Clinica e Investigacion en Arteriosclerosis最新文献

{"title":"Correlación de la adhesión de los elementos del ateroma y las causas de la trombosis","authors":"Irving Mauricio Lecona Licona ,&nbsp;José María Rodríguez Lelis ,&nbsp;Joaquín Pérez Ortega ,&nbsp;José Alfredo Rodríguez Ramírez","doi":"10.1016/j.arteri.2025.500801","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.arteri.2025.500801","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>Ischemic diseases are the second leading cause of death in Mexico and account for over 30% of deaths worldwide. Atherosclerosis, in particular, obstructs arteries and impairs blood circulation, contributing to increased mortality and reduced quality of life. <em>Objective</em> In this study, adhesion energies and their influence on the structural arrangement of an atheroma were determined.</div></div><div><h3>Methodology</h3><div>Adhesion energies were measured for each main component of the atheroma, including arteries and plaque components such as cholesterol, calcium, collagen, glucose, and elastin. The relationship between adhesion and atheroma formation is demonstrated, highlighting the significant interaction of adhesion energies between fibrinogen and cholesterol. Numerical results showed that fibrinogen and cholesterol have the highest adhesion energy, followed by collagen-glucose and cholesterol-elastin combinations.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Additionally, interactions with the highest adhesion energy, such as Fib-Fib with an energy value of <span><math><mrow><mn>9.60</mn><mi>x</mi><msup><mrow><mn>10</mn></mrow><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>5</mn></mrow></msup><mi>J</mi><mo>/</mo><msup><mi>m</mi><mn>2</mn></msup></mrow></math></span>, CML-GB with a value of <span><math><mrow><mn>2.76</mn><mi>x</mi><msup><mrow><mn>10</mn></mrow><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>9</mn></mrow></msup><mi>J</mi><mo>/</mo><msup><mi>m</mi><mn>2</mn></msup></mrow></math></span>, along with LDL-LDL with an adhesion value of <span><math><mrow><mn>6.35</mn><mi>x</mi><msup><mrow><mn>10</mn></mrow><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>5</mn></mrow></msup><mi>J</mi><mo>/</mo><msup><mi>m</mi><mn>2</mn></msup></mrow></math></span> and Elas-LDL with a J value of <span><math><mrow><mn>3.40</mn><mi>x</mi><msup><mrow><mn>10</mn></mrow><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>5</mn></mrow></msup><mi>J</mi><mo>/</mo><msup><mi>m</mi><mn>2</mn></msup></mrow></math></span>, influence the atheroma structure formation.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>These results demonstrate the association between adhesion energy in forming an atheroma that obstructs arteries, reduces blood flow, and the pathology of thrombus formation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":45230,"journal":{"name":"Clinica e Investigacion en Arteriosclerosis","volume":"37 4","pages":"Article 500801"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144020923","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Estrategias de mejora en la salud cardiovascular y el tratamiento de la dislipidemia en España. Proyecto Expert Insights","authors":"Juan Pedro-Botet ,&nbsp;Román Freixa ,&nbsp;Juan José Tamarit ,&nbsp;José López-Miranda ,&nbsp;Rosa Fernández-Olmo ,&nbsp;Ovidio Muñiz-Grijalvo ,&nbsp;Rafael Vázquez-García ,&nbsp;Carlos Guijarro ,&nbsp;Luis Rodríguez-Padial ,&nbsp;José Luis Díaz-Díaz ,&nbsp;Marisol Bravo-Amaro ,&nbsp;José Luís Hernández ,&nbsp;José Antonio Alarcón-Duque ,&nbsp;José Alfredo Martin-Armas ,&nbsp;Martín García-López ,&nbsp;Juan Cosín-Sales","doi":"10.1016/j.arteri.2024.08.007","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.arteri.2024.08.007","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>To gather opinions, recommendations, and proposals for improvement from Spanish clinicians on cardiovascular (CV) health, with particular focus on dyslipidemia management.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>The Expert Insights project involved 8<!--> <!-->face-to-face sessions held throughout Spain, attended by 138 CV health experts. Clinicians answered to 25 questions survey related to CV health and dyslipidemia control. Each session included an analysis and a discussion on the perceived realities and areas for improvement.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>72% of centers have a standardized process for monitoring patients after a CV episode at discharge, but only 37% during their clinical follow-up. Patient care and management are dependent on the physician, with a lack of coordination between hospital specialties and primary care (PC). 95% of clinicians believe it is necessary to standarize treatment optimization. 65% of centers prescribe combined lipid-lowering treatment after a CV episode. Updating cLDL levels in the Therapeutic Positioning Report and standardizing and globalizing the prescription document would reduce iPCSK9 prescription barriers and lead to more equitable access.