International Review of Social Psychology最新文献_第5页

Revisiting the Motivated Denial of Mind to Animals Used for Food: Replication Registered Report of Bastian et al. (). 重新审视食用动物的动机性心理拒绝：Bastian等人的复制注册报告（）。

IF 1.6 4区心理学

International Review of Social Psychology Pub Date : 2024-04-26 eCollection Date: 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.5334/irsp.932

Tyler P Jacobs, Meiying Wang, Stefan Leach, Ho Loong Siu, Mahika Khanna, Ka Wan Chan, Ho Ting Chau, Katy Y Y Tam, Gilad Feldman

{"title":"Revisiting the Motivated Denial of Mind to Animals Used for Food: Replication Registered Report of Bastian et al. ().","authors":"Tyler P Jacobs, Meiying Wang, Stefan Leach, Ho Loong Siu, Mahika Khanna, Ka Wan Chan, Ho Ting Chau, Katy Y Y Tam, Gilad Feldman","doi":"10.5334/irsp.932","DOIUrl":"10.5334/irsp.932","url":null,"abstract":"Bastian et al. (2012) argued that the meat paradox-caring for animals yet eating them-creates a tension between people's moral standards (caring for animals) and their behavior (eating them) that can be resolved via mechanisms of motivated moral disengagement. One disengagement mechanism that is thought to play a central role is the denial of food-animal minds and therefore their status as moral patients. This idea has garnered substantial interest and has framed much of the psychological approach to meat consumption. We subjected Studies 1 and 2 of Bastian et al. (2012) to high-powered direct replications and found support for the target article's hypotheses, concluding a successful replication. Perceptions of animals' minds were negatively related to their perceived edibility (original: r = -.42 [-.67, -.08]; replication: r = -.45 [-.69, -.12]), positively related to moral concern for them (original: r = .77 [.58, .88]); replication: r = .83 [.68, .91]) and positively related to negative affect related to eating them (original: r = .80 [.63, .90]; replication: r = .80 [.62, .90]). Learning that an animal will be used for food led people to deny its mental capabilities (original: d = 0.40 [0.15, 0.65]; replication: d = 0.30, 95% CI [0.24, 0.37]), with the affect slightly weaker than the original. Our findings support the idea that the meat paradox is resolved through people's motivated denial of food animals' minds. Materials, data, and code are available on the OSF: https://osf.io/h2pqu/. This Registered Report has been officially endorsed by Peer Community in Registered Reports: https://doi.org/10.24072/pci.rr.100545.","PeriodicalId":45461,"journal":{"name":"International Review of Social Psychology","volume":"37 ","pages":"6"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12372778/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145065922","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Confronting Consumers' Complicity: Do Confrontations with Causal Responsibility for Sweatshop Labor Raise Moral Obligation? 面对消费者的共谋：血汗工厂劳工的因果责任是否提高了道德义务？

IF 1.6 4区心理学

International Review of Social Psychology Pub Date : 2024-02-27 eCollection Date: 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.5334/irsp.775

Felicitas Flade, Mario Messer, Roland Imhoff

{"title":"Confronting Consumers' Complicity: Do Confrontations with Causal Responsibility for Sweatshop Labor Raise Moral Obligation?","authors":"Felicitas Flade, Mario Messer, Roland Imhoff","doi":"10.5334/irsp.775","DOIUrl":"10.5334/irsp.775","url":null,"abstract":"We report an internal reanalysis of five exploratory studies (total N = 1460) and two preregistered experiments (Ns = 778; 528), in which we investigated to what extent perceived causal involvement in harming sweatshop workers increases perceived moral obligation to support the workers. Within hypothetical scenarios as well as alleged magazine articles, target persons purchasing sweatshop-made products were contrasted with uninvolved bystanders. When participants made judgments about abstract others, causal involvement moderately increased ratings of moral obligation. However, when facing their own complicity in maintaining sweatshop conditions, the effect of causal involvement was small to non-existent. The greater sensitivity to the moral imperative of causal responsibility for indirect harm within global supply chains for others than for the self cannot be attributed to defensive processes, however. To the contrary, moral obligation for the self remained comparatively high, even if causal responsibility was low, presumably due to the greater reliance on internal states for the self.","PeriodicalId":45461,"journal":{"name":"International Review of Social Psychology","volume":"37 ","pages":"4"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12372766/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145065953","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Towards an Interdisciplinary Consensual Measure of Social Participation: From Scoping Review to Clustering Measurement. 社会参与的跨学科共识测量：从范围评估到聚类测量。

IF 1.6 4区心理学

International Review of Social Psychology Pub Date : 2024-02-13 eCollection Date: 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.5334/irsp.854

Jessica S Morton, Bernard Rimé, Ginette Herman, David Bourguignon, Olivier Luminet

