INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RISK & SAFETY IN MEDICINE最新文献

{"title":"Associations of antidepressant medication consumption with changes in personality pathology and quality of life among community-dwelling adults.","authors":"Jeffrey R Vittengl, Robin B Jarrett, Eunyoe Ro, Lee Anna Clark","doi":"10.3233/JRS-230016","DOIUrl":"10.3233/JRS-230016","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Although antidepressant medication (ADM) has produced small advantages over pill placebo in randomized controlled trials, consuming ADM has predicted prospectively increasing depressive symptom severity in samples of community-dwelling adults.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>We extended the community literature by testing ADM's relations to changes in personality and quality of life that may underpin depression.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>In this longitudinal, observational study, community-dwelling adults (N = 601) were assessed twice, 8 months apart on average. Assessments included depressive symptoms, personality, life satisfaction and quality, and prescription medication consumption.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Consuming ADM at time 1 predicted relative increases in depressive symptoms (dysphoria), maladaptive traits (negative affect, negative temperament, disinhibition, low conscientiousness), personality dysfunction (non-coping, self-pathology), and decreases in life satisfaction and quality from time 1 to 2, before and after adjustment for age, gender, race, income, education, physical health problems, and use of other psychotropics. In no analysis did ADM use predict better outcomes.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Among community-dwelling adults, ADM use is a risk factor for psychosocial deterioration in domains including depressive symptoms, personality pathology, and quality of life. Until mechanisms connecting ADM to poor outcomes in community samples are understood, additional caution in use of ADM and consideration of empirically supported non-pharmacologic treatments is prudent.</p>","PeriodicalId":45237,"journal":{"name":"INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RISK & SAFETY IN MEDICINE","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10652000","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Research of Russian physicians' opinions on tuberculosis pharmacogenetics.","authors":"B I Kantemirova, E M Bogorodskaya, M S Poptsova, D A Sychev, E A Tsimbal, N A Stepanova","doi":"10.3233/JRS-220028","DOIUrl":"10.3233/JRS-220028","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>There is currently no widespread implementation of pharmacogenetic testing (PGx) methods in the practice of phthisiology service.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>The aim of this study is to determine how informed and prepared phthisiologists, residents, and postgraduate students of the Russian Medical Academy of Continuing Professional Education (RMACPE, Moscow) use PGx techniques in their work to improve treatment safety, predict the occurrence of adverse reactions (ADRs), and personalize therapy.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A survey was conducted among phthisiologists (n = 314) living in different regions of the Russian Federation and studying at RMACPE, such as residents and post-graduate students (n = 185). The survey was developed on the Testograf.ru web platform and had 25 questions for physicians and 22 for residents and post-graduate students.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>More than 50% of respondents are ready to use PGx in clinical practice and thus are aware of the method's possibilities. At the same time only a small part of participants were aware of the pharmgkb.org resource. The absence of PGx in clinical guidelines and treatment standards, according to 50.95% of phthisiologists and 55.13% of students of RMACPE, the absence of large-scale randomized clinical trials, according to 37.26% of phthisiologists and 43.33% of students, and the lack of physician knowledge on PGx, according to 41.08% of phthisiologists and 57.83% of students, are all factors that prevent the implementation of PGx in Russia.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>According to the survey, the overwhelming majority of participants recognize the importance of PGx and are willing to use the method in practice. However, there is a low level of awareness among all respondents about the possibilities of PGx and the pharmgkb.org resource. The implementation of this service could significantly increase patient compliance, lower ADRs, and enhance anti-tuberculosis (TB) therapy quality.</p>","PeriodicalId":45237,"journal":{"name":"INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RISK & SAFETY IN MEDICINE","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9605199","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A medication reconciliation failure: A case report and incident analysis.","authors":"R Ascenção, P Lopes Vaz, C Pereira Gomes, J Costa, P Broeiro-Gonçalves","doi":"10.3233/JRS-230002","DOIUrl":"10.3233/JRS-230002","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Medication reconciliation is advocated to ensure the continuity, safety, and effective use of medicines across transitions of care.