Journal of Medical Ethics and History of Medicine最新文献

Medicine-art interaction in the development of modern anatomy education in Iran: focusing on the Post-Dār al-Funūn Era. 伊朗现代解剖学教育发展中的医学-艺术互动：以Post-Dār al-Funūn时代为中心。

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Journal of Medical Ethics and History of Medicine Pub Date : 2025-12-21 eCollection Date: 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.18502/jmehm.v18i20.20634

Tannaz Bagheri, Ali Mirjalili, Hamidreza Namazi

{"title":"Medicine-art interaction in the development of modern anatomy education in Iran: focusing on the Post-Dār al-Funūn Era.","authors":"Tannaz Bagheri, Ali Mirjalili, Hamidreza Namazi","doi":"10.18502/jmehm.v18i20.20634","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18502/jmehm.v18i20.20634","url":null,"abstract":"This study examines the collaboration between art and science in the history of modern anatomy education in Iran, particularly in the era following the establishment of Dār al-Funūn (1851). Using a historical-analytical approach and citation network analysis of primary sources, we trace the evolution of anatomical illustration from imitation of European texts to original creation. Our findings highlight the pivotal role of European physicians, such as Jakob Eduard Polak, in introducing modern anatomy and visual aids at Dār al-Funūn. We identify the publication of Kālbod-Shenāsi-ye Towṣifi (Descriptive Anatomy, 1944-1950 CE) as a key milestone, marking the first major physician-artist collaboration to produce original anatomical illustrations in Iran. However, the subsequent increase in reliance on foreign resources led to a decline in indigenous production, thereby representing a missed opportunity to preserve a unique scientific-artistic heritage in medical illustration in Iran. Ultimately, this trajectory reveals that, unlike the European Renaissance, where the mutual interest of physicians and artists in understanding human anatomy drove innovation, medical illustration in Iran was primarily propelled by physicians to meet educational needs.","PeriodicalId":45276,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Medical Ethics and History of Medicine","volume":"18 ","pages":"20"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2025-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13106665/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147784996","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

From ancient healing to modern litigation: a historical journey through medical negligence and tort law. 从古代治疗到现代诉讼：医疗过失和侵权法的历史之旅。

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Journal of Medical Ethics and History of Medicine Pub Date : 2025-12-20 eCollection Date: 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.18502/jmehm.v18i19.20604

Milad Mashayekh, Mahdi Abbasi Sarmadi

{"title":"From ancient healing to modern litigation: a historical journey through medical negligence and tort law.","authors":"Milad Mashayekh, Mahdi Abbasi Sarmadi","doi":"10.18502/jmehm.v18i19.20604","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18502/jmehm.v18i19.20604","url":null,"abstract":"This article traces the historical evolution of medical negligence from ancient outcome-based penalties to modern tort law. Employing a historical-analytical method, it examines primary legal texts-from the Code of Hammurabi to landmark cases like Bolam and Bolitho-and secondary sources to analyze this transformation. The findings reveal a shift from ancient codes that penalized results, through medieval guild regulation, to the common law's establishment of a duty of care and a professionally defined standard subject to judicial scrutiny. Modern developments, such as the rise of informed consent and defensive medicine, illustrate tort law's ongoing adaptation to the complexities of healthcare. The conclusion underscores that this journey reflects evolving societal expectations for reasonable medical care, balancing patient rights with clinical realities. Understanding this history is vital for contemporary debates on patient safety and professional accountability, pointing to future research into non-Western traditions as well as to challenges such as artificial intelligence.","PeriodicalId":45276,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Medical Ethics and History of Medicine","volume":"18 ","pages":"19"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2025-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13106614/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147785020","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Barriers to compliance with principles of nursing ethics and their relationship with caring behaviors: perspectives of intensive care unit nurses in Tabriz University of Medical Sciences. 遵守护理伦理原则的障碍及其与护理行为的关系：大不里士医科大学重症监护病房护士的观点。

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Journal of Medical Ethics and History of Medicine Pub Date : 2025-12-17 eCollection Date: 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.18502/jmehm.v18i18.20603

