Pneumonia最新文献

{"title":"Radiographically confirmed pneumonia in Malawian children and associated pneumococcal carriage after introduction of the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine.","authors":"Grace Mzumara, James Chirombo, Todd D Swarthout, Naor Bar-Zeev, Philliness Prisca Harawa, Mohamed Sanusi Jalloh, Amir Kirolos, Victoria Mukhula, Laura Newberry, Olawale Ogunlade, Richard Wachepa, Neil French, Robert S Heyderman, Pui-Ying Iroh Tam","doi":"10.1186/s41479-024-00147-7","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s41479-024-00147-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV-13) was introduced in Malawi in 2011 with an expected impact of reducing pneumococcal pneumonia in children. We aimed to describe clinical characteristics and nasopharyngeal (NP) carriage of pneumococcus by serotype in children hospitalized with primary end-point pneumonia (PEP) between 2013 and 19 after the introduction of PCV-13.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We conducted a secondary analysis of children aged under-5-years hospitalized with acute respiratory illness (ARI) in Malawi. Chest radiographs conducted at admission were read by two independent clinicians according to WHO criteria for PEP, and a third reviewer resolved discordant diagnoses. NP swab specimens were processed and Streptococcus pneumoniae growth was serotyped. Multivariable regression analysis was conducted to assess the association between clinical characteristics, NP serotypes, and PEP.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We had complete radiographic and NP serotype data for 500 children, of which 54 isolates were vaccine-type (VT) (10.8%), 165 were non-VT (NVT; 33.0%), and 281 had no pneumococcal growth (56.2%). Among these, 176 (35.2%) had PEP on chest x-ray. Among those with PEP, pneumococcal carriage was documented in 43.8% of cases, and VT serotypes accounted for 10.8%. For children with PEP, we found no association between clinical characteristics and carrying either VT, NVT, or no pneumococcus.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Carriage of S. pneumoniae remains high among children hospitalized with ARI in Malawi, but children with VT carriage were no more likely to have PEP than children carrying no pneumococcus or those with NVT carriage. There were no differences in clinical characteristics between those carrying VT, NVT, or no pneumococcus.</p>","PeriodicalId":45120,"journal":{"name":"Pneumonia","volume":"16 1","pages":"23"},"PeriodicalIF":8.5,"publicationDate":"2024-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11452976/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142376146","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Serotype distribution and antimicrobial resistance of Streptococcus pneumoniae in China among children under 14 years of age post-implementation of the PCV13: a systematic review and meta-analysis (2017-2024).","authors":"Yue Li, Sijie Wang, Liang Hong, Lijing Xin, Fei Wang, Yibin Zhou","doi":"10.1186/s41479-024-00141-z","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s41479-024-00141-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Streptococcus pneumoniae (S. pneumoniae) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in children worldwide, and its evolving serotype distribution and antibiotic resistance patterns are of global health concern. This meta-analysis aims to investigate the serotype distribution and antimicrobial resistance of S. pneumoniae after the introduction of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine 13-valent (PCV13) as a self-funded vaccine in Chinese pediatric populations.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We systematically reviewed studies published between 2017 and 2024 that focused on S. pneumoniae serotypes isolated from children under 14 years old in mainland China. Data sources included PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, CNKI, Wanfang, and SinoMed. The findings were synthesized using either a fixed-effects or random-effects model.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Our meta-analysis included 12 studies, identifying the most common serotypes of S. pneumoniae were 19 F, 19 A, 23 F, 14, 6B and 6 A. Vaccine serotype coverage rates were 52.17% (95%CI: 44.91-59.42%) for PCV10, 74.77% (95%CI: 71.53-78.01%) for PCV13, 76.72% (95%CI: 75.37-78.07%) for PCV15 and 92.90% (95%CI: 92.09-93.71%) for PPSV23. Antimicrobial resistance was most pronounced for erythromycin at 93.73% (95%CI: 90.58-96.88%), followed by azithromycin, tetracycline, clindamycin, and sulfamethoxazole. Serotype prevalence and vaccine coverage varied regionally and by strain type.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The distribution of S. pneumoniae serotypes and their antibiotic resistance profiles in children under 14 years in mainland China have remained relatively stable post-PCV13 introduction as a self-funded vaccine. The results support continued use and possible expansion of PCV13 immunization and highlight the importance of ongoing surveillance and vaccine development to cover all prevalent serotypes in China.