Race and Justice最新文献

{"title":"Making Gideon Count? Public Defender Resources and Felony Case Outcomes for Black, White, and Latinx Individuals","authors":"Aaron Gottlieb","doi":"10.1177/21533687211006456","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/21533687211006456","url":null,"abstract":"Although Gideon v. Wainright has provided indigent defendants potentially facing prison time the right to counsel, commentators and scholars have documented that the public defense system is vastly underfunded and currently in crisis. However, research has rarely examined how public defender resources impact case outcomes, and the research that does exist has yet, to my knowledge, examine how these resources impact racial disparities in case outcomes. By merging data from the Census of Public Defender Offices to data from the State Court Processing Statistics, I begin to fill this gap. Results from multivariate regression analyses with state-year fixed effects provide mixed evidence. Regardless of race, higher public defender and support staff caseloads tend to be associated with worse case outcomes. In the case of pretrial detention, I find that high public defender and support staff caseloads exacerbate Black-White disparities. With respect to sentence length, I find evidence that high public defender caseloads exacerbate Latinx-White disparities and some evidence that they mitigate Black-White disparities. In sum, these results provide strong support for the view that the public defender funding crisis harms indigent defendants regardless of race and mixed evidence regarding its impact on racial disparities in the criminal justice system.","PeriodicalId":45275,"journal":{"name":"Race and Justice","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2021-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/21533687211006456","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49465291","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"“Alone in a Crowd: Indigenous Migrants and Language Barriers in American Immigration”","authors":"Denise N. Obinna","doi":"10.1177/21533687211006448","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/21533687211006448","url":null,"abstract":"Indigenous migrants in American custody often speak neither English nor Spanish. This leaves them at risk for family separation, deportation and due process violations. In this article, I discuss the challenges which indigenous migrants face in American immigration. Examining linguistic variations, this manuscript illustrates that American immigration policies have not adjusted to the linguistic diversity at the border—or in the immigration courts. Despite the growing number of indigenous migrants seeking asylum, most are assumed to speak only Spanish. This assumption neglects the wide linguistic diversity of immigrants and directly impacts their experience through the immigration bureaucracy. For indigenous migrants, linguicism or the exclusion of native languages can have life or death consequences—especially if they are unable to secure interpreters or relay crucial aspects of their case. As such, linguicism perpetuates an unequal justice system which fails to provide an understanding of the asylum process for those who speak indigenous languages.","PeriodicalId":45275,"journal":{"name":"Race and Justice","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2021-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/21533687211006448","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45256760","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Influence of Defendant Race/Ethnicity and Police Body-Worn Cameras on Traffic Case Processing","authors":"Jessica Huff, M. White, K. E. Padilla","doi":"10.1177/21533687211004696","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/21533687211004696","url":null,"abstract":"The current study evaluates the impact of defendant race/ethnicity and police body-worn cameras (BWCs) on dismissals and guilty pleas in traffic violations. Despite the frequency of traffic violations and the potential for racial/ethnic bias in these incidents, researchers have yet to examine the outcomes of these violations in court. Research is also needed to assess the potential for BWCs to provide evidence and reduce charging disparities and differential pleas for minority defendants. Traffic violations processed in the Tempe, Arizona Municipal Court before and after BWC deployment were examined using logistic regression. Black and Hispanic defendants were less likely to have their violations dismissed than White defendants, regardless of the presence of a BWC. Hispanic defendants were significantly more likely to plead guilty to traffic violations than White defendants, and BWCs did not eliminate this disparity. BWCs did significantly reduce the likelihood of a guilty plea for Black and White defendants, but the finding was not robust to the inclusion of an interaction term between race and BWCs. BWCs did not significantly moderate the impact of defendant race/ethnicity on either dismissals or guilty pleas. Overall, the results suggest that BWCs have little impact on reducing racial/ethnic disparities in traffic violation processing.","PeriodicalId":45275,"journal":{"name":"Race and Justice","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2021-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/21533687211004696","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42958940","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"There Can Be More Than One: A Black Man’s Journey Through the Academy","authors":"Robert A. Brown","doi":"10.1177/21533687211001917","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/21533687211001917","url":null,"abstract":"The underrepresentation of Black Americans as graduate students and faculty in Criminology and Criminal Justice programs is well-recognized. This essay discusses some of the dynamics of the academy that potentially contribute to the lack of Black representation at the highest levels of the academy. Through the sharing of various experiences, this essay sheds light on how the dearth of Black men in the academy creates challenges for the few Black men that do exist in the academy.","PeriodicalId":45275,"journal":{"name":"Race and Justice","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2021-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/21533687211001917","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45094798","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Academic Turning Points: How Microaggressions and Macroaggressions Inhibit Diversity and Inclusion in the Academy","authors":"Bryan L. Sykes","doi":"10.1177/21533687211001909","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/21533687211001909","url":null,"abstract":"In this essay, I reflect upon my experiences as a student, faculty member, and editor. I argue that microaggressions and macroaggressions, in classrooms and conference rooms, facilitate academic turning points—moments and experiences that turn underrepresented scholars away from academia as students, faculty, and staff in departments, centers, and institutions of higher learning. In what follows, I reflect on three moments when my career path almost diverged from its current position and trajectory, and from these experiences, I distill concrete recommendations for administrators, editors, faculty, and students on how to cultivate academic environments that enable underrepresented scholars to thrive in the academy.","PeriodicalId":45275,"journal":{"name":"Race and Justice","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2021-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/21533687211001909","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49237052","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Consequences Are Black and White: Race and Poor Health Following Incarceration","authors":"Julie L. Kuper, J. Turanovic","doi":"10.1177/2153368721998053","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/2153368721998053","url":null,"abstract":"Incarceration is a health damaging