Dirk G. Baur, Jonathan R. Karlsen, Lee A. Smales, Allan Trench
{"title":"Digging deeper - Is bitcoin digital gold? A mining perspective","authors":"Dirk G. Baur, Jonathan R. Karlsen, Lee A. Smales, Allan Trench","doi":"10.1016/j.jcomm.2024.100406","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcomm.2024.100406","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Bitcoin is often labelled digital gold and many studies compare bitcoin and gold prices, returns and volatility. This paper digs deeper and compares the characteristics of bitcoin mining with gold mining to assess claims that bitcoin is digital gold. We identify 20 differences between gold and bitcoin mining. Gold miners locate where gold is present while bitcoin miners locate where cheap electricity is present. Gold mining has large barriers to entry relative to bitcoin mining making it relatively difficult to start and abandon a gold mine but much easier to start and abandon a bitcoin mine. This is reflected in a greater exposure of gold miners to gold prices and a smaller exposure of bitcoin miners to bitcoin prices. While the analysis demonstrates that bitcoin mining is less complex and less risky than gold mining, the similarities support the idea that bitcoin is digital gold.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":45111,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Commodity Markets","volume":"34 ","pages":"Article 100406"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2024-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140924456","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Do agricultural swaps co-move with equity markets? Evidence from the COVID-19 crisis","authors":"Christopher B. Burns , Daniel L. Prager","doi":"10.1016/j.jcomm.2024.100405","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcomm.2024.100405","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Using proprietary data reported by swap dealers to the Commodity Futures Trading Commission, we first present new evidence on the size and composition of 13 over-the-counter agricultural swaps markets. We then utilize our novel dataset to show the existence of linkages with the equity markets. We use the spike in the Chicago Board Options Exchange Volatility Index in early 2020 to show that swaps trader positions were significantly impacted by the financial market volatility created by the COVID-19 pandemic. Following similar methods as Cheng et al. (2015), we find index swaps traders reduce their net long positions in response to tightening financial conditions, while commercial swaps traders absorb some of this risk by decreasing their net short positions. This internal swap market netting occurs in three of the four largest agricultural markets: corn, soft red winter wheat, and sugar. Concurrently, we observe a limited swap dealer hedging response in the futures market, especially when compared to other financial traders, consistent with swap market netting. Our results confirm that equity market shocks can affect financial traders in both commodity swaps and futures markets.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":45111,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Commodity Markets","volume":"34 ","pages":"Article 100405"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2024-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140948822","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Quantile spillovers and connectedness between oil shocks and stock markets of the largest oil producers and consumers","authors":"Waqas Hanif , Sinda Hadhri , Rim El Khoury","doi":"10.1016/j.jcomm.2024.100404","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcomm.2024.100404","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study explores the connectedness between major oil-producing and consuming countries' stock markets (United States, China, Russia, India) and different oil shocks categorized as demand, supply, and risk shocks, following Ready's (2018) framework. Employing a quantile-based connectedness approach and quantile cross-spectral dependence, our analysis spans from July 02, 2007 to May 31, 2023, encompassing diverse market conditions and events. These methodologies help identify interdependence patterns in extreme market scenarios at different time intervals. Key findings show variations in how these stock markets respond to oil shocks, depending on market conditions and quantiles. Demand-related shocks have the most significant spillover effects on the United States, Russia, and India, while risk-related shocks dominate as transmitters of shocks to the United States, China, and India in median quantiles. Market interconnectedness strengthens during extreme market conditions, reflecting historical events. Additionally, bearish markets offer diversification opportunities between these countries and crude oil. This study emphasizes the need for tailored investment strategies, monitoring global oil demand trends, dynamic portfolio management, crude oil inclusion in portfolios, and proactive responses to market players and geopolitical events. These insights benefit investors and policymakers seeking to optimize strategies in the interconnected global financial landscape.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":45111,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Commodity Markets","volume":"34 ","pages":"Article 100404"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2024-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2405851324000230/pdfft?md5=713029a7f57ff896a88b5e821eed4f25&pid=1-s2.0-S2405851324000230-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140645866","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Managing the oil market under misinformation: A reasonable quest?","authors":"Hossa Almutairi , Axel Pierru , James L. Smith","doi":"10.1016/j.jcomm.2024.100403","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcomm.2024.100403","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>We examine the type and quality of information OPEC needs to successfully stabilize the oil market. Our analysis considers the impact of observational errors regarding market shocks as well as erroneous judgments of demand and supply elasticities. Actual prices resulting from OPEC's historical efforts to dampen volatility are compared to counterfactual prices that would have prevailed had OPEC remained passive. Despite the potentially confounding effect of misinformation, the elevated counterfactuals indicate that OPEC has managed to substantially decrease price volatility. Indeed, during the 2017–2021 OPEC+ period we estimate price volatility would have been up to 100% greater than actual without the actions of OPEC and its allies.