Race and Justice最新文献_第4页

Minority Women Incarcerated: The Vulnerabilities of Traveller Women in the Irish Criminal Justice System 被监禁的少数民族妇女：爱尔兰刑事司法系统中流浪妇女的脆弱性

IF 2.1 3区社会学

Race and Justice Pub Date : 2023-01-19 DOI: 10.1177/21533687231151699

P. Kennedy, Mari B. Pierce

{"title":"Minority Women Incarcerated: The Vulnerabilities of Traveller Women in the Irish Criminal Justice System","authors":"P. Kennedy, Mari B. Pierce","doi":"10.1177/21533687231151699","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/21533687231151699","url":null,"abstract":"Women comprise a minority of the prison population, representing 10.6% of the prison population in Ireland in 2020. An issue of pressing concern is the over-representation of minority ethnic women among female prisoners. In Ireland, Irish Traveller women are 22 times more likely to be imprisoned than non-Traveller women. Their risk of imprisonment is greater than Traveller men who are over-represented among male prisoners. Traveller women in contact with the criminal justice system are likely to have experienced extreme deprivation, social exclusion, and current and historical/intergenerational discrimination. This article draws on evidence from published literature and a qualitative study undertaken by the authors to examine the vulnerabilities of Traveller women in prison in Ireland and the multiple and complex reasons for their over-representation in prison. To improve the situation of Traveller women in prison, the UN Bangkok Rules can be used to guide the development of relevant legislation, procedures, policy, and action plans. Traveller women in prison must not be overlooked in the implementation of the Public Sector Equality and Human Rights Duty, which places a legal obligation in Ireland on prison authorities to promote equality, prevent discrimination, and protect the human rights of all affected by their policies and plans.","PeriodicalId":45275,"journal":{"name":"Race and Justice","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2023-01-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42021134","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The Past as Prologue: Police Stops and Legacies of Complaints About Neighborhood Police Misconduct 作为序言的过去：警察的拦截和对社区警察不当行为的投诉遗产

IF 2.1 3区社会学

Race and Justice Pub Date : 2023-01-08 DOI: 10.1177/21533687221140553

B. McCarthy, J. Hagan, Daniel Herda, W. Skogan

{"title":"The Past as Prologue: Police Stops and Legacies of Complaints About Neighborhood Police Misconduct","authors":"B. McCarthy, J. Hagan, Daniel Herda, W. Skogan","doi":"10.1177/21533687221140553","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/21533687221140553","url":null,"abstract":"Quantitative analyses show that police stop and frisks are highly concentrated by neighborhood. Interview and ethnographic studies show that police routinely share information about neighborhood attributes including crime rates and demographic characteristics such as racial and ethnic composition and economic conditions. Investigations suggest that police also share information about complaints against them. Our analysis bridges these three literatures and examines whether a neighborhood's historical and contemporary complaints about police mistreatment are a significant source of police stops. Our research focuses on complaints and stops in Chicago. We find that stops are more frequent in neighborhoods where historical and contemporary complaints are high, as well as in communities with high concentrations of economically disadvantaged, Hispanic, and especially Black residents. We find that these associations hold net of potential sources of spuriousness, including prior police stops and crime. Police perceptions of the race of the person stopped contextualize the relationships between stops and complaints: they are exacerbated for people the police identified as Black. Our findings suggest that complaints and the narratives they engender may be enduring systemic sources of bias in police behavior.","PeriodicalId":45275,"journal":{"name":"Race and Justice","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2023-01-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44793517","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Reassessing the Relationship Between Mortgage Loan Investment and Crime Across Race/Ethnicity, Disadvantage, and Instability 跨种族/民族、弱势和不稳定重新评估抵押贷款投资与犯罪的关系

IF 2.1 3区社会学

Race and Justice Pub Date : 2022-12-04 DOI: 10.1177/21533687221140554

Lyndsay N. Boggess, T. Stucky

引用次数: 0

Perceptions of Armed School Police: Exploring Views by Race in 2019 and 2020 武装学校警察的认知：2019年和2020年按种族划分的观点探索