Elham Feizollahi, Mozhgan Behshid, Reza Shabanluei

{"title":"Barriers to compliance with principles of nursing ethics and their relationship with caring behaviors: perspectives of intensive care unit nurses in Tabriz University of Medical Sciences.","authors":"Elham Feizollahi, Mozhgan Behshid, Reza Shabanluei","doi":"10.18502/jmehm.v18i18.20603","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18502/jmehm.v18i18.20603","url":null,"abstract":"This study examined the barriers to complying with nursing ethics principles in adult intensive care units at teaching hospitals affiliated with Tabriz University of Medical Sciences and their relationship with caring behaviors in 2024. Using a descriptive-analytical design, 300 ICU nurses were surveyed through proportional random sampling. Data were collected via demographic forms, an ethical barriers questionnaire, and the Caring Behaviors Inventory (CBI-42). Results showed that the \"individual and caring\" domain had the highest ethical barrier score (52.36 ± 9.43), while the \"workspace\" domain had the lowest (20.56 ± 3.44). Most nurses (75.3%) perceived ethical barriers to be serious. Among the caregiving behaviors, \"respect for others\" had the highest score (56.93 ± 10.69), and \"attention to others' experiences\" had the lowest (20.02 ± 3.68). No significant correlation was found between ethical barriers and caregiving behaviors (P = 0.072, r = 0.104). Despite serious ethical challenges, the nurses in this study maintained acceptable standards of care. It is recommended to conduct further research into the specific ethical barriers subscales to better understand their influence on care quality and to develop strategies to improve nurses' working conditions.","PeriodicalId":45276,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Medical Ethics and History of Medicine","volume":"18 ","pages":"18"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2025-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13106613/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147785038","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The need for tailored ethical guidelines in HIV/AIDS care. 在艾滋病毒/艾滋病护理中制定有针对性的道德准则的必要性。

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Journal of Medical Ethics and History of Medicine Pub Date : 2025-12-15 eCollection Date: 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.18502/jmehm.v18i17.20584

Nahid Khademi, Fariba Asghari

{"title":"The need for tailored ethical guidelines in HIV/AIDS care.","authors":"Nahid Khademi, Fariba Asghari","doi":"10.18502/jmehm.v18i17.20584","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18502/jmehm.v18i17.20584","url":null,"abstract":"In the past decades, AIDS has represented one of the most significant global health challenges to mankind. Upholding ethics and respecting patients' rights play a critical role in enhancing treatment among individuals living with HIV/AIDS. This study aimed to evaluate the adequacy of ethical considerations in the HIV/AIDS care system guidelines in Iran. For this purpose, we critically reviewed the existing policies and the Anti-Stigma and Discrimination Bylaw. We extracted articles on ethical considerations and patients' rights and classified them according to the principles of bioethics and the professional responsibilities associated with medical practice. We found that the present guidelines address informed consent (except those related to childcare), confidentiality, and privacy. However, ethical issues such as capacity assessment, substitute decision-making, treatment refusal, and disclosure of diagnosis have been overlooked. Furthermore, a review of the Anti-Stigma and Discrimination Bylaw revealed a lack of guidance on non-discriminatory and equitable care for people of specific populations, such as drug users, female sex workers (SW), men who have sex with men (MSM), and healthcare workers exposed to HIV-positive patients. These findings highlight gaps and deficiencies within the guidelines in addressing the rights of healthcare recipients and emphasize the need for developing dedicated ethical guidelines for the care and support of individuals living with HIV/AIDS.","PeriodicalId":45276,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Medical Ethics and History of Medicine","volume":"18 ","pages":"17"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2025-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13106697/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147784968","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Conceptualization of trust within medieval Islamic medicine. 中世纪伊斯兰医学中的信任概念。

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Journal of Medical Ethics and History of Medicine Pub Date : 2025-12-13 eCollection Date: 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.18502/jmehm.v18i16.20531

Masoud Salmani Bidgoli

{"title":"Conceptualization of trust within medieval Islamic medicine.","authors":"Masoud Salmani Bidgoli","doi":"10.18502/jmehm.v18i16.20531","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18502/jmehm.v18i16.20531","url":null,"abstract":"Medicine in medieval Islam was not simply a technical trade but a crucial societal institution guided by moral values and collective obligations. At the heart of this institution lies the concept of trust. This study aims to conceptualize the formation and dynamics of trust in medieval Islamic medicine, using a qualitative, historical-analytical approach. For this purpose, we analyzed manifestations of trust throughout society in accordance with theoretical frameworks of trust across three interconnected levels of relationships: trust within the community of physicians, trust between people and physicians, and generalized or public trust in physicians. The study results show that the framework of trust in the community of physicians is widespread and is created through professional knowledge, ethical standards, medical ethics, collaboration, and medical practices within the community of physicians; trust between physicians and people is also typical and is a product of socioeconomic factors and reputation; and finally, public trust is pervasive and is formed through societal and cultural measures.","PeriodicalId":45276,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Medical Ethics and History of Medicine","volume":"18 ","pages":"16"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2025-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13106662/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147784959","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Investigating the relationship between moral sensitivity and missed nursing care among nurses: a cross-sectional study. 调查护士道德敏感性与护理疏忽的关系：一项横断面研究。

