Heat Transfer最新文献

{"title":"Coupled Effects of Phase Change Material and External Convective Cooling on an IP67-Compatible 13s7p Li-Ion Battery Pack: A Numerical Study","authors":"Ummid Shaikh,&nbsp;Dhanapal Kamble,&nbsp;Sandeep Kore,&nbsp;Aniket Salve","doi":"10.1002/htj.70271","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/htj.70271","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Efficient thermal management of lithium-ion battery (LIB) packs is critical for enhancing cell performance, safety, and service life, especially in compact battery systems used in electric two-wheelers. While phase change material (PCM)-based battery thermal management systems (BTMS) offer high latent heat absorption with low energy consumption, most existing hybrid PCM–air cooling strategies rely on direct airflow through inter-cell gaps, which are impractical for sealed battery enclosures. Sealed battery packs for electric two-wheelers must satisfy ingress-protection requirements, which restrict the use of direct airflow through inter-cell passages. To address this constraint, the present study proposes and evaluates an IP67 (Ingress Protection-67) compatible hybrid battery thermal management configuration in which convective cooling is applied only at the external casing surfaces while the inter-cell spaces are fully occupied by PCM. A three-dimensional transient numerical model of a 13s–7p LIB pack is developed using ANSYS Fluent and validated experimentally for natural convection (NC) and PCM+NC. The numerical results for four configurations—NC, forced convection (FC), PCM + NC, and PCM + FC—are systematically compared over discharge rates ranging from 0.75 C to 1.5 C. The results demonstrate that FC maintains the maximum cell temperature (<i>T</i>_max) below 40°C over a greater depth of discharge (DOD) than NC. In comparison, the PCM-filled battery pack sustains <i>T</i>_max below 40°C at 0.75 C and at significantly higher DODs and <i>C</i>-rates than both NC and FC. Moreover, integrating PCM with either NC or FC effectively prevents <i>T</i>_max from exceeding the critical threshold of 50°C. Among all configurations, at 1.5 C, PCM + NC reduced the maximum temperature difference to 2.11°C, which is 49.6% less than the baseline PCM + NC case. However, incomplete PCM melting even at high <i>C</i>-rates indicates underutilization of latent heat capacity and highlights the need for further optimization. Furthermore, strong agreement between numerical predictions and experimental data confirms the effectiveness of PCM-convective cooling integrated model in regulating LIB pack temperatures.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":44939,"journal":{"name":"Heat Transfer","volume":"55 6","pages":"3540-3559"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148696066","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Detailed Review of Colburn and Friction Factors for Various Types of Fins Used in Compact Plate-Fin Heat Exchangers","authors":"Chennu Ranganayakulu","doi":"10.1002/htj.70268","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/htj.70268","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Compact plate-fin heat exchangers (PFHEs) are commonly utilized in diverse industries, including aerospace, automotive, processing, and space. Various fin configurations, such as Plain fins, Wavy fins, Lance and Offset fins (OSFs), Perforated fins, louvered fins, and pin fins, are employed in compact heat exchangers (CHEs). This analysis centers on a review of recent studies on heat transfer and pressure drop data in PFHEs for both the sensible heat transfer and the phase-change cases. This review encompasses thermal design parameters, including the Nusselt number, hydraulic diameter, Reynolds number (<i>Re</i>), Colburn, and friction factors for PFHEs for the various types of fins. The gaps and uncertainties remain concerns on the Colburn (<i>j</i>) and friction factor (<i>f</i>) data, although many correlations are available in the open domain. As functions of the <i>Re</i> other geometric parameters, including the fin height (<i>F</i>_h), fin thickness (<i>F</i>_t), fin pitch (<i>F</i>_p), fin length (<i>F</i>_l), fin hole diameter (<i>F</i>_d) in pin fins, fin hole diameter (<i>H</i>_d), and fin hole pitch (<i>H</i>_p) in perforated wavy fins, this review seeks to determine the most appropriate <i>j</i> and <i>f</i> factor correlations, which are crucial parameters for all types of PFHE fins. This review intends to unify both experimental and numerical data available in the literature. It details the pros and cons of various <i>j</i> and <i>f</i> data, along with their correlations, for readers or designers who require this information. A relative assessment of the <i>j</i> and <i>f</i> correlation data from different authors is made for plain, wavy, louvered, pin, and OSFs employed in CHEs. Moreover, gaps have been identified, indicating the necessity for additional <i>j</i> and <i>f</i> factors data in compact PFHEs. Very limited data are available for these types of fins with respect to two-phase flows, which are also reviewed and listed. This review will assist practitioners involved in the design of CHEs in significantly reducing the number of iterations by allowing them to choose suitable correlations from this review.