IF 2.1 3区社会学

Race and Justice Pub Date : 2022-11-27 DOI: 10.1177/21533687221140552

Andrea N. Montes, Cresean Hughes, Kay Stanek

{"title":"Perceptions of Armed School Police: Exploring Views by Race in 2019 and 2020","authors":"Andrea N. Montes, Cresean Hughes, Kay Stanek","doi":"10.1177/21533687221140552","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/21533687221140552","url":null,"abstract":"The current study uses data from two independent surveys administered through Academic Prolific's online opt-in panel to explore whether there may be racial differences in views of armed school police. We use two distinct samples and t-tests to compare views of Black and White individuals in 2019 and 2020, respectively, as well as views in 2019 and 2020 generally. We then employ regression analyses of the 2020 survey data to test whether race was associated with views of armed school police. Some similarities in views emerged. In 2019, Black and White individuals had similiar views of whether armed police keep schools safe as well as whether they were comfortable sending their child to a school with police. However, differences in views were also found. In 2019 and 2020, mean scores for beliefs of whether armed police act with students’ best interest was lower among Blacks than Whites. In 2020, the mean score for Blacks was lower that it was for Whites when asked about whether armed police keep schools safe and whether they would be comfortable sending their child to a school with police. In 2020, Black individuals were less likely to agree that school police implement their duties in ways that are fair, respectful, and keep students' interests in mind. We conclude by discussing implications for scholarship and policy about school policing and school safety generally.","PeriodicalId":45275,"journal":{"name":"Race and Justice","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2022-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42453455","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Cognitive and Affective Precursors to Decisions to use Lethal Force Against Black Suspects: A Virtual Reality Application 决定对黑人嫌疑人使用致命武力的认知和情感前体:虚拟现实应用

IF 2.1 3区社会学

Race and Justice Pub Date : 2022-11-22 DOI: 10.1177/21533687221127448

John Tawa, Yuanguo Lang, M. Jernigan

{"title":"Cognitive and Affective Precursors to Decisions to use Lethal Force Against Black Suspects: A Virtual Reality Application","authors":"John Tawa, Yuanguo Lang, M. Jernigan","doi":"10.1177/21533687221127448","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/21533687221127448","url":null,"abstract":"Here we investigated the role of physiological stress on participants' lethal force decisions with Black suspects using a novel virtual reality (VR) paradigm. We examined the conditional and mediational roles of implicit racism and visual attention to Black suspects. For this study, we filmed a series of high-risk suspect-police interactions with a 360° video camera which, when viewed through the VR headset, embeds the participants in these scenarios from the perspective of a police officer. Embedded eye tracking in the VR enabled assessment of both physiological stress (through pupil dilation) and attention (through gaze location). Analysis of these behavioral data with criminal justice majors ( N = 39) revealed a facilitative function of physiological stress for improving accuracy in lethal force decisions, specifically among those with low levels of implicit racism. Findings also indicated that dysregulated attention—characterized by either disorganized or fixated attentional patterns—compromised lethal force decision making. Results are discussed in relation to future applications of VR to inform our understanding of cognitive and affective precursors of poor decision making. Implications include the promise of cognitive-behavioral interventions for mitigating dysregulated attention patterns, ultimately towards the end of reducing unwarranted uses of lethal force against Black men and women.","PeriodicalId":45275,"journal":{"name":"Race and Justice","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2022-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41584108","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

COVID-19 Pandemic and Anti-Asian Racism & Violence in the 21st Century 新冠疫情与21世纪的反亚洲种族主义和暴力