{"title":"Towards an Interdisciplinary Consensual Measure of Social Participation: From Scoping Review to Clustering Measurement.","authors":"Jessica S Morton, Bernard Rimé, Ginette Herman, David Bourguignon, Olivier Luminet","doi":"10.5334/irsp.854","DOIUrl":"10.5334/irsp.854","url":null,"abstract":"Given the current interest in social participation, this article focuses on existing measures that (1) include the four dimensions of formal social participation - breadth, intensity, duration, and engagement - identified by Bohnert et al. (2010) and (2) can be used in large-scale surveys. In Study 1, a scoping review conducted on three databases (PsychTest, PsychInfo, Sociological abstracts) identified 99 articles that included at least one measure of formal social participation. No measure met our two requirements. We therefore decided to design a new measure, which included an index based on six items to assess the four dimensions of the construct. Using clustering techniques, Study 2 identified social participation profiles based on the responses of 4,160 participants. Five clusters of social participation emerged: (0) absence, (1) passive, (2) low active, (3) medium active and (4) high active. Study 3 replicated these findings with a new sample (n = 3,956), thereby supporting the quality and replicability of the social participation measure by clustering. Coded as an ordinal categorical variable, the score lends itself to statistical analyses commonly performed on large-scale survey data. In this way, the Social Participation Index could meet the need for a standard tool that can be used in a multidisciplinary way.","PeriodicalId":45461,"journal":{"name":"International Review of Social Psychology","volume":"37 ","pages":"3"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12372705/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145065931","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A Threat-and-Defense Perspective on the Psychological Dynamics Behind the Covid-19 Pandemic. 从威胁与防御的角度看Covid-19大流行背后的心理动态。

IF 1.6 4区心理学

International Review of Social Psychology Pub Date : 2023-12-28 eCollection Date: 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.5334/irsp.792

Chiara Annika Jutzi, Robin Willardt, Johannes Klackl, Janine Stollberg, Stefan Reiss, Eva Jonas

{"title":"A Threat-and-Defense Perspective on the Psychological Dynamics Behind the Covid-19 Pandemic.","authors":"Chiara Annika Jutzi, Robin Willardt, Johannes Klackl, Janine Stollberg, Stefan Reiss, Eva Jonas","doi":"10.5334/irsp.792","DOIUrl":"10.5334/irsp.792","url":null,"abstract":"In this review, we analyse the Covid-19 pandemic in the light of the General Process Model of Threat and Defense (GPMTD; Jonas et al., 2014) and describe motivational and affective consequences resulting from the psychological threat elicited by the pandemic: Covid-19 did not only abruptly change everyday life, but also confronted people with existential questions. This led to the experience of discrepancies that people could not resolve, triggering an aversive state of anxious inhibition. People were motivated to overcome this anxiety using defensive behaviours that re-establish approach motivation. Such defensive behaviours include conspiratorial thinking and increased ingroup support. While describing the pandemic, we review evidence in favour and against the model to develop concrete suggestions to effectively promote non-destructive reactions to manage affective-motivational challenges resulting from the pandemic. In a final outlook, we conclude that the evidence generated may be used to analyse and react to future crises and their related psychological threats.","PeriodicalId":45461,"journal":{"name":"International Review of Social Psychology","volume":"36 ","pages":"18"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2023-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12372702/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145065946","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Sunk Cost Effects for Time Versus Money: Replication and Extensions Registered Report of Soman (2001) 时间与金钱的沉没成本效应：复制和扩展登记的索曼报告（2001 年）

IF 2.5 4区心理学

International Review of Social Psychology Pub Date : 2023-11-28 DOI: 10.5334/irsp.883

Nikolay B. Petrov, Yin Kan Megan Chan, Cheuk Nam Lau, Tin Ho Kwok, Lok Ching Estelle Chow, Wai Yan Lo, Wenkai Song, G. Feldman