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":45111,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Commodity Markets","volume":"34 ","pages":"Article 100403"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2024-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2405851324000229/pdfft?md5=cf86b537882a1397c387c65720379a65&pid=1-s2.0-S2405851324000229-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140638503","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Wholesale pork demand: Understanding primal-level heterogeneity","authors":"Jaime R. Luke , Glynn T. Tonsor , D. Scott Brown","doi":"10.1016/j.jcomm.2024.100402","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcomm.2024.100402","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Traditionally, meat demand studies have estimated the demand for pork at the aggregate commodity level, but this study proposes wholesale pork demand estimation at the pork primal level. Flexibilities for the primal cuts as well as beef and chicken are estimated using an inverse almost ideal demand system (IAIDS). Own-quantity flexibilities for pork primal cuts are largely inflexible and statistically different from one another, suggesting heterogeneity exists in demand for pork at the primal level. Among the pork primal cuts, we find changes in quantity demanded result in the greatest percentage change in the price of loins and the smallest percentage change in the price of bellies. Ultimately, this study provides necessary information for the U.S. pork industry as recent policies, such as California's Proposition 12, are spurring changes in the pork production landscape. Estimated elasticities can be used in pork demand-building efforts both today and into the future.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":45111,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Commodity Markets","volume":"34 ","pages":"Article 100402"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2024-04-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140547173","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Stress from attention: The relationship between climate change attention and crude oil markets","authors":"Boqiang Lin , Yiyang Chen , Xu Gong","doi":"10.1016/j.jcomm.2024.100399","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcomm.2024.100399","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Investors' focus on specific topics could translate into actual trading behavior, subsequently influencing market prices. Within the crude oil market, the issue of climate change risk arising from carbon emissions has garnered considerable attention recently, as investors' search behavior regarding this topic may impact crude oil prices. Based on the search information provided by Google, this paper employs quantile and quantile-on-quantile regression (QQR) methods to examine the relationship between investors' attention to climate change risk and crude oil futures price returns. The results reveal the following: (1) Simultaneous opposite correlations are observed, with a significantly positive relationship between attention and returns during high returns and a significantly negative relationship during periods of low returns. The correlation between the two exhibits considerable variation across different market performances. (2) A significant negative correlation exists mainly between attention to physical and opportunity risk and returns, while positive correlations exist mainly between attention to regulatory risk and returns. (3) Higher levels of climate change attention intensify these effects, as evidenced by an increase in the absolute value of the regression coefficients. The findings of this study can serve as a reference for investment institutions and policymakers in constructing investment portfolios and managing the impact of climate risk.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":45111,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Commodity Markets","volume":"34 ","pages":"Article 100399"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2024-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140086804","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Coal price shock propagation through sectoral financial interconnectedness in China's stock market: Quantile coherency network modelling and shock decomposition analysis","authors":"Yan Zhang , Yushi Xu , Xintong Zhu , Jionghao Huang","doi":"10.1016/j.jcomm.2024.100392","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcomm.2024.100392","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The long and continuing coal-dominated energy structure in China makes it important to investigate the impact of coal price shocks on China's financial markets. This study identifies whether volatilities in coal market may propagate between sectoral equity markets through the heterogeneous connectedness between these markets, and even further contribute to larger scale overall instabilities. We first apply the cross-spectral quantile coherency (QC) to identify the time-frequency interconnectedness among returns of 28 sectors in China's equity market. A spatial autoregressive (SAR) framework based on the QC network is further utilized to identify the indirect effect propagating through the heterogeneous interconnectedness between 28 sectoral equity markets. The empirical results indicate significant risk contagion effects during market turmoil, while strong risk absorbing effects are confirmed for the tranquil case. The significantly varying sectoral interconnectedness along with the corresponding heterogeneous pattern of shock propagation under various market specifications may provide evidence for the spillover effects to be the key mechanism and the sectoral interconnectedness as an important channel for coal price shock propagation, which is essential to the effectiveness of portfolio diversification and financial stabilizing policy.