IF 2.1 3区社会学

Race and Justice Pub Date : 2022-11-17 DOI: 10.1177/21533687221138963

Hyeyoung Lim, C. S. Lee, Chunrye Kim

{"title":"COVID-19 Pandemic and Anti-Asian Racism & Violence in the 21st Century","authors":"Hyeyoung Lim, C. S. Lee, Chunrye Kim","doi":"10.1177/21533687221138963","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/21533687221138963","url":null,"abstract":"Since the beginning of the 21st century, we have experienced major pandemics and epidemics. However, we believe the COVID-19 pandemic was the first time a certain racial/ethnic group or nationality was blamed for the pandemic/epidemic. Anti-Asian racism and violence worldwide are not new, but they are on the rise during the COVID-19 pandemic. Although the crimes against Asians during the pandemic received substantial media attention, there has been a paucity of empirical research in social science that addresses xenophobic sentiments, racism, and violence against Asians. To bridge the gap, the Korean Society of Criminology in America (KOSCA) invited papers to address the current global issue of anti-Asian racism and violence in mid2021. It was challenging to conduct empirical research because of the lack of data availability, time restrictions, and the narrowed research scope (e.g., Asians). This editorial introduction introduces six articles in this Special Issue of Race and Justice, “Anti-Asian Racism & Violence.” We call for further, continuous attention to anti-Asian racism and violence, and we hope this special issue creates more scholarly discussion on this understudied, often-neglected topic.","PeriodicalId":45275,"journal":{"name":"Race and Justice","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2022-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48835057","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Looking Hateworthy: An Investigation of the Relationship Between Chinese Phenotypicality and COVID-19-Related Prejudice and Discrimination 审视仇恨——中国人表型与新冠肺炎相关偏见和歧视关系的调查

IF 2.1 3区社会学

Race and Justice Pub Date : 2022-11-13 DOI: 10.1177/21533687221138962

Samuel Choi, Kayla A. Burd, Alice Choi

{"title":"Looking Hateworthy: An Investigation of the Relationship Between Chinese Phenotypicality and COVID-19-Related Prejudice and Discrimination","authors":"Samuel Choi, Kayla A. Burd, Alice Choi","doi":"10.1177/21533687221138962","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/21533687221138962","url":null,"abstract":"Throughout the COVID-19 pandemic, there have been an increasing number of hate crimes perpetrated against Chinese and non-Chinese Asian Americans. Some hate incidents suggest that Chinese Asian Americans have been mainly targeted followed by non-Chinese Asian Americans. The present study examined the influence of victim Chinese phenotypicality (CP) and participant individual differences on COVID-19-related prejudice and discrimination. Participants were presented with a mock news story detailing a restaurant employee (varying in CP) who tested positive for COVID-19 but went to work despite warnings to quarantine and allegedly spread COVID-19 to other employees and customers. CP was manipulated through photographs embedded within the mock news story of the employee (White (control) vs. Low CP vs. High CP). After reading the news story, participants completed measures of prejudice and discrimination endorsement along with measures of individual differences. Results revealed that CP influenced prejudice and support for discrimination, but only for individuals with certain characteristics (e.g., low income). The findings highlight individual difference characteristics among perpetrators of prejudice and discrimination against Asian Americans, in addition to phenotypic variations among those who may be victims of hate related to the COVID-19 pandemic.","PeriodicalId":45275,"journal":{"name":"Race and Justice","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2022-11-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48609506","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

Anti-Asian Discourse in Quora: Comparison of Before and During the COVID-19 Pandemic with Machine- and Deep-Learning Approaches Quora中的反语篇：新冠肺炎大流行前后与机器学习和深度学习方法的比较