</p><p><strong>Case report: </strong>In this report, we describe the case of a 90-year-old female with previous diagnoses of atrial fibrillation and cutaneous metastatic breast cancer presenting with bilateral ulcerative lesions on the chest wall. The patient was diagnosed with Deep Vein Thrombosis at the Emergency Department and started on rivaroxaban, although the patient was already taking edoxaban. This therapeutic duplication was noticed only one week later, even though she was already experiencing significant bleeding managed through a prescribing cascade. Despite the technical error (action-based), it is possible to identify several weaknesses in the organisation's structure, which provided a trajectory of accident opportunity.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Anticoagulants are ranked first for the highest priority to receive a medication reconciliation. To achieve an optimal level of medication reconciliation, we ought to recognise and correct latent failures.</p>","PeriodicalId":45237,"journal":{"name":"INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RISK & SAFETY IN MEDICINE","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10652001","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A reactogenic \"placebo\" and the ethics of informed consent in Gardasil HPV vaccine clinical trials: A case study from Denmark.","authors":"Lucija Tomljenovic, Leemon B McHenry","doi":"10.3233/JRS-230032","DOIUrl":"10.3233/JRS-230032","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Medical ethics guidelines require of clinical trial investigators and sponsors to inform prospective trial participants of all known and potential risks associated with investigational medical products, and to obtain their free informed consent. These guidelines also require that clinical research be so designed as to minimize harms and maximize benefits.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>To examine Merck's scientific rationale for using a reactogenic aluminum-containing \"placebo\" in Gardasil HPV vaccine pre-licensure clinical trials.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We examined the informed consent form and the recruitment brochure for the FUTURE II Gardasil vaccine trial conducted in Denmark; and we interviewed several FUTURE II trial participants and their treating physicians. We also reviewed regulatory documentation related to Gardasil vaccine approval process and the guidelines on evaluation of adjuvants used in human vaccines.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>It was found that the vaccine manufacturer Merck made several inaccurate statements to trial participants that compromised their right to informed consent. First, even though the study protocol listed safety testing as one of the study's primary objectives, the recruitment brochure emphasized that FUTURE II was not a safety study, and that the vaccine had already been proven safe. Second, the advertising material for the trial and the informed consent forms stated that the placebo was saline or an inactive substance, when, in fact, it contained Merck's proprietary highly reactogenic aluminum adjuvant which does not appear to have been properly evaluated for safety. Several trial participants experienced chronic disabling symptoms, including some randomized to the adjuvant \"placebo\" group.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>In our view, the administration of a reactive placebo in Gardasil clinical trials was without any possible benefit, needlessly exposed study subjects to risks, and was therefore a violation of medical ethics. The routine use of aluminum adjuvants as \"placebos\" in vaccine clinical trials is inappropriate as it hinders the discovery of vaccine-related safety signals.</p>","PeriodicalId":45237,"journal":{"name":"INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RISK & SAFETY IN MEDICINE","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11191454/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141094560","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Incitement to misuse of corticosteroids by Arab YouTubers in a local context.","authors":"Hind Amghar, Manal El Hani, Yahia Cherrah, Samira Serragui","doi":"10.3233/JRS-230061","DOIUrl":"10.3233/JRS-230061","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The ubiquity of social media has ushered in an era where uncontrolled content sharing extends to all subjects, including sensitive topics such as medication consumption.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>To quantify the prevalence of YouTube videos providing information on glucocorticoids and to underscore the risks associated with inaccurate information, which might inadvertently promote inappropriate use of these medications.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The YouTube videos were selected using predefined keywords from February 20 to March 4, 2023. The videos were categorized into two groups. Category 1 promotes the misuse of corticosteroids, while Category 2 raises awareness about the risks associated with these drugs.