</p>","PeriodicalId":45120,"journal":{"name":"Pneumonia","volume":"16 1","pages":"18"},"PeriodicalIF":8.5,"publicationDate":"2024-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11453009/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142376147","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Outcomes of corticosteroid therapy in patients with viral community-acquired pneumonia.","authors":"Catia Cilloniz, Amedeo Guzzardella, Davide Calabretta, Albert Gabarrus, Maria Angeles Marcos, Antoni Torres","doi":"10.1186/s41479-024-00146-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s41479-024-00146-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aim: </strong>The objective of this study was to assess the therapeutic effects of corticosteroids in adult patients hospitalized with viral community-acquired pneumonia.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This is a retrospective analysis of data collected prospectively from November 1996 to June 2024. All adult patients with viral community-acquired pneumonia were enrolled. The primary outcome was 30-day mortality. Secondary outcomes included all-cause in-hospital mortality, ICU admission, length of ICU and hospital stay, mechanical ventilation, and 1-year mortality. Propensity score matching (PSM) was used to obtain balance among the baseline variables in the two groups.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Of the 524 patients with viral pneumonia, 30 (6%) received corticosteroids and 494 (94%) did not. Patients were primarily male (n = 299, 57%), with a median [Q1-Q3] age of 66.9 [55-81] years. The 3:1 propensity matching procedure identified 90 patients not treated with corticosteroid (CS-) as controls. After PSM, no difference in 30-day mortality was found [7% (95%CI 1 to 22%) vs. 4% (95%CI 1 to 11%), p = 0.639]. The risk of death at 30 days did not differ significantly in unmatched and matched cohorts [Hazard Ratio (HR) 1.33 (0.32-5.63), p = 0.695 vs. HR 1.51 (0.28-8.27), p = 0.632, respectively]. Nor were differences found in hospital length of stay, ICU admission and length of stay, or mechanical ventilation requirement and duration between matched and unmatched CS + and CS-.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>There were no significant differences in the primary and secondary outcomes regarding the use of corticosteroids in patients with viral pneumonia.</p>","PeriodicalId":45120,"journal":{"name":"Pneumonia","volume":"16 1","pages":"21"},"PeriodicalIF":8.5,"publicationDate":"2024-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11423511/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142356068","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Relationships between human serum albumin levels and septic shock, in-hospital, and out-of-hospital mortality in elderly patients with pneumonia in different BMI ranges.","authors":"Sha Huang, Lanlan Chen, Ning Yang, Jiao Zhang, Yan Wang, Xiaoyan Chen","doi":"10.1186/s41479-024-00138-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s41479-024-00138-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>This retrospective cohort identified the association of human serum albumin (HSA) with adverse outcomes (septic shock, in-hospital and out-of-hospital mortality) in elderly hospitalized patients who have community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) and specific body mass index (BMI).</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>This research included hospitalized CAP individuals (≥ 60 years) and was conducted at a teaching hospital in western China. All the patients were categorized into three populations based on two BMI cutoff values (18.5 kg/m² and 24 kg/m²). The data was acquired from medical records, local government mortality databases, and telephone interviews. Binomial logistic regression analysis was used to explore the associations between low HSA and septic shock and in-hospital mortality, and Cox regression analysis was used to explore the association between low HSA and out-of-hospital mortality.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 627 patients were included in the analysis of in-hospital death and septic shock, and 431 patients were included in the analysis of out-of-hospital death. The study showed that 120 elderly patients with CAP (19.14%) died in the hospital, while 141 patients (32.71%) died out of the hospital, and 93 patients (14.83%) developed septic shock. No differences in in-hospital and out-of-hospital mortality were observed for BMI values < 18.5 kg/m² or BMI ≥ 24 kg/m², regardless of whether HSA was ≥ 40 g/l or < 40 g/l. When 18.5 kg/m² ≤ BMI < 24 kg/m², patients with HSA < 40 g/l had both higher in-hospital and out-of-hospital mortality compared with those with HSA ≥ 40 g/l (in-hospital death: 26.13% vs. 11.46%, p < 0.001; out-of-hospital death: 46.15% vs. 19.17%, p < 0.001). No significant differences were observed in the incidence of septic shock between patients with HSA < 40 g/l and those with HSA ≥ 40 g/l either in the overall population or when the BMI values were divided according to the cutoff values of 18.5 kg/m² and 24 kg/m². After further logistic regression analysis and adjustment for potential confounders, the results showed that when 18.5 kg/m² ≤ BMI < 24 kg/m², elderly CAP patients with HSA < 40 g/l had a higher risk of in-hospital and out-of-hospital mortality compared with those with HSA ≥ 40 g/l (in-hospital death: HR = 1.964, 95%CI = 1.08-3.573; out-of-hospital death: HR = 2.841, 95%CI = 1.745-4.627).