Science and Technology Studies最新文献_第8页

Situated Expert Judgement 情境专家判断

IF 1.2 4区社会学

Science and Technology Studies Pub Date : 2019-12-13 DOI: 10.23987/sts.65249

B. Laurent, François Thoreau

引用次数: 1

Inventing Prediction for Regulation 发明预测调节

IF 1.2 4区社会学

Science and Technology Studies Pub Date : 2019-12-13 DOI: 10.23987/sts.65062

Henri Boullier, D. Demortain, M. Zeeman

{"title":"Inventing Prediction for Regulation","authors":"Henri Boullier, D. Demortain, M. Zeeman","doi":"10.23987/sts.65062","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23987/sts.65062","url":null,"abstract":"In policies targeting environmental and health hazards, an effort is frequently made to anticipate and avert more or less probable adverse events. In this context, computerized models are frequently portrayed as superior knowledge tools, for their capacity to extrapolate from existing data and predict hazards. This paper looks at the historical development and use of such models in regulation, with the specific example of structure-activity relationships (SARs) in the regulation of new industrial chemicals at the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). It asks how evidential culture(s) in a regulatory organization change, in particular how new methods and forms of knowledge find their place alongside others to forge regulatory decisions. The development and application of, first, a qualitative approach to structure-activity relationships, and then of quantitative models, show that the EPA had the necessary autonomy to imagine and adjust a method emerging in the research environment to respond to regulatory needs. This can be understood from a coproductionist perspective, if adjusted to take into account the bureaucratic knowledge that mediates the imagining and application of prediction in regulatory practice.","PeriodicalId":45119,"journal":{"name":"Science and Technology Studies","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2019-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42535432","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 10

Unfolding Algorithms 展开算法

IF 1.2 4区社会学

Science and Technology Studies Pub Date : 2019-12-13 DOI: 10.23987/sts.66156

Bilel Benbouzid

{"title":"Unfolding Algorithms","authors":"Bilel Benbouzid","doi":"10.23987/sts.66156","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23987/sts.66156","url":null,"abstract":"Predictive policing is a research field whose principal aim is to develop machines for predicting crimes, drawing on machine learning algorithms and the growing availability of a diversity of data. This paper deals with the case of the algorithm of PredPol, the best-known startup in predictive policing. The mathematicians behind it took their inspiration from an algorithm created by a French seismologist, a professor in earth sciences at the University of Savoie. As the source code of the PredPol platform is kept inaccessible as a trade secret, the author contacted the seismologist directly in order to try to understand the predictions of the company’s algorithm. Using the same method of calculation on the same data, the seismologist arrived at a different, more cautious interpretation of the algorithm's capacity to predict crime. How were these predictive analyses formed on the two sides of the Atlantic? How do predictive algorithms come to exist differently in these different contexts? How and why is it that predictive machines can foretell a crime that is yet to be committed in a California laboratory, and yet no longer work in another laboratory in Chambéry? In answering these questions, I found that machine learning researchers have a moral vision of their own activity that can be understood by analyzing the values and material consequences involved in the evaluation tests that are used to create the predictions.","PeriodicalId":45119,"journal":{"name":"Science and Technology Studies","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2019-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68795335","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 11

Reckoning Resources 计算资源

IF 1.2 4区社会学

Science and Technology Studies Pub Date : 2019-12-13 DOI: 10.23987/sts.64650

Sophie Haines

引用次数: 0

Kean Birch (2018) Neoliberal Bio-Economies? The Co-Construction of Markets and Natures. London: Palgrave MacMillan. 208 pages. ISBN 978-3-319-91424-4 Kean Birch（2018）新自由主义生物经济？市场与自然的共建。伦敦：Palgrave MacMillan。208页。ISBN 978-3-319-91424-4

IF 1.2 4区社会学

Science and Technology Studies Pub Date : 2019-12-09 DOI: 10.23987/sts.88052

Tomás Carrozza

引用次数: 3

The Politics of Anticipatory Expertise: Plurality and Contestation of Futures Knowledge in Governance — Introduction to the Special Issue 预见性专业知识的政治学:治理中未来知识的多元性与争议——特刊导论

IF 1.2 4区社会学

Science and Technology Studies Pub Date : 2019-11-21 DOI: 10.23987/sts.87369

Stefan C. Aykut, D. Demortain, Bilel Benbouzid

引用次数: 33

Ericka Johnson (2017) Gendering Drugs. Feminists Studies of Pharmaceuticals. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan 埃里卡·约翰逊(2017)性别毒品。女性主义药物研究。Cham: Palgrave Macmillan

IF 1.2 4区社会学

Science and Technology Studies Pub Date : 2019-10-28 DOI: 10.23987/sts.86808

Irene Blanco Fuente

引用次数: 0

Laura Watts (2018) Energy at the End of the World. An Orkney Islands Saga. Cambridge and London: The MIT Press. 440 pages. ISBN 978-0262038898 Laura Watts（2018）《世界尽头的能源》。奥克尼群岛传奇。剑桥和伦敦：麻省理工学院出版社。440页。ISBN 978-0262038898

IF 1.2 4区社会学

Science and Technology Studies Pub Date : 2019-10-28 DOI: 10.23987/sts.86174

V. Kinnunen, J. Valkonen

引用次数: 0

Magicians at Work: Modellers as Institutional Entrepreneurs in the Global Governance of Agriculture and Food Security 魔术师在工作：全球农业和粮食安全治理中的制度企业家

IF 1.2 4区社会学

Science and Technology Studies Pub Date : 2019-09-21 DOI: 10.23987/sts.65187

Lise Cornilleau

{"title":"Magicians at Work: Modellers as Institutional Entrepreneurs in the Global Governance of Agriculture and Food Security","authors":"Lise Cornilleau","doi":"10.23987/sts.65187","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23987/sts.65187","url":null,"abstract":"Global models of agriculture act as the epistemic basis for quantitative foresight, which guides international policymaking and research on agriculture. With the new political sociology of science as a backdrop, this article studies the actors who develop and use these models through the lens of field theory. Contributing to the dialogue between the neo-institutionalist field theory and its Bourdieusian version, it describes the structure and the dynamics of the strategic action field of modelling organizations, using the Bourdieusian notions of “succession” and “subversion” to refine the characterization of challengers. It also discusses the insights of the Bourdieusian concept of “homology” to analyse the relations between the field of model producers and the field of model users. Whereas Bourdieu provides a primarily descriptive account of homologies, which are close to a “social magic without magicians” for Roueff, the present text describes magicians doing the work of producing homologies. Some modellers use intercomparison to reduce competition and to have their models used in the field of global governance, thus strategically producing homologies, while resolving the main modelling conflict of the field. These actors benefit from the recent change in the modelling field under the influence of climate change, to behave as what Fligstein and McAdam have called “institutional entrepreneurs”. The article concludes that this amended version of field theory makes it possible to describe the co-construction of a range of models developed by competing organizations and the controversial making of global agricultural governance. Doing so, it complements the co-production framework, which often focuses on a given site of expertise production and a site of global governance.","PeriodicalId":45119,"journal":{"name":"Science and Technology Studies","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2019-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46479709","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 5

The Factish in the Field 战场上的英国人

IF 1.2 4区社会学

Science and Technology Studies Pub Date : 2019-09-16 DOI: 10.23987/sts.63306

A. Flachs

引用次数: 3