</p>","PeriodicalId":44939,"journal":{"name":"Heat Transfer","volume":"55 6","pages":"3495-3522"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/htj.70268","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148696069","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Comparative Review of Conventional Mechanical and Solar-Driven Cooling Technologies: Performance and Environmental Perspectives","authors":"Ali Mousa Abdulnabi,&nbsp;Oday I. Abdullah,&nbsp;Hussein K. Jobair","doi":"10.1002/htj.70279","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/htj.70279","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Conventional cooling systems are major energy consumers in hot climates, directly contributing to increased carbon emissions and placing a significant strain on Iraq's national electricity grid. This study aims to explore and evaluate clean and sustainable alternatives to conventional systems. The methodology is based on a comparative analysis of various cooling technologies, including mechanical, absorption, adsorption, drying, and hybrid systems, using key performance indicators such as the coefficient of performance (COP), energy consumption, carbon emissions, and system cooling capacity. The results show that innovative solar cooling technologies offer superior operational efficiency and significantly lower carbon emissions compared to mechanical systems. Single-effect absorption systems are the optimal choice for the local climate, as they can operate efficiently at operating temperatures (80°C–85°C) achievable with evacuated solar collectors. Furthermore, integrating thermal storage (PCM) technologies reduces system performance fluctuations, reaching approximately 33.5% [1], thus ensuring cooling stability. Based on an in-depth analysis of the latest available literature, it is possible to save up to approximately 45% [2, 3] of the energy consumed by harnessing the abundant solar radiation in Iraq for most days of the year, depending on the type and efficiency of the system used.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":44939,"journal":{"name":"Heat Transfer","volume":"55 6","pages":"3673-3693"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148696522","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimization of Rectangular Microchannel Heat Sinks for Non-Uniform Heat Flux Removal","authors":"Nahid Taheri,&nbsp;Mohammad Reza Salimpour","doi":"10.1002/htj.70264","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/htj.70264","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>High heat flux dissipation in compact electronics requires optimized thermal management solutions. This study applies the constructal method to optimize the geometric configuration of rectangular microchannel heat sinks subjected to a non-uniform (step-function) heat flux. Analytical relations, derived via the intersection of asymptotes method, determined optimal internal dimensions under fixed length and volume constraints. Three-dimensional numerical simulations validated these predictions, identifying geometries that maximize the dimensionless global conductance. Results reveal that non-uniform heat flux significantly shifts the optimal aspect ratio. Specifically, as the base heat flux was varied from 100 to 91 W/cm², the optimal external aspect ratio (<i>H</i>/<i>G</i>)_opt, decreased while the maximum temperature rose. Comparative analysis demonstrates that parallel flow configurations achieve lower maximum temperatures and superior thermal uniformity compared to series arrangements, which exhibit a steeper decline in mass flow and higher peak temperatures due to cumulative heating. These findings establish that accounting for spatial variations in heat flux is essential for accurate micro-scale heat sink optimization.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":44939,"journal":{"name":"Heat Transfer","volume":"55 6","pages":"3447-3454"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148696443","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thermodynamic and Property-Driven Evaluation of Low-GWP Refrigerants as Alternatives to R-134a in VCR Systems","authors":"Abhishek Kumar,&nbsp;Shou-Yin Yang,&nbsp;Chi-Chuan Wang","doi":"10.1002/htj.70274","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/htj.70274","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The global phase-out of high-global warming potential (high-GWP) refrigerants has intensified the search for environmentally benign and energy-efficient alternatives to R-134a in vapor compression refrigeration systems (VCRS). This study presents a comprehensive thermodynamic evaluation of low-GWP refrigerants, including R-152a, R-515B, R-1234ze(E), R-1234yf, R-290, R-600a, R-600, and R-1270, as potential replacements for R-134a. A steady-state thermodynamic cycle model was developed, incorporating fixed superheating and subcooling levels, with simulations conducted for evaporator temperatures between −10°C and 15°C and condenser temperatures between 10°C and 50°C. Key performance indicators such as coefficient of performance (COP), compressor power consumption, and refrigerant mass-flow rate were calculated and normalized relative to R-134a. The results show that hydrocarbon refrigerants (R-600a and R-600) achieve up to 3%–4% higher COP than R-134a, while R-152a provides approximately 3%–4% COP improvement with reduced compressor power (~ 4%). In contrast, R-1234yf exhibits 4%–5% lower COP and 2%–5% higher compressor power, whereas R-290 and R-1270 show moderate efficiency penalties of 1%–3%. R-515B and R-1234ze(E) demonstrate near-baseline performance, with COP variations within ±1% of R-134a. Mass-flow rate reductions of 40%–50% are observed for hydrocarbons and R-152a due to higher latent heat, while R-1234yf requires 25%–28% higher flow rate. The results further reveal that performance trends are strongly governed by latent heat, thermal conductivity, viscosity, and reduced pressure. Overall, low-GWP refrigerants can deliver comparable or superior thermodynamic performance to R-134a, though trade-offs between efficiency, compressor loading, and volumetric capacity must be considered. These findings provide practical guidance for selecting sustainable refrigerants that balance environmental impact and operational efficiency in future cooling system design.