IF 2.1 3区社会学

Race and Justice Pub Date : 2022-10-30 DOI: 10.1177/21533687221134690

S. Jang, Sangpil Youm, Y. J. Yi

{"title":"Anti-Asian Discourse in Quora: Comparison of Before and During the COVID-19 Pandemic with Machine- and Deep-Learning Approaches","authors":"S. Jang, Sangpil Youm, Y. J. Yi","doi":"10.1177/21533687221134690","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/21533687221134690","url":null,"abstract":"The current study attempts to compare anti-Asian discourse before and during the COVID-19 pandemic by analyzing big data on Quora, one of the most frequently used community-driven knowledge sites. We created two datasets regarding “Asians” and “anti-Asians” from Quora questions and answers between 2010 and 2021. A total of 1,477 questions and 5,346 answers were analyzed, and the datasets were divided into two time periods: before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. We conducted machine-learning-based topic modeling and deep-learning-based word embedding (Word2Vec). Before the pandemic, the topics of physical difference and racism were prevalent, whereas, after the pandemic, the topics of hate crime, the need to stop Asian hate crimes, and the need for the Asian solidarity movement emerged. Above all, the semantic similarity between Asian and Black people became closer, while the similarity between Asian people and other racial/ethnic groups was diminished. The emergence of negative and radical language, which increased saliently after the outbreak of the pandemic, and the considerably wider semantic distance between Asian and White people indicates that the relationship between the two races has been weakened. The findings suggest a long-term campaign or education system to reduce racial tensions during the pandemic.","PeriodicalId":45275,"journal":{"name":"Race and Justice","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2022-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43688474","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 3

Perceived China Threat, Conspiracy Belief, and Public Support for Restrictive Immigration Control During the COVID-19 Pandemic 在COVID-19大流行期间，感知到的中国威胁、阴谋信念和公众对限制移民控制的支持

IF 2.1 3区社会学

Race and Justice Pub Date : 2022-10-13 DOI: 10.1177/21533687221125818

Ji Hye Kim, Jihye Park

{"title":"Perceived China Threat, Conspiracy Belief, and Public Support for Restrictive Immigration Control During the COVID-19 Pandemic","authors":"Ji Hye Kim, Jihye Park","doi":"10.1177/21533687221125818","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/21533687221125818","url":null,"abstract":"During the COVID-19 pandemic, there has been an unprecedented increase in the level of political blame attributed to China for the health crisis and other associated xenophobic discourses. Although previous research has revealed the effects of perceived outgroup threats on popular support for policies that control outgroups, threats posed by foreign countries have received little empirical attention. This study advances previous research by focusing on the independent effects of the perceived China threat to public support for restrictive immigration control during the COVID-19 pandemic. Using a sample drawn from the 2020 American National Election Studies, the results showed that the perceived China threat substantially heightened public support for restrictive immigration control. More importantly, demand for restrictive immigration control intensified when individuals had stronger perceptions of threats and conspiracy beliefs about the virus leak from a Chinese lab. Taken together, our findings demonstrate the roles of politically constructed threats and conspiracy beliefs during the COVID-19 pandemic, revealing new mechanisms of popular attitudes toward social control.","PeriodicalId":45275,"journal":{"name":"Race and Justice","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2022-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42309582","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

Perceptions of the U.S. Police Among Latin-American Immigrants: A Bifocal Lens View 拉丁美洲移民对美国警察的认知：双焦点视角

IF 2.1 3区社会学

Race and Justice Pub Date : 2022-10-09 DOI: 10.1177/21533687221130277

Hyeyoung Lim, Nadejda Bontcheva-Loyaga

{"title":"Perceptions of the U.S. Police Among Latin-American Immigrants: A Bifocal Lens View","authors":"Hyeyoung Lim, Nadejda Bontcheva-Loyaga","doi":"10.1177/21533687221130277","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/21533687221130277","url":null,"abstract":"The current study aimed to identify Latin-American immigrants’ bifocal lens views of the U.S. police and compare them to their contact experiences with their home-country police. We performed semi-structured interviews with twenty-one Latin-American immigrants who have resided in the Birmingham metropolitan area in Alabama. An inductive analysis approach was employed to analyze the qualitative data. The results showed that the Latin-American immigrants’ direct contact experience with the U.S. police has mainly been positive, but they still felt targeted. Even if their indirect experiences lead them to perceive a violent and biased image of the U.S. police force, participants appreciated the U.S. police as honest and not corrupt. Besides, while most participants expressed willingness to report crimes, they simultaneously recognized that other Latin-American immigrants would not feel comfortable reporting crimes due to the fear of deportation. Finally, we found that the perception of the U.S. police among Latin-American immigrants was primarily the result of the juxtaposition of the U.S. police's professionalism against their home-country police. We further discuss policy implications and study limitations in this study.","PeriodicalId":45275,"journal":{"name":"Race and Justice","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2022-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45942320","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 2