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":45111,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Commodity Markets","volume":"34 ","pages":"Article 100392"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2024-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140084972","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"On the estimation of Value-at-Risk and Expected Shortfall at extreme levels","authors":"Emese Lazar , Jingqi Pan , Shixuan Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.jcomm.2024.100391","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcomm.2024.100391","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The estimation of risk at extreme levels (such as 0.1%) can be crucial to capture the losses during market downturns, such as the global financial crisis and the COVID-19 market crash. For many existing models, it is challenging to estimate risk at extreme levels. In order to improve such estimation, we develop a framework to estimate Value-at-Risk and Expected Shortfall at an extreme level by extending the one-factor GAS model and the hybrid GAS/GARCH model to estimate Value-at-Risk and Expected Shortfall for two levels simultaneously, namely for an extreme level and for a more common level (such as 10%). Our simulation results indicate that the proposed models outperform the GAS model benchmarks in terms of in-sample and out-of-sample loss values, as well as backtest rejection rates. We apply the proposed models to oil futures (WTI, Brent, gas oil and heating oil) and compare them with a range of parametric, nonparametric, and semiparametric alternatives. The results show that our proposed models are generally superior to the alternatives.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":45111,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Commodity Markets","volume":"34 ","pages":"Article 100391"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2024-02-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2405851324000102/pdfft?md5=6cf07a68fefa957837126d815c512bba&pid=1-s2.0-S2405851324000102-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139949673","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Four Commitments of Traders Reports puzzles, revisited: Answers from grains and oilseeds futures markets","authors":"Michel A. Robe , John S. Roberts","doi":"10.1016/j.jcomm.2024.100389","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcomm.2024.100389","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The CFTC’s Commitments of Traders reports (DCOT and SCOT) are a key source of information about the open interest in commodity derivatives markets. While informative, these publications leave open four important questions. (1) Do traders that hold large positions every single day make up most of the total open interest? How big is that “market core”? (2) What is the relation between DCOT figures on swap dealer futures positions and CIT futures positions? (3) Are most futures traders long-only or short-only, or do they hold “mixed” positions? (4) Who makes up the fast-growing “Other Reportables” category that comprises all noncommercial market participants that are not managed money traders? We tackle those questions with regulatory data on futures positions in the four largest U.S. grain and oilseed markets in 2015–2018.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":45111,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Commodity Markets","volume":"34 ","pages":"Article 100389"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2024-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139824692","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Time-varying and multi-scale analysis of copper price influencing factors based on LASSO and EMD methods","authors":"Yanqiong Liu , Yaoqi Guo , Qing Wei","doi":"10.1016/j.jcomm.2024.100388","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcomm.2024.100388","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In this paper, we select 75 indicators to conduct a comprehensive analysis of the factors influencing the copper price along six dimensions: inventory, supply, demand, the macroeconomy, finance, and geopolitics. Facing the high-dimensionality problem, we use the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression model to select variables to measure the contribution of each category of factors. Furthermore, we identify the time-varying nature of the relationship among factors with rolling windows. Then, we decompose copper prices into different scales of fluctuations by means of empirical mode decomposition (EMD) and investigate the driving factors at each scale. The results show that financial and geopolitical factors have played an important role in copper pricing in recent years. The long-run fluctuation trend of copper prices is mainly determined by fundamental factors, while financial and geopolitical factors have a more direct impact on short-term fluctuations.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":45111,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Commodity Markets","volume":"34 ","pages":"Article 100388"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2024-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139829019","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}