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In total, 843 YouTube videos were included. Approximately 76% of the creators were women. Of these, category 1 videos (69.63%) predominated over Category 2 videos (30.37%). Regarding Category 1, dexamethasone was mentioned in 41.53% of cases, followed by hydrocortisone (17.30%). According to these YouTubers, these products/medications are mainly obtained from community pharmacies (58.09%), online shops (20.01%), and through illicit markets and the black market (13.46%). Weight gain was the most common objective, according to 32.62% of the YouTubers.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study highlights the prevalence of YouTube videos regarding the misuse of corticosteroids. The common focus on weight gain as an objective underscores the importance of educating content creators and viewers about responsible corticosteroid use. Targeted interventions are needed to promote safe and informed medication practices within this online environment.</p>","PeriodicalId":45237,"journal":{"name":"INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RISK & SAFETY IN MEDICINE","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141471478","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gabapentin monotherapy for epilepsy: A review.","authors":"Liliya Eugenevna Ziganshina,&nbsp;Tatyana Abakumova,&nbsp;Charles H V Hoyle","doi":"10.3233/JRS-235001","DOIUrl":"10.3233/JRS-235001","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Epilepsy is one of the most common chronic neurological disorders, affecting more than 50 million people globally. In this review we summarised the evidence from randomised controlled trials of gabapentin used as monotherapy for the treatment of focal epilepsy, both newly diagnosed and drug-resistant, with or without secondary generalisation.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>To assess the effects of gabapentin monotherapy for people with epileptic focal seizures with and without secondary generalisation.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We searched the Cochrane Register of Studies (CRS Web) and MEDLINE (Ovid, 1946 to 24 February 2020) on 25 February 2020. CRS Web includes randomised or quasi-randomised controlled trials from PubMed, Embase, ClinicalTrials.gov, the World Health Organization International Clinical Trials Registry Platform, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRA), and the specialised registers of Cochrane Review Groups including the Cochrane Epilepsy Group. We also searched several Russian databases, reference lists of relevant studies, ongoing trials registers, conference proceedings, and we contacted trial authors.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We found five randomised controlled trials (3167 participants) comparing gabapentin to other antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) and differing doses of gabapentin as monotherapy for newly diagnosed focal epilepsy and drug- resistant focal epilepsy with or without secondary generalisation. Two review authors independently applied the inclusion criteria, assessed trial quality, risk of bias, and extracted data. We used the GRADE approach to assess the certainty of evidence and present seven patient-important outcomes in the \"Summary of findings\" tables. The quality of evidence was very low to moderate due to poor reporting quality, poor trial design, and other risks of bias, such as selective presentation of findings and potential heavy industry input. Better quality research may change our certainty in the effect estimates. None of the included trials reported on the number of people with 50% or greater reduction in seizures and time to withdrawal (retention time) in an extractable way. Gabapentin-treated participants were more likely to withdraw from treatment for any cause (285/539) than those treated with lamotrigine, oxcarbazepine, or topiramate pooled together (695/1317) (RR 1.13, 95% CI 1.02 to 1.25; 3 studies, 1856 participants; moderate-certainty evidence), but not carbamazepine. Fewer people treated with gabapentin withdrew from treatment owing to adverse events (190/525) than those treated with carbamazepine, oxcarbazepine, or topiramate (479/1238), (RR 0.79, 95% CI 0.69 to 0.91; 1763 participants, 3 studies; moderate-certainty evidence), but not lamotrigine.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Gabapentin as monotherapy probably controlled seizures no better and no worse than comparator AEDs (lamotrigine, carbamazepine, oxcarbazepine, and","PeriodicalId":45237,"journal":{"name":"INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RISK & SAFETY IN MEDICINE","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10664484","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Making the most of a Morbidity and Mortality meeting.","authors":"Gabriella Quiney,&nbsp;Gianluca Colucci","doi":"10.3233/JRS-210077","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3233/JRS-210077","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Morbidity and Mortality meetings (M&Ms) are a fundamental element of surgical practice. However, there has been little investigation into best practices, to maximise education and improvement outcomes.