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>In Spain, there are significant deficiencies in the management of dyslipidemia, with a great need for a consensus on standardizing management processes and optimizing patient treatment. The opinions, recommendations, and improvement proposals from Spanish clinicians on CV health are an important starting point to improve the situation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":45230,"journal":{"name":"Clinica e Investigacion en Arteriosclerosis","volume":"37 4","pages":"Article 100738"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142298095","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The impact of metabolic syndrome on coronary artery severity in patients with acute myocardial infarction: A perspective from a developing country","authors":"Hai Phuong Nguyen Tran ,&nbsp;Tai Nhat Nguyen ,&nbsp;Kha Minh Nguyen ,&nbsp;Sang Quang Ly ,&nbsp;Sy Van Hoang","doi":"10.1016/j.arteri.2024.08.006","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.arteri.2024.08.006","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>Metabolic syndrome (MetS) has been frequently observed in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI). However, there is limited research assessing the impact of metabolic syndrome on coronary artery severity in patients with acute myocardial infarction.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>We analyzed 199 patients with AMI who underwent invasive coronary angiography. This study aimed to determine the impact of MetS, MetS score and its components on coronary artery severity.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The study comprised 199 eligible patients, with an average age of 64.5<!--> <!-->±<!--> <!-->11.3 years. Among the entire cohort, 136 patients (68.3%) were diagnosed with MetS. The MetS 3 subgroup with three components exhibited the highest percentage at 29.2%. The proportion of one-vessel, two-vessel, three-vessel, multi-vessel disease, or left main disease did not differ between the MetS and non-MetS groups (<em>p</em> <!-->&gt;<!--> <!-->0.05). Our study revealed that the MetS group had a higher median Gensini score compared to the non-MetS group (<em>p</em> <!-->=<!--> <!-->0.002). Furthermore, the Gensini score was significantly correlated with the MetS score (Spearman correlation 0.2, <em>p</em> <!-->&lt;<!--> <!-->0.05). Among metabolic syndrome components, elevated waist circumference and elevated blood glucose were associated with the Gensini score.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Our study revealed that MetS, MetS score and two components of MetS, elevated waist circumference and elevated blood glucose, were associated with the severity of angiographic coronary artery in patients with AMI.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":45230,"journal":{"name":"Clinica e Investigacion en Arteriosclerosis","volume":"37 4","pages":"Article 100737"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142847968","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The mechanisms underlying the cardiac effects of modified citrus pectin in obese rats with myocardial ischemia: Role of galectin-3","authors":"Sara Jiménez-González ,&nbsp;Beatriz Delgado-Valero ,&nbsp;Ana Romero-Miranda ,&nbsp;Fabian Islas ,&nbsp;María Luaces ,&nbsp;Bunty Ramchandani ,&nbsp;María Cuesta-Corral ,&nbsp;Alejandro Montoro-Garrido ,&nbsp;María Luisa Nieto ,&nbsp;Ernesto Martínez-Martínez ,&nbsp;Victoria Cachofeiro","doi":"10.1016/j.arteri.2024.10.007","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.arteri.2024.10.007","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Modified citrus pectin (MCP) is used as a nutritional supplement that inhibits galectin-3 activity, a central player in the cardiac damage associated with different pathological situations. In fact, we have previously observed that MCP improved cardiac function in obese infarcted rats that was associated with a reduction in cardiac fibrosis. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to further explore whether this effect could involve the modulation of gene expression of ECM components and their mediators as well as whether it could affect another two mechanisms involved in cardiac damage: mitochondrial dynamics and autophagic flux.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Male Wistar rats were fed an atherogenic diet with a high content of saturated fat (35%). MI was induced by the ligation of left anterior descendant (LAD) coronary artery 6 weeks after and MCP (100<!--> <!-->mg/kg/day) or vehicle were administered for 4 weeks more. A group of rats fed a standard diet (5.3% fat) and subjected to a sham operation was used as controls.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Obese infarcted animals presented an increase in cross-linked collagen that was not affected by the administration of galectin-3 inhibitor. However, MCP reduced the increase in gene expression observed in obese infarcted rats of ECM components and mediators (collagen I, fibronectin, transforming growth factor-β and connective tissue growth factor), of components of endoplasmic reticulum stress (binding immunoglobulin protein, CCAAT-enhancer-binding homologous protein and activating transcription factor 4), of oxidative stress mediator (NADPH oxidase-4) and normalized those of the interleukin 33/ST2 system. MCP is also able to increase the levels of the mitochondrial protein Dynamin-1-like and those of both proteins involved in autophagic flux (p62 and LC3) that were reduced by the myocardial ischemia in the context of obesity.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>The data show that the beneficial effect of the nutritional supplement MCP on the cardiac consequences associated with myocardial ischemia in the context of obesity could rely on its capacity to inhibit galectin-3 and to consequently modulate different downstream mechanisms, including inflammation, ER stress, oxidative stress, autophagy and mitochondrial function, which can facilitate fibrosis and cardiac remodeling in this pathological context.