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>HSA levels can predict the risk of in-hospital and out-of-hospital mortality in elderly patients with CAP and normal BMI values. However, HSA cannot predict the risk of septic shock in elderly patients hospitalized with CAP, irrespective of their BMI classification.</p>","PeriodicalId":45120,"journal":{"name":"Pneumonia","volume":"16 1","pages":"17"},"PeriodicalIF":8.5,"publicationDate":"2024-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11423505/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142356069","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Etiology and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of bacteria causing pneumonia among adult patients with signs and symptoms of lower respiratory tract infections during the COVID-19 pandemic in Mwanza, Tanzania: a cross-sectional study.","authors":"Johannes Rukyaa, Martha F Mushi, Vitus Silago, Prisca Damiano, Katherine Keenan, Wilber Sabiiti, Matthew T G Holden, Jeremiah Seni, Stephen E Mshana","doi":"10.1186/s41479-024-00137-9","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s41479-024-00137-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Bacterial pneumonia is among the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The extensive misuse and overuse of antibiotics observed during the Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic may have changed the patterns of pathogens causing bacterial pneumonia and their antibiotic susceptibility profiles. This study was designed to establish the prevalence of culture-confirmed bacterial pneumonia and describe their antimicrobial susceptibility profile in adult patients who presented with signs and symptoms of lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs) during the COVID-19 pandemic.</p><p><strong>Methodology: </strong>This hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted from July 2021 to July 2022 at a zonal referral hospital and two district hospitals in Mwanza, Tanzania. Demographic and clinical data were collected using a standardized questionnaire. Sputum samples were processed by conventional culture followed by the identification of isolates and antibiotic susceptibility testing. Descriptive data analysis was performed using STATA version 15.0.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 286 patients with a median age of 40 (IQR 29-60) years were enrolled in the study. More than half of the patients enrolled were females (52.4%, n = 150). The overall prevalence of bacterial pneumonia was 34.3% (n = 98). The majority of the bacterial pathogens isolated were Gram-negative bacteria (GNB) (61.2%, 60/98), with a predominance of Klebsiella spp., 38.8% (38/98), followed by Streptococcus pyogenes (21.4%, 21/98). Multi drug resistant (MDR) bacteria were detected in 72/98 (73.5%) of the isolates. The proportions of GNB-resistant strains were 60.0% (36/60) for ciprofloxacin, 60% (36/60) for amoxicillin, 60% (36/60) for amoxicillin, 68.3% (41/60) for trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and 58.3% (35/60) for ceftriaxone.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>One-third of the patients with signs and symptoms of LRTIs had laboratory-confirmed bacterial pneumonia with a predominance of Gram negative MDR bacteria. This calls for continuous antimicrobial resistance (AMR) surveillance and antimicrobial stewardship programs in the study setting and other settings in developing countries as important strategies for tackling AMR.</p>","PeriodicalId":45120,"journal":{"name":"Pneumonia","volume":"16 1","pages":"16"},"PeriodicalIF":8.5,"publicationDate":"2024-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11375869/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142134157","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A scientific manifesto for a new 5-year period: a new horizon for Pneumonia.","authors":"Giovanni Sotgiu","doi":"10.1186/s41479-024-00142-y","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s41479-024-00142-y","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45120,"journal":{"name":"Pneumonia","volume":"16 1","pages":"19"},"PeriodicalIF":8.5,"publicationDate":"2024-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11375841/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142141350","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The