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>Create a new, evidence-based M&M methodology, that facilitates standardised analysis of errors in a non-judgemental fashion, and highlights areas for improvement.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A Quality Improvement (QI) methodology was used. This project encompassed a literature review and two sequential QI cycles. A literature review and initial survey highlighted best practice and identified areas for improvement. From this information, a new standardised format was created, which centred around a new modified Fishbone framework, incorporating the London Protocol methodology. The project then sequentially tested new formats, with feedback collected for every new format.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The literature review and surveys guided improvement of the M&M. The need for standardisation was highlighted. The new PowerPoint template and modified Fishbone ensured presentations and analysis were consistent and systematic. Participants reported that M&Ms were more engaging, interactive and structured, ensuring improved discussion of errors. The modified Fishbone framework reinforced a blame-free, system-focused analysis.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>M&Ms are a critical aspect of patient safety. This project utilised simple QI tools to encourage collaborative reflection, learning and improvement.</p>","PeriodicalId":45237,"journal":{"name":"INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RISK & SAFETY IN MEDICINE","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9747841","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analysis of the nervous system and gastrointestinal adverse events associated with solifenacin in older adults using the US FDA adverse event reporting system.","authors":"Connie Nicholls,&nbsp;Te-Yuan Chyou,&nbsp;Prasad S Nishtala","doi":"10.3233/JRS-210054","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3233/JRS-210054","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Antimuscarinics are the backbone of the pharmacological management of overactive bladder. Still, concerns have been raised over the nervous system (NS) adverse drug events (AEs) due to their dissimilarities to muscarinic receptor-subtype affinities.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study aimed to identify the nervous system and gastrointestinal adverse drug events (ADEs) associated with solifenacin use in older adults (≥65 years).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A case/non-case analysis was performed on the reports submitted to the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) between 01/01/2004 and 30/06/2020. Cases were reports for solifenacin with ≥1 ADEs as preferred terms included in the Medical Dictionary of Regulatory Activities (MedDRA) system organ classes 'nervous system' or 'gastrointestinal' disorders. Non-cases were all other remaining reports for solifenacin. The case/non-cases was compared between solifenacin and other bladder antimuscarinics. Frequentist approaches, including the proportional reporting ratio (PRR) and reporting odds ratio (ROR), were used to measure disproportionality. The empirical Bayesian Geometric Mean (EBGM) score and information component (IC) value were calculated using a Bayesian approach. A signal was defined as the lower limit of 95% confidence intervals of ROR ≥ 2, PRR ≥ 2, IC > 0, EBGM > 1, for ADEs with ≥4 reports.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>107 MedDRA preferred terms (PTs) comprising 970 ADE reports were retrieved for nervous system disorders associated with solifenacin. For gastrointestinal disorders, 129 MedDRA PTs comprising 1817 ADE reports were retrieved. Statistically significant results were found for 'altered state of consciousness': ROR = 9.71 (2.13-44.35), PRR = 9.69 (2.12-44.2) and IC = 1.29 (0.93-1.66).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The disproportionality reporting of 'altered state of consciousness', a previously unidentified ADE, was unexpected. Further monitoring of this ADE is needed to ensure patient safety, as this could be linked to poor balance and falls in older adults.</p>","PeriodicalId":45237,"journal":{"name":"INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RISK & SAFETY IN MEDICINE","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10839516","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Acute renal failure and cardiac arrhythmias associated with remdesivir use in patients with COVID-19 infections: Analysis using the US FDA adverse event reporting system.","authors":"Lisajo Orogun,&nbsp;Te-Yuan Chyou,&nbsp;Prasad S Nishtala","doi":"10.3233/JRS-220009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3233/JRS-220009","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Recently, antivirals, including remdesivir, have been repurposed to treat COVID-19 infections. Initial concerns have been raised about the adverse renal and cardiac events associated with remdesivir.