experience that disproportionately impacts Black Americans. Although existing research has explored broader racial disparities in the health consequences of imprisonment, little research has examined within-individual changes in health declines following incarceration. Accordingly, in this study, we examine whether the negative health effects of incarceration are more pronounced for Black versus White individuals. Data from Waves I through IV of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (Add Health) and hierarchical generalized linear models (HGLM) are used to estimate within-person changes to self-rated health following first incarceration (N = 23,627 person-waves) for non-Hispanic Black and non-Hispanic White individuals. Findings indicate that Black respondents reported within-person health declines that were more substantial than those of Whites after first incarceration. Additional analyses revealed that these race differences were more pronounced among Black males. Taken together, this study adds to the literature highlighting the racialized and negative health impacts of incarceration. Efforts to reduce imprisonment and increase access to quality health care in Black communities are needed.","PeriodicalId":45275,"journal":{"name":"Race and Justice","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2021-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/2153368721998053","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48945288","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Book Review: Shopping while Black: Consumer racial profiling in America","authors":"Justin Clayton","doi":"10.1177/2153368721996438","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/2153368721996438","url":null,"abstract":"Shopping While Black: Consumer Racial Profiling in America is a moderately brief book that presents the history of and research on consumer racial profiling (CRP). However, its mild brevity is not indicative of its depth. Despite being to the point, the book is an intellectually dense and comprehensive examination of its topic. It should be noted that Distinguished Professor Shaun L. Gabbidon and Professor George E. Higgins’ book is a part of the Criminology and Justice Studies series, which publishes books intended for undergraduate and graduate students, but written in a fashion that may also be of benefit to a lay audience. Although it is the authors’ recommendation that Shopping While Black is best suited for students and researchers working in the domains of Criminology, Black Studies, Ethnic Studies, Sociology, Security Studies, and Law, I concur that the book would additionally be a worthwhile introduction to CRP for mainstream readers seeking to acquire knowledge on racial profiling in shopping. According to Gabbidon and Higgins (2020), consumer racial profiling “occurs when a shopper is singled out for unwarranted bad treatment/service and/or criminal suspicion based on their racial/ethnic background” (p. xii). Although it is the authors’ position that CRP is a subject sorely in need of more research, they meticulously sift through a substantial amount of quantitative and qualitative research throughout the course of their book. They begin by unpacking the historical context and development of CRP. While walking readers through this, the authors note that profilers did not always intuitively link black people as the primary suspects of shoplifting. The book illustrates that, in fact, prior to the mid-20th century, wealthy white women were thought to be the most frequent retail thieves. Before that time period, blacks were typically unable to enter white-owned brick and mortar businesses due to the Plessy v. Ferguson Supreme Court decision of 1896—which of course legalized segregation. It was after the Brown v. Board of Education decision in 1954, as well as the 1960s Civil Rights Acts, that CRP became a widespread phenomenon. Many white business owners were unhappy with being forced to serve the black customers they saw as nothing more than violent criminals, and consequently, CRP became a normal experience for black consumers. Race and Justice","PeriodicalId":45275,"journal":{"name":"Race and Justice","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2021-02-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/2153368721996438","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48316842","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Book Review: Critical race theory: A primer","authors":"Shaden Samir Ismail Attia","doi":"10.1177/2153368721993532","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/2153368721993532","url":null,"abstract":"Khiara M. Bridges, a law and anthropology professor at Boston University, wrote this book to provide the readers with an overview of Critical Race Theory (CRT), its key tenets, and the strengths and weaknesses of the theory. She identifies as a critical race theorist who is passionate about CRT yet committed to acknowledging the theory’s shortcomings and presenting its critiques. Her book is divided into four parts introducing the history of CRT and its critiques, core concepts in CRT, the intersectionality of race with different variables and, finally, modern issues related to the theory.","PeriodicalId":45275,"journal":{"name":"Race and Justice","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2021-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/2153368721993532","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47770954","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Racism Burnout: My Life as a Black Academic","authors":"D. Hawkins","doi":"10.1177/2153368720971025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/2153368720971025","url":null,"abstract":"The author explores within the context of academia the interpersonal and structural dynamics that underpin the systemic racism to which the Black Lives Matter movement responds.","PeriodicalId":45275,"journal":{"name":"Race and Justice","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2021-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/2153368720971025","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48004185","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Keeping Black Girls in School: A Systematic Review of Opportunities to Address Exclusionary Discipline Disparity","authors":"Lynn A. Addington","doi":"10.1177/2153368720988894","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/2153368720988894","url":null,"abstract":"A punitive legacy of the responses to school shootings in the United States is the expansion of exclusionary discipline. Black girls have disproportionately experienced this form of punishment as compared to white girls and non-Black girls of color. A small, but growing, body of research has examined the patterns and causes of this disparity. Current studies have made suggestions for possible solutions to address this disparity, but these recommendations are not readily accessible in a single location. A catalogue of these ideas could provide a useful foundation for policy development and evaluation. The present research note seeks to generate this resource by conducting a systematic review to identify and categorize recommendations aimed at reducing the discipline disparity experienced by Black girls. Based on this review, four categories emerged that center around: (1) culturally competent school programs, (2) enhanced teacher training, (3) spaces at school for empowering Black girls, and (4) trauma-informed student policies. This research note discusses these categories of recommendations using an intersectional framework and concludes with a summary of next steps to guide future research and policy work to address the disproportionate use of exclusionary discipline against Black girls.","PeriodicalId":45275,"journal":{"name":"Race and Justice","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2021-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/2153368720988894","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42647736","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}