{"title":"Sunk Cost Effects for Time Versus Money: Replication and Extensions Registered Report of Soman (2001)","authors":"Nikolay B. Petrov, Yin Kan Megan Chan, Cheuk Nam Lau, Tin Ho Kwok, Lok Ching Estelle Chow, Wai Yan Lo, Wenkai Song, G. Feldman","doi":"10.5334/irsp.883","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5334/irsp.883","url":null,"abstract":"The sunk cost effect is the tendency for an individual’s decision making to be impacted by unrecoverable previous investments of resources. Soman (2001) found that sunk cost effect is weaker for time than for money (Studies 1 and 2) and that the facilitation of money-like accounting strengthens the sunk cost effect for time (Study 5). We conducted a Registered Report of a close, high-powered replication and extension of Soman’s (2001) Studies 1 and 2 and a conceptual replication of his Study 5 with an online sample of US American Amazon Mechanical Turk (N = 821). We found support for differences between sunk money costs and sunk time costs in Study 1 (original: ϕc = .61 [.43, .78]; replication: ϕc = .38 [.31, .45]), yet not in Study 2, in which we found sunk cost effects for both money and time (original: money – ϕc = .32 [.12, .52], time – ϕc = .02 [.00, .18]; replication: money – ϕc = .23 [.14, .33], time – ϕc = .32 [.23, .42]). In Study 5, we found no support for facilitation of money-like accounting as strengthening the sunk time cost effect. Materials, data, and code are available on: https://osf.io/pm264/.","PeriodicalId":45461,"journal":{"name":"International Review of Social Psychology","volume":"22 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2023-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139218115","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Black Lives Matter… but to Whom? An Examination of Nationally-Grounded Determinants of Black Lives Matter Support. 黑人的命很重要，但对谁来说？对黑人生命问题支持的国家基础决定因素的检查。

IF 1.6 4区心理学

International Review of Social Psychology Pub Date : 2023-11-20 eCollection Date: 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.5334/irsp.824

Lucie-Anna Lankester, Theodore Alexopoulos

{"title":"Black Lives Matter… but to Whom? An Examination of Nationally-Grounded Determinants of Black Lives Matter Support.","authors":"Lucie-Anna Lankester, Theodore Alexopoulos","doi":"10.5334/irsp.824","DOIUrl":"10.5334/irsp.824","url":null,"abstract":"Black Lives Matter (BLM) has gained momentum in its fight against racism cross-nationally. Yet, there are conflicting opinions on BLM. To account for this, previous research relied on cross-national predictors (e.g., Social Dominance Orientation; SDO). However, BLM support needs to be examined via the prism of national contexts and their peculiarities. Here, we claim that nationally-grounded determinants (next to cross-national ones) shape BLM (dis-)approval. Based on national identity construal, we argue that the way individuals identify with it predicts BLM support. Further, we expect this relationship to be mediated by personal endorsement of national beliefs about diversity. This claim was tested in a French ecological context, where: 1) national identity is based on a straitened view of diversity and 2) diversity issues are regulated via two antagonistic cultural norms: one is egalitarian (i.e., Historic Laïcité) and the other is assimilationist (i.e., New Laïcité). In two pre-registered and well-powered studies (Study 1, N = 305; Study 2, N = 489), we anticipated and found that National Identification negatively predicts BLM support. Crucially, cultural norm endorsements dually-mediated this relationship, suggesting their instrumental function in BLM support. We considered, via path analysis, an additional pathway involving SDO. We found that nationally-grounded and cross-national paths operate jointly to shape BLM support. We replicated these results one year later, providing support for our model. These findings are of relevance beyond the French context as they contribute to an emerging literature examining how intra- and inter-national forces shape, in tandem, diversity responses.","PeriodicalId":45461,"journal":{"name":"International Review of Social Psychology","volume":"36 ","pages":"16"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2023-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12372698/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145065955","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Collective Behaviours: Mediation Mechanisms Underlying the Influence of Descriptive and Injunctive Norms 集体行为:描述规范和禁令规范影响的中介机制

4区心理学

International Review of Social Psychology Pub Date : 2023-11-13 DOI: 10.5334/irsp.806

Lisa Selma Moussaoui, Katherine M. White, Olivier Desrichard

引用次数: 0

An Unfinished Chapter: The Impact of Belgians' Social Representations of Colonialism on their Present-Day Attitudes Towards Congolese People Living in Belgium. 未完成的一章:比利时人对殖民主义的社会表征对他们今天对居住在比利时的刚果人的态度的影响

IF 1.6 4区心理学

International Review of Social Psychology Pub Date : 2023-08-08 eCollection Date: 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.5334/irsp.777

Simona Lastrego, Zoé Magonet, Laurent Licata

{"title":"An Unfinished Chapter: The Impact of Belgians' Social Representations of Colonialism on their Present-Day Attitudes Towards Congolese People Living in Belgium.","authors":"Simona Lastrego, Zoé Magonet, Laurent Licata","doi":"10.5334/irsp.777","DOIUrl":"10.5334/irsp.777","url":null,"abstract":"Various national and international political associations have claimed that present-day racism towards people of African descent living in formerly colonizing European countries is caused by these countries' colonial past and their governments' failure to adequately address this historical legacy. However, no empirical study has yet examined the relation between social representations of colonialism (SRC) and attitudes towards Afro-descendants among majority group members. To investigate this phenomenon, we carried out two cross-sectional studies, which both confirmed that SRC are associated with attitudes towards the Congolese and with support for compensations. Study 1 (N = 407) investigated, among Belgian participants, the association of the two dimensions of SRC - Exploitation and Development - with present-day intergroup attitudes and support for compensations (material and symbolic) for colonialism. Representing the colonial past in terms of Exploitation was associated with more positive attitudes and more intentions to compensate for colonialism, whereas representing it in terms of Development had the opposite effect. Some of these effects were moderated by national identification. Study 2 (N = 203) used the same design but also included a modern racism scale. Results of Study 1 were generally replicated, and effects of SRC on modern racism were obtained: SRC in terms of Exploitation was associated with less modern racism, and SRC in terms of Development was associated with more modern racism. Results are discussed in terms of post-colonial intergroup relations.","PeriodicalId":45461,"journal":{"name":"International Review of Social Psychology","volume":"62 2","pages":"13"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2023-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12372743/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41295466","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Outcomes Affect Evaluations of Decision Quality: Replication and Extensions of Baron and Hershey's (1988) Outcome Bias Experiment 1. 结果影响决策质量评价：Baron和Hershey（1988）结果偏倚实验的复制和扩展