importance of Haemophilus influenzae in community-acquired pneumonia: an emerging pathogen in the elderly regardless of comorbidities compared to Streptococcus pneumoniae.","authors":"Linda Yamba Yamba, Karin Hansen, Lisa Wasserstrom, Yu-Ching Su, Jonas Ahl, Kristian Riesbeck","doi":"10.1186/s41479-024-00136-w","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s41479-024-00136-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Haemophilus influenzae community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is common, and it is equally common to Streptococcus pneumoniae in some settings. The purpose of this study was to provide additional data on patients affected by H. influenzae CAP and their outcomes.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Streptococcus pneumoniae-caused CAP (111 cases) was compared to CAP with H. influenzae (53 cases). Patients were adults (≥ 18 years) from the prospective study \"Etiology of community acquired pneumonia in Sweden\" (ECAPS), which was established during the years 2016-2018.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Cases with H. influenzae CAP were significantly older compared to S. pneumoniae CAP (median 77 vs 70 years, p = 0.037) albeit similar comorbidities. Haemophilus influenzae was generally absent in the bloodstream compared to S. pneumoniae (18% vs 2%, p = 0.01) but clinical presentations were comparable. Only a minority of patients, 34% with H. influenzae and 41% with S. pneumoniae CAP had underlying lung disease.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>In the light of childhood immunization campaigns against S. pneumoniae and the increasing numbers of pneumococcal vaccinations among the elderly, coupled with an aging population, the incidence of CAP caused by H. influenzae may increase. Further research is needed to understand the impact of H. influenzae CAP and to a development of a vaccine against this emerging microbe.</p>","PeriodicalId":45120,"journal":{"name":"Pneumonia","volume":"16 1","pages":"15"},"PeriodicalIF":8.5,"publicationDate":"2024-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11344911/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142056822","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Time to recovery from severe community-acquired pneumonia and its predictors among 6 to 59 months of age children admitted to South Wollo zone public hospitals, North East Ethiopia: a prospective follow-up study.","authors":"Mekonnen Teferi, Elsabeth Addisu, Shambel Wodajo, Amare Muche, Abel Endawekie, Bezawit Adane, Tilahun Dessie, Natnael Kebede","doi":"10.1186/s41479-024-00135-x","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s41479-024-00135-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Ethiopia is one of those countries with higher burden of community acquired pneumonia among its people, under five children are the members of society that are highly affected by pneumonia particularly Severe Community Acquired Pneumonia. However, there are limited studies on time to recovery and its predictors in under-five children and most of them are retrospective which fails to address important variables that affect the time to recovery. Therefore, the aim of this study was to estimate the median time to recovery and its predictors among under five children admitted to South Wollo zone public hospitals, North East Ethiopia.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>An institution-based prospective cohort study was conducted from March 10 to May 10, 2021, with 270 study subjects. A systematic random sampling technique was used. Data was collected by interview and chart review. The data were entered and analyzed using Epi Data version 3.1 and STATA version 14.0, respectively. Kaplan-Meier and Cox regression models were used to test the time and predictors of recovery from severe community-acquired pneumonia.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The overall incidence of recovery rate (95% confidence interval) from Severe Community-Acquired Pneumonia was 20.45(17.84-23.46) per 100 person days observation with median (IQR) time to recovery of [3, 5] days. The predictors of time to recovery from Severe Community-Acquired Pneumonia were having comorbidities on admission [AHR = 0.49 (95%CI: 0.32,0.75)], reaching hospitals after 5 days of onset of symptoms [AHR = 0.35 (95%CI: 0.20,0.60)], having Middle Upper Arm Circumference < = 12.5 cm [AHR = 0.21 (95%CI: 0.12,0.37)], the presence of smoker in the house [AHR = 0.21 (95%CI: 0.10,0.42)] and being not fully immunized for age [AHR = 0.35 (95%CI: 0.24,0.53)].</p><p><strong>Conclusion and recommendations: </strong>Generally the recovery time of children with Severe Community Acquired Pneumonia in the study area was within the recommended national standards. Due attention should be given to children with the identified predictors while treating them.