810","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/OARRR.S318810","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Osteoporosis (OP) is one of the most common comorbidities associated with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Literatures reported that the risk for developing OP was strongly associated with duration and severity of RA. We aim to elaborate on the consequences of OP on disease activity and management plan in patients with RA.</p><p><strong>Patients and methods: </strong>A retrospective cohort study recruited 408 patients, including those with RA alone and with RA plus OP. The RA disease activity in the patients was assessed using disease activity score in 28 joints (DAS28-CRP). A statistical analysis was performed to compare data between the two groups of patients and determine any significant risk factor associated with the development of OP in RA patients.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Of 408 patients who were included in this study, 353 patients (86.5%) had only RA, while 55 patients (13.5%) had RA with OP and showed significant difference (<i>P</i> = 0.04) concerning age categories. Patients diagnosed with RA and OP had RA duration longer than RA-only patients (independent <i>t</i>-test, <i>P</i> = 0.01). The two groups had almost similar disease activity at the three clinical visits, as well, had nearly similar disability at their first visit, whereas RA with OP patients had significant greater disability at their 2^nd and 3^rd visits (independent <i>t</i>-test, <i>P</i> = 0.001). Both groups were treated with the same biologic and non-biologic medication of similar frequency, although RA patients with OP received steroid more frequently than patients had RA only (61.7% vs. 41.7%, chi square test, <i>P</i> = 0.03).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>There was no significant difference in disease activity at both groups of patients. However, RA with OP group had longer duration of RA, were more frequently treated with steroids, and had greater disability. We recommend physicians focus on controlling RA disease activity, early screening for and treating of OP.</p>","PeriodicalId":45545,"journal":{"name":"Open Access Rheumatology-Research and Reviews","volume":"13 ","pages":"275-283"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2021-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/52/02/oarrr-13-275.PMC8449680.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39458874","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An Economic Comparison of Treatment Strategies with Anakinra in Systemic Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (sJIA).","authors":"Ash Bullement,&nbsp;Emma S Knowles,&nbsp;Merel Langenfeld,&nbsp;Gil Reynolds Diogo,&nbsp;Jameel Nazir,&nbsp;Daniel Eriksson","doi":"10.2147/OARRR.S325400","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/OARRR.S325400","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis (sJIA) is a rare, complex autoinflammatory disease with substantial morbidity, often characterized by fever, rash, and muscle pain, amongst other symptoms. Biologic agents, such as anakinra, have been successfully used to treat patients internationally, but their usage in some regions is limited to patients that have failed to achieve clinically inactive disease with corticosteroids and conventional synthetic disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (csDMARDs). Use of anakinra early in the disease course leads to better clinical outcomes; however, longer-term costs for this treatment strategy have not been established. This study compares the economic implications of first-line versus later-line availability of anakinra for patients with sJIA.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Data for patients treated with first-line anakinra were identified from a single-center, prospective study and compared to a combination of published trial and economic evaluation information to facilitate a comparison to later-line anakinra (ie, following corticosteroids + csDMARDs). Costs were estimated for product acquisition and medical resource utilization (MRU), including planned outpatient visits and unplanned hospital admissions. Total costs over a 5-year horizon were compared.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Total 5-year product acquisition cost for the first-line anakinra strategy was €24,021, and for later-line anakinra was €20,471. The corresponding MRU costs were €19,197 (first-line) versus €25,425 (later-line). Overall 5-year costs (product acquisition and MRU) were lower for the first-line strategy (€43,218 versus €45,896).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The use of anakinra for patients with sJIA in the first-line setting is efficacious to induce and sustain inactive disease, and the findings of this study show that this treatment strategy leads to cost savings through reduced medical expenditure.</p>","PeriodicalId":45545,"journal":{"name":"Open Access Rheumatology-Research and Reviews","volume":"13 ","pages":"257-266"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2021-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/a5/fa/oarrr-13-257.PMC8439981.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39424150","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of C-Reactive Protein and Associated Factors Among Patients Suffering from Rheumatoid Arthritis at Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.","authors":"Gashaw Dessie,&nbsp;Yewondwossen Tadesse,&nbsp;Birhanu Demelash,&nbsp;Solomon Genet,&nbsp;Tabarak Malik,&nbsp;Tadesse Asmamaw Dejenie","doi":"10.2147/OARRR.S325308","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/OARRR.S325308","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune inflammatory disorder, which is associated with increased pro-inflammatory mediators to induce an elevation in acute-phase response, migration of immune cells and swelling of synovial joints. Evaluation of the level of C-reactive protein and associated risk factors in RA patients was the main aim of this study. Identifying the association between disease activity of RA (hsCRP) and socio-demographic characteristics was another aim of the study.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Institution-based cross-sectional study was conducted at the Rheumatology Clinic of Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital. In this study, the level of hsCRP was measured in both case and control groups. Simple descriptive statistics, multivariate analysis, independent sample <i>t</i>-test were utilized for statistical analysis. The strength of association between different risk factors and hsCRP was measured using odds ratio and 95% confidence interval. P-value < 0.05 was considered as statistically significant.</p><p><strong>Result: </strong>The result of this study showed that the hsCRP level was significantly higher among RA patients as compared to the control groups (P-value = 0.004). There was an association between smoking and high disease activity status (AOR= 20.03, p= 0.40). Low economic status had a statistically significant association with high hsCRP level (AOR = 12.79, p=0.00). In this study, 42 RA patients had >3mg/l hsCRP level with different occupational exposures. On the other hand, 31 RA patients had <3mg/l hsCRP level among different exposures. Although there was no statistically significant association, the association between associated risk factors (oil consumption, physical exercise, educational status) and disease activity was computed in this study.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The inflammatory marker, hsCRP was significantly higher among patients as compared to controls. The higher hsCRP showed a high grade of systemic inflammation in RA patients. C-reactive protein was elevated in rheumatoid factor positive patients and patients with high BMI value. Additionally, the result of our study showed that different socio-economic factors had an association with disease activity of RA.</p>","PeriodicalId":45545,"journal":{"name":"Open Access Rheumatology-Research and Reviews","volume":"13 ","pages":"247-255"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2021-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/7c/19/oarrr-13-247.PMC8387308.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39363422","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}