IF 1.6 4区心理学

International Review of Social Psychology Pub Date : 2023-07-28 eCollection Date: 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.5334/irsp.751

Sriraj Aiyer, Hoi Ching Kam, Ka Yuk Ng, Nathaniel A Young, Jiaxin Shi, Gilad Feldman

{"title":"Outcomes Affect Evaluations of Decision Quality: Replication and Extensions of Baron and Hershey's (1988) Outcome Bias Experiment 1.","authors":"Sriraj Aiyer, Hoi Ching Kam, Ka Yuk Ng, Nathaniel A Young, Jiaxin Shi, Gilad Feldman","doi":"10.5334/irsp.751","DOIUrl":"10.5334/irsp.751","url":null,"abstract":"Outcome bias is the phenomenon whereby decisions which resulted in successful outcomes were rated more favorably than when the same decisions resulted in failures. We conducted a pre-registered replication and extension of Experiment 1 (original's: N = 20) from the classic Baron and Hershey (1988) with an online Amazon Mechanical Turk sample using CloudResearch (N = 692), switching from a within-participants design in the original experiment to a between-participants design. We tested outcome bias by measuring participants' ratings of the quality of decisions in medical scenarios. For the replication (pre-registered) part of the study, we successfully replicated signal and direction of the outcome bias (original: dpaired = 0.21 - 0.53; replication: dindependent = 0.77 [0.62, 0.93] to 1.1 [0.94, 1.26]), and even for participants who stated that outcomes should not be taken into consideration when evaluating decisions (d = 0.64 [0.21, 1.08]). For the extension part of the study, we found differences, dependent on outcome types, in evaluations of the perceived importance of considering the outcome, the perceived responsibility of decision-makers, and the perception that others would act similarly given the choice by outcome type. Materials, data, and code are available on Open Science Framework (OSF): https://osf.io/knjhu/.","PeriodicalId":45461,"journal":{"name":"International Review of Social Psychology","volume":"1 1","pages":"12"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2023-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12372742/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70670185","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

How Neoliberal are You? Development and Validation of the Neoliberal Orientation Questionnaire. 你有多新自由主义?新自由主义取向问卷的开发与验证

IF 1.6 4区心理学

International Review of Social Psychology Pub Date : 2023-07-19 eCollection Date: 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.5334/irsp.663

Lola Girerd, John T Jost, Virginie Bonnot

{"title":"How Neoliberal are You? Development and Validation of the Neoliberal Orientation Questionnaire.","authors":"Lola Girerd, John T Jost, Virginie Bonnot","doi":"10.5334/irsp.663","DOIUrl":"10.5334/irsp.663","url":null,"abstract":"We created a novel instrument to assess individual orientations toward the neoliberal capitalist system, the Neoliberal Orientation Questionnaire (NOQ), which is comprised of four dimensions: competitiveness, individual self-regulation, relational detachment, and public divestment. The instrument was intended to complement existing scales by (a) adopting a European perspective, and (b) incorporating personal as well as societal values, including lifestyle considerations. We sought to validate the NOQ in a European country with a strong history of public investment and social welfare provisions, namely France. In three nationally representative French samples, and one US student sample we assessed the internal consistency and construct validity of long and short versions of the scale. In terms of convergent and divergent validity, NOQ scores were positively correlated with scores on the Neoliberal Beliefs Inventory (NBI), general and economic forms of system justification, social dominance orientation, social and economic conservatism, internal locus of control, belief in free will, future-orientation, and a tendency to look on the 'bright side' in the face of hardships. The NOQ should prove useful for understanding the antecedents, concomitants, and consequences of attitudinal support versus opposition to the neoliberal capitalist system that dominates contemporary Western societies.","PeriodicalId":45461,"journal":{"name":"International Review of Social Psychology","volume":" ","pages":"11"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2023-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12372677/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44749536","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0