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Journal of Medical Ethics and History of Medicine Pub Date : 2025-11-16 eCollection Date: 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.18502/jmehm.v18i15.20187

Reza Abdollahi, Haleh Ghavami

{"title":"Investigating the relationship between moral sensitivity and missed nursing care among nurses: a cross-sectional study.","authors":"Reza Abdollahi, Haleh Ghavami","doi":"10.18502/jmehm.v18i15.20187","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18502/jmehm.v18i15.20187","url":null,"abstract":"Missed nursing care is a significant issue in healthcare systems that can compromise patient safety. The present study aimed to investigate the relationship between moral sensitivity and missed nursing care among nurses. This descriptive-correlational study was conducted in 2024. A sample of 120 nurses from the internal and surgical wards of educational hospitals in Urmia was selected using quota sampling. Data collection tools included a demographic information form, Lutzen's Moral Sensitivity Questionnaire, and Kalisch's Missed Nursing Care Questionnaire. Statistical analysis was performed using Pearson's correlation coefficient, multiple regression, independent t-test, and one-way ANOVA in SPSS version 26. The mean score for moral sensitivity was 76.45 ± 4.7, and for missed nursing care, it was 46.45 ± 5.5. A significant inverse correlation was observed between moral sensitivity and missed nursing care (r = -0.25, P < 0.05). Additionally, education level and work shift were significantly associated with missed nursing care (P < 0.05). The findings indicate that higher moral sensitivity among nurses is associated with a lower incidence of missed nursing care. Therefore, it is recommended that managers develop programs to enhance nurses' moral sensitivity to reduce missed nursing care and improve the quality of nursing care.","PeriodicalId":45276,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Medical Ethics and History of Medicine","volume":"18 ","pages":"15"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2025-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13106615/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147785022","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Are researchers allowed to publicly disseminate research findings before journal publication? 在期刊发表之前，研究人员是否被允许公开传播研究结果？

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Journal of Medical Ethics and History of Medicine Pub Date : 2025-11-03 eCollection Date: 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.18502/jmehm.v18i13.20105

Azam Khorshidian

引用次数: 0

Defensive medicine in surgical disciplines: attitudes and practices among faculty and residents at Iran University of Medical Sciences. 外科学科中的防御医学：伊朗医科大学教员和住院医师的态度和做法。

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Journal of Medical Ethics and History of Medicine Pub Date : 2025-11-03 eCollection Date: 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.18502/jmehm.v18i14.20106

Maisam Fahimi, Soheila Sayad, Mahshad Noroozi, Ehsan Shamsi Gooshki, Seyed Yahya Zarghami, Aidin Shahrezaei, Mina Forouzandeh

{"title":"Defensive medicine in surgical disciplines: attitudes and practices among faculty and residents at Iran University of Medical Sciences.","authors":"Maisam Fahimi, Soheila Sayad, Mahshad Noroozi, Ehsan Shamsi Gooshki, Seyed Yahya Zarghami, Aidin Shahrezaei, Mina Forouzandeh","doi":"10.18502/jmehm.v18i14.20106","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18502/jmehm.v18i14.20106","url":null,"abstract":"Defensive medicine, driven by fear of litigation, increases healthcare costs and physician stress, particularly in high-risk specialties such as surgery. This study investigates the attitudes and practices of faculty members and residents in surgical discipline regarding defensive medicine. In this cross-sectional study, 147 surgeons (faculty, residents, and fellows) from IUMS teaching hospitals completed a validated questionnaire assessing attitudes toward the ethicality of defensive medicine and the prevalence of defensive practices. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 24, applying chi-square tests, independent t-tests, and Mann-Whitney U tests. Nearly half of the participants (48.9%) considered defensive practices ethical. Common defensive behaviors included consultation referrals (47.6%), unnecessary laboratory tests (36.7%), and avoidance of high-risk procedures (44.3%). Key concerns driving defensive practices were non-expert judicial rulings (35.4%), stress related to high-risk patients (34.7%), and litigation costs (35.2%). Factors such as intervention type (32%) and lack of awareness of ethical standards (27.2%) were associated with increased defensive behaviors. General surgery (29.8%) and orthopedics (17%) reported the highest conviction rates. The results showed that defensive medicine is prevalent among surgeons at IUMS due to legal fears and low self-confidence. Enhancing targeted education and establishing clear ethical guidelines may reduce defensive practices and improve surgical care delivery.","PeriodicalId":45276,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Medical Ethics and History of Medicine","volume":"18 ","pages":"14"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2025-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13106699/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147785011","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Assessment of the medical professionalism climate in the inpatient units of a teaching hospital affiliated with Iran University of Medical Sciences (2023-2024). 伊朗医科大学附属教学医院住院部医疗专业氛围评估（2023-2024）