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study aimed to analyse the adverse renal and cardiac events associated with remdesivir in patients with COVID-19 infections using the US FDA adverse event reporting system.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>A case/non-case method was used to determine adverse drug events associated with remdesivir as the primary suspect drug between January 1, 2020, and November 11, 2021, for patients with COVID-19 infections. Cases were reports for remdesivir with ≥1 ADEs as preferred terms included in the Medical Dictionary of Regulatory Activities (MedDRA) system organ classes 'Renal and urinary disorders' or 'cardiac' disorders. To measure disproportionality in reporting of ADEs, frequentist approaches, including the proportional reporting ratio (PRR) and reporting odds ratio (ROR), were used. The empirical Bayesian Geometric Mean (EBGM) score and information component (IC) value were calculated using a Bayesian approach. A signal was defined as the lower limit of 95% confidence intervals of ROR ≥ 2, PRR ≥ 2, IC > 0, and EBGM > 1 for ADEs with ≥4 reports. Sensitivity analyses were undertaken by excluding reports for non-Covid indications and medications strongly associated with AKI and cardiac arrhythmias.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In the main analysis for remdesivir use in patients with COVID-19 infections, we identified 315 adverse cardiac events comprising 31 different MeDRA PTs and 844 adverse renal events comprising 13 different MeDRA PTs. Regarding adverse renal events, disproportionality signals were noted for \"renal failure\" (ROR = 2.8 (2.03-3.86); EBGM = 1.92 (1.58-2.31), \"acute kidney injury\" (ROR = 16.11 (12.52-20.73); EBGM = 2.81 (2.57-3.07), \"renal impairment\" (ROR = 3.45 (2.68-4.45); EBGM = 2.02 (1.74-2.33). Regarding adverse cardiac events, strong disproportionality signals were noted for \"electrocardiogram QT prolonged\" (ROR = 6.45 (2.54-16.36); EBGM = 2.04 (1.65-2.51), \"pulseless electrical activity\" (ROR = 43.57 (13.64-139.20); EBGM = 2.44 (1.74-3.33), \"sinus bradycardia\" (ROR = 35.86 (11.16-115.26); EBGM = 2.82 (2.23-3.53), \"ventricular tachycardia\" (ROR = 8.73 (3.55-21.45); EBGM = 2.52 (1.89-3.31). The risk of AKI and cardiac arrythmias were confirmed by sensitivity analyses.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This hypothesis-generating study identified AKI and cardiac arrhythmias associated with remdesivir use in patients with COVID-19 infections. The relationship between AKI and cardiac arrhythmias should be further investigated using registries or large clinical data to assess the impact of age, genetics, comorbidity, and the severity of Covid infections as potential confounders.</p>","PeriodicalId":45237,"journal":{"name":"INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RISK & SAFETY IN MEDICINE","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10134501","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Free access to emergency oral contraceptives (EOCs) in the European Union: A regulatory vacuum to be filled.","authors":"Andrea Cioffi,&nbsp;Camilla Cecannecchia,&nbsp;Fernanda Cioffi,&nbsp;Raffaella Rinaldi,&nbsp;Giorgio Bolino","doi":"10.3233/JRS-220011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3233/JRS-220011","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>According to the World Health Organization (WHO), any woman in childbearing age who have decided not to take permanently an oral contraceptive but who are sexually active has the right to access emergency contraception (EC). Despite this, in many European countries there are no specific laws governing the criteria for access to emergency oral contraceptives (EOCs) for girls under 18, especially about the need for third party consent. This normative vacuum is dangerous as it risks creating confusion and entrusting the management of the fundamental right of self-determination to the discretion of others. Moreover, in European Union (EU) countries, there is an inequality in terms of access to contraceptive supplies, reimbursement criteria and the availability of information online.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>Our article compares the criteria for access to EOCs (Ulipristal Acetate-UPA and Levonorgestrel-LNG) in the various EU countries to highlight possible disparities and consequent inequalities.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Government and ministerial websites, European agencies websites, and Contraceptive Use by Method 2019 (WHO) have been consulted.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>There are some differences between the various European countries that could configure inequality in EU countries.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>It would be appropriate a definitive levelling of the legislation of the European Union on emergency contraception associated with massive information and awareness campaigns.</p>","PeriodicalId":45237,"journal":{"name":"INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RISK & SAFETY IN MEDICINE","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9344461","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}