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":45230,"journal":{"name":"Clinica e Investigacion en Arteriosclerosis","volume":"37 4","pages":"Article 100750"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142787413","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Identificación de nuevas dianas terapéuticas relacionadas con el estrés del retículo endoplasmático y con la disfunción mitocondrial para reducir el riesgo de rotura en el aneurisma de aorta ascendente degenerativo","authors":"Rafael Almendra-Pegueros ,&nbsp;Antonio J. Barros-Membrilla ,&nbsp;Elvira Pérez-Marlasca ,&nbsp;Josep Julve ,&nbsp;José Martinez-González ,&nbsp;Cristina Rodriguez ,&nbsp;María Galán","doi":"10.1016/j.arteri.2024.09.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.arteri.2024.09.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Ascending Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm (ATAA) is a progressive dilation of the aorta that can be complicated by its dissection leading to death in 80-90% of the patients. When associated with aging and atherosclerosis, the outcome is worse and reconstructive surgery is the only effective therapy. Our objective was to characterize differential expressed genes (DEG) involved in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and mitochondria dysfunction in patients with degenerative ATAA.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A transcriptomic analysis was performed by RNA sequencing using RNA isolated from ATAA of patients classified as degenerative (n<!--> <!-->=<!--> <!-->13) and multi-organ healthy donors (n<!--> <!-->=<!--> <!-->6). DEGs related to ER stress and mitochondrial dysfunction were identified with the DESeq2 package. Enriched pathway (Reactome) and protein interaction (PPI) analysis was performed with the clusterProfiles package. PPI of the selected DEGs was analyzed based on the string database and visualized by Cytoscape software.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Histology revealed a complete disorganization of the extracellular matrix (ECM) and cell loss in the aortic wall of ATAA patients where the upregulation of 15 DEGs and the downregulation of 13 DEGs that encode proteins related to ER stress (ATF4, EIF2AK3, HSPA5, ERN1, SEL1L), mitochondrial dysfunction (DNML1, IMMT, MT-CO3, MT-CYB, MT ND2, TIMM17B, MT-ERF1, TOMM5) and ECM was detected. The results of GO term and enriched pathway analysis indicated that these DEGs are mainly enriched in pathways related to aortic diseases.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Our data show that proteins related to mitochondrial dysfunction and ER stress might be therapeutic targets for the treatment of ATAA.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":45230,"journal":{"name":"Clinica e Investigacion en Arteriosclerosis","volume":"37 4","pages":"Article 100740"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142477232","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Carga acumulada de colesterol: el tiempo perdido no se recupera","authors":"Pablo Pérez-Martínez ,&nbsp;José López-Miranda","doi":"10.1016/j.arteri.2025.500805","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.arteri.2025.500805","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45230,"journal":{"name":"Clinica e Investigacion en Arteriosclerosis","volume":"37 4","pages":"Article 500805"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144200382","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Estudios de prevención cardiovascular en población con hipertrigliceridemia","authors":"Ovidio Muñiz-Grijalvo","doi":"10.1016/j.arteri.2025.500819","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.arteri.2025.500819","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Although hypertriglyceridemia (&gt;<!--> <!-->150<!--> <!-->mg/dl) has been considered a risk factor for the development of atherosclerotic vascular disease, this relationship is not as linear or robust as that for LDL cholesterol, and the reduction of plasma triglyceride levels has not been consistently related to the reduction of this complication. Thus, in general terms and in the absence of a conclusive clinical benefit, current evidence does not support treatment with fibrates, niacin or omega-3 fatty acids routinely to reduce cardiovascular risk. The recommendation, especially the former, is limited to some subjects already treated with statins and with optimal LDL cholesterol levels in whom elevated triglyceride levels persist. As an exception, only purified icosapent ethyl at a high dose (4<!--> <!-->g daily) has demonstrated a reduction in cardiovascular morbidity and mortality and has been authorized for this indication, following the results of the REDUCE-IT trial.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":45230,"journal":{"name":"Clinica e Investigacion en Arteriosclerosis","volume":"37 ","pages":"Article 500819"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144217201","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evidencia en la prevención cardiovascular con icosapento de etilo","authors":"Jose Luis Díaz-Díaz","doi":"10.1016/j.arteri.2025.500818","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.arteri.2025.500818","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Icosapent ethyl, a highly purified ester of eicosapentoic acid, is the only omega-3 fatty acid authorized by the European Medicines Agency to reduce the risk of cardiovascular events in people at risk, treated with statins and with triglyceridemia ≥ 150<!