</p>","PeriodicalId":45120,"journal":{"name":"Pneumonia","volume":"16 1","pages":"14"},"PeriodicalIF":8.5,"publicationDate":"2024-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11299310/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141890391","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Factors associated with severe pneumonia among children <5 years, Kasese District, Uganda: a case-control study, January-April 2023.","authors":"Mercy Wendy Wanyana, Richard Migisha, Patrick King, Abraham Kibaba Muhesi, Benon Kwesiga, Daniel Kadobera, Lilian Bulage, Alex Riolexus Ario","doi":"10.1186/s41479-024-00134-y","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s41479-024-00134-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Pneumonia is one of the leading causes of infant mortality globally, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa. In Uganda, pneumonia was the fourth leading cause of death in children <5 years in 2018. Analysis of 2013-2022 data for children <5 years from the District Health Information System indicated a high incidence of severe pneumonia in Kasese District, Uganda. We investigated to identify factors associated with severe pneumonia among children <5 years in Kasese District to inform prevention and control strategies.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We conducted a 1:1 hospital-based case-control study among children aged 2-59 months presenting with pneumonia at five high-volume facilities in Kasese District from January to April 2023. A case was defined as pneumonia with ≥1 of the following danger signs: low oxygen saturation, central cyanosis, severe respiratory distress, feeding difficulties, altered consciousness, and convulsions. Controls were outpatient children aged 2-59 months with a diagnosis of non-severe pneumonia. We reviewed medical records at facilities and used an interviewer-administered questionnaire with caregivers to obtain information on socio-demographic and clinical characteristics. Logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with severe pneumonia.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We enrolled 199 cases and 174 controls. The odds of severe pneumonia were higher among children with diarrhoea only (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 2.9, 95%CI: 1.7-4.9), or malaria and diarrhoea (aOR = 3.4, 95%CI: 2.0-5.9), than those without a co-existing illness at the time of pneumonia diagnosis. Not being exclusively breastfed for ≥ 6 months (aOR = 2.0, 95%CI: 1.1-3.3) and exposure to indoor air pollution from cooking combustion sources (aOR = 2.9, 95%CI: 1.8-4.7) increased odds of severe pneumonia.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The findings highlight the significance of comorbidities, lack of exclusive breastfeeding, and exposure to indoor air pollution in the development of severe pneumonia. Promoting exclusive breastfeeding for ≥ 6 months and advocating for the use of clean energy sources, could mitigate morbidity attributable to severe pneumonia in the region.</p>","PeriodicalId":45120,"journal":{"name":"Pneumonia","volume":"16 1","pages":"13"},"PeriodicalIF":8.5,"publicationDate":"2024-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11270805/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141761513","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Early detection of tuberculosis: a systematic review.","authors":"Josef Yayan, Karl-Josef Franke, Melanie Berger, Wolfram Windisch, Kurt Rasche","doi":"10.1186/s41479-024-00133-z","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s41479-024-00133-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Tuberculosis remains a significant global health challenge. Tuberculosis affects millions of individuals worldwide. Early detection of tuberculosis plays a relevant role in the management of treatment of tuberculosis. This systematic review will analyze the findings of several published studies on the topic of the early detection of tuberculosis. This systematic review highlights their methodologies and limitations as well as their contributions to our understanding of this pressing issue. Early detection of tuberculosis can be achieved through tuberculosis screening for contacts. Comprehensive health education for household contacts can be used as early detection. The in-house deep learning models can be used in the X-ray used for automatic detection of tuberculosis. Interferon gamma release assay, routine passive and active case detection, portable X-ray and nucleic acid amplification testing, and highly sensitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay tests play critical roles in improving tuberculosis detection.</p>","PeriodicalId":45120,"journal":{"name":"Pneumonia","volume":"16 1","pages":"11"},"PeriodicalIF":8.5,"publicationDate":"2024-07-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11225244/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141535647","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}