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Journal of Medical Ethics and History of Medicine Pub Date : 2025-10-18 eCollection Date: 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.18502/jmehm.v18i12.20000

Alireza Khalili, Saeedeh Saeedi Tehrani, Mahshad Noroozi, Soodabeh Hoveidamanesh, Arezou Baradaran, Akram Hashemi

{"title":"Assessment of the medical professionalism climate in the inpatient units of a teaching hospital affiliated with Iran University of Medical Sciences (2023-2024).","authors":"Alireza Khalili, Saeedeh Saeedi Tehrani, Mahshad Noroozi, Soodabeh Hoveidamanesh, Arezou Baradaran, Akram Hashemi","doi":"10.18502/jmehm.v18i12.20000","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18502/jmehm.v18i12.20000","url":null,"abstract":"Professionalism impacts professional identity, staff efficiency, and patient care quality. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the professional behavior and climate in a teaching hospital in Iran. A cross-sectional study was performed among faculty members, nursing staff, and specialized residents. The study used the validated 30-item \"Medical Professionalism Climate in Clinical Settings\" questionnaire developed by Asghari et al., containing two domains: adherence to professional behavior, and perceptions of the professional climate. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 26. The study population consisted of 271 individuals working at a teaching hospital, 44.3% male and 55.7% female, averaging 34.79 years in age. The results showed there was a relationship between the total mean score, the professional behavior score, the professional climate score, and the participants' professional titles (P-value < 0.001), as well as the duration of their work experience in the department (P-value: 0.005, P-value: 0.039, P-value: 0.001, respectively). The faculty members achieved the best scores, followed by the residents, nurses, and nursing assistants. Analysis of the professional behavior scores revealed strengths and weaknesses among the medical staff. More training is recommended to enhance skills and promote positive behavior to boost hospital staff's job satisfaction and sense of belonging.","PeriodicalId":45276,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Medical Ethics and History of Medicine","volume":"18 ","pages":"12"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2025-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13106631/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147785024","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Explicating the process of moral courage in clinical nurses: a grounded theory study. 阐明临床护士道德勇气的过程：一个有根据的理论研究。

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Journal of Medical Ethics and History of Medicine Pub Date : 2025-10-14 eCollection Date: 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.18502/jmehm.v18i11.19960

Shirmohammad Davoodvand, Somayeh Mohammadi, Shahriyar Salehi, Mostafa Roshanzadeh

{"title":"Explicating the process of moral courage in clinical nurses: a grounded theory study.","authors":"Shirmohammad Davoodvand, Somayeh Mohammadi, Shahriyar Salehi, Mostafa Roshanzadeh","doi":"10.18502/jmehm.v18i11.19960","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18502/jmehm.v18i11.19960","url":null,"abstract":"Moral courage in nurses is the product of a complex process and can be enhanced by identifying the steps through which nurses make morally courageous decisions. This qualitative study aimed to explicate the process of moral courage in clinical nurses and present a descriptive model. The study was conducted in Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences in 2022 using the grounded theory approach. Twenty-one clinical nurses were selected through purposive and theoretical sampling. Data were analyzed using Strauss and Corbin's 2015 approach and data management was supported by MAXQDA software (version 11). The core variable identified was moral excellence. When faced with a misalignment between authority and responsibility, nurses experience ambiguity in ethical decision-making. The nurses in this study employed spirituality, legality, and self-sacrifice strategies, which helped them to manage system expectations. In this model, moral courage ultimately gravitates toward managing system expectations-a deviant mechanism failing to yield positive outcomes due to organizational infrastructures and conditions. Therefore, it is recommended that healthcare organizations address factors contributing to ambiguity in nurses' decision-making, such as lack of operational protocols for ethical decisions, mismatched expectations and responsibilities, and deficiencies in professional autonomy.","PeriodicalId":45276,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Medical Ethics and History of Medicine","volume":"18 ","pages":"11"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2025-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13120816/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147784970","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0