--> <!-->mg/dl. This authorization comes as a consequence of the clinical benefit observed in the “Reduction of Cardiovascular Events with Icosapent Ethyl Intervention Trial”, in which icosapent ethyl demonstrated - compared to placebo - a 25% reduction in the relative risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, a result consistent and independent of other variables in prespecified analyses and hypothesis generating in post-hoc analyses of several patient profiles. Although the mechanism of action for such benefit is not definitively established, it is known that it acts at different levels in the continuum of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (lipid-lowering, vascular endothelium and membrane protection, anti-inflammatory, atherosclerotic plaque stabilizing and antithrombotic effects) and that final anti-atherosclerotic action in the coronary territory has been demonstrated in the study “Effect of Vascepa on Improving Coronary Atherosclerosis in People With High Triglycerides Taking Statin Therapy”.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":45230,"journal":{"name":"Clinica e Investigacion en Arteriosclerosis","volume":"37 ","pages":"Article 500818"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144217202","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hipertrigliceridemia (> 150 mg/dl) como marcador de riesgo cardiovascular","authors":"José López-Miranda","doi":"10.1016/j.arteri.2025.500822","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.arteri.2025.500822","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In patients who have achieved optimal LDL-<span>C</span> control, there remains a residual risk of atherothrombotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) related to alterations in lipid metabolism, among which alterations in triglyceride-rich lipoproteins and the cholesterol they contain, known as remnant cholesterol, play a major role. Remnant cholesterol is related to ASCVD risk that is independent of LDL-C and has been demonstrated in epidemiological and Mendelian randomization studies. Numerous epidemiological and genetic Mendelian randomization studies support that elevated triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (TRL) and remnant cholesterol are causally associated with ASCVD, myocardial infarction, ischemic stroke, aortic valve stenosis, and all-cause mortality. The remnant particles of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins are highly atherogenic due to their ability to enter and be retained in the arterial wall, their high cholesterol content, and their capacity to generate foam cells, induce endothelial dysfunction, a prothrombotic environment, and a vascular inflammatory response. Assessment of remnant cholesterol can provide information about residual ASCVD risk beyond that provided by LDL-C, non-HDL-C, and apoB, particularly in individuals with hypertriglyceridemia, type<!--> <!-->2 diabetes, or metabolic syndrome.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":45230,"journal":{"name":"Clinica e Investigacion en Arteriosclerosis","volume":"37 ","pages":"Article 500822"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144217203","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Icosapento de etilo: del ensayo REDUCE-IT a la práctica clínica","authors":"Juan Pedro-Botet","doi":"10.1016/j.arteri.2025.500820","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.arteri.2025.500820","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In addition to low-density lipoproteins (LDL), those containing apolipoprotein (Apo) B and with a diameter less than 70 nm, including the smaller triglyceride-rich lipoproteins, remnant particles, and lipoprotein(a), may independently contribute to atherosclerosis because they also cross the endothelium and penetrate the arterial intima. Although mild/moderate hypertriglyceridemia is a recognized vascular risk factor, only two studies, the Japan EPA Lipid Intervention (JELIS) and the Reduction of Cardiovascular Events with Icosapent Ethyl-Intervention Trial (REDUCE-IT), using pure eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) or icosapent ethyl (IPE), the stable ethyl ester of EPA, respectively, rather than a combination of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and EPA, have demonstrated a reduction in the rate of cardiovascular events. For this reason, it was deemed appropriate to examine the implications and applicability of the REDUCE-IT study in real-life settings. This analysis suggests a transversal therapeutic approach, based on both LDL cholesterol and triglycerides, for patients at very high cardiovascular risk to achieve an effective prevention. Furthermore, among patients in secondary prevention, treatment with IPE should focus on those with the highest vascular risk (recent acute coronary syndrome, post-infarction, angioplasty, and coronary bypass grafting).</div></div>","PeriodicalId":45230,"journal":{"name":"Clinica e Investigacion en Arteriosclerosis","volume":"37 ","pages":"Article 500820"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144223518","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}