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":44939,"journal":{"name":"Heat Transfer","volume":"55 6","pages":"3592-3605"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148696009","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thermal Performance of a Layered Bi-PCM Heat Sink With Nano-Reinforcement for Passive Cooling of Power Electronics","authors":"Ahmed Samet,&nbsp;Abderrahim Baccar,&nbsp;Mohamed Haddar","doi":"10.1002/htj.70281","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/htj.70281","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Effective thermal management of power electronics is essential to ensure operational reliability as device power densities increase. This study numerically investigates the thermal performance of a newly proposed layered biphasic phase‑change material (Bi-PCM) heat sink enhanced with copper nanoparticle reinforcement for passive cooling applications. A two-stage optimization approach is employed, combining architectural design (PCM sequencing and volumetric distribution) with nano-reinforcement strategies, using validated transient computational fluid dynamics simulations based on the enthalpy–porosity method. Among the 10 configurations tested, results show that the Regressive Gradient Strategy, where the high-melting-point PCM (RT55) is positioned adjacent to the heat source, provides superior performance. The optimal configuration (70% RT55–30% RT42) achieves an operational time of 72.04 min, representing a 3.69% improvement compared with the best Progressive Gradient Strategy configuration. This enhancement is attributed to delayed melting onset and improved latent heat utilization. Nano‑reinforcement with uniformly dispersed copper nanoparticles (3 vol% in both layers) further improves the performance of the optimal Bi‑PCM architecture, increasing the operational time by 2.16% (to 73.60 min) and lowering the peak temperature by 5.5% (to 73.34°C) relative to the nonreinforced reference. The results demonstrate that architectural optimization (PCM sequencing and volumetric distribution) plays a dominant role in thermal regulation, while nano‑reinforcement provides a secondary but significant enhancement. The proposed configuration and optimization framework offer physics‑based design guidelines for advanced passive thermal management of power electronics and can be readily extended to multi‑PCM systems.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":44939,"journal":{"name":"Heat Transfer","volume":"55 6","pages":"3704-3725"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148696352","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Successive Linearization Method Solutions of Radiative Hydrodynamic Williamson-Nanofluid Flow Through a Porous Slender Cylinder: Thermal Diffusion and Diffusion Thermo Effects","authors":"G. Jagadeeshwar,&nbsp;R. Srinivasa Raju,&nbsp;S. Jana Reddy,&nbsp;M. Anil Kumar","doi":"10.1002/htj.70267","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/htj.70267","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The combined effects of diffusion thermo and thermal diffusion on the behavior of Williamson fluid are the primary focus of this research. Magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) flow through a porous medium is examined, considering the effects of thermal radiation, thermophoresis, and Brownian motion. These interactions are significant in practical applications such as cooling systems, heat exchangers, chemical processing, porous media flows, biomedical transport, filtration, and aerospace thermal management. A transformation from fundamental governing PDEs to ordinary differential equations can be achieved through the application of similarity modifications. Solving the coupled nonlinear ordinary differential equations is accomplished using the successive linearization method (SLM). Comparing SLM to other research in the same area allows us to observe its efficacy. A comparison with SLM confirms the accuracy of the results. The impacts of various engineering parameters on concentration, temperature, and velocity profiles are discussed physically through graphs. The skin-friction coefficient, Sherwood number, and Nusselt number can be more easily calculated with the use of multi-factor tables. The study reveals that curvature enhances velocity, temperature, and concentration profiles, while the Williamson parameter reduces fluid velocity due to increased non-Newtonian resistance. Thermal radiation, thermophoresis, and Dufour effects significantly improve heat transfer, whereas higher Prandtl number reduces thermal diffusion. Moreover, Soret and thermophoresis effects enhance mass transfer, while Brownian motion and chemical reaction reduce concentration levels.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":44939,"journal":{"name":"Heat Transfer","volume":"55 6","pages":"3482-3494"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148696398","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of Thermophoresis on Fully Developed Combined Buoyancy Forces in a Vertical Channel Filled With Porous Materials: Homotopy Perturbation Method","authors":"Ayuba M. Umar,&nbsp;Basant K. Jha","doi":"10.1002/htj.70277","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/htj.70277","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This work develops a comprehensive mathematical model to analyze heat and mass transfer in a vertical porous channel under the influence of internal heat source/sink, chemical reaction, and buoyancy-driven flow. The model comprises a set of coupled second-order nonlinear ordinary differential equations describing temperature, concentration and velocity fields. The energy equation incorporates the heat source/sink parameter, while the concentration equation features the thermophoresis, Schmidt number effects and a chemical reaction term. The momentum equation includes thermal and solutal buoyancy effects and accounts for the resistance of the porous medium through the Darcy number. The system is subject to mixed boundary conditions that simulate shear-driven flow with specified temperature and solute concentration at the heated plate and convective cooling and solute depletion at the cold plate. The governing equations were solved using the homotopy perturbation method (HPM). The analysis reveals that internal heat generation enhances fluid temperature, which, in turn, drives buoyancy-induced acceleration of the flow, while heat absorption suppresses temperature and slows the flow. The thermophoresis effect strongly influences solute distribution by coupling it with Schmidt number, and chemical reactions. The velocity field is found to be highly sensitive to the combined thermal and solutal buoyancy effects and the medium's permeability. It is observed that the temperature profile decreases with increase in Biot number while concentration and velocity profiles increase with increase in Biot number.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":44939,"journal":{"name":"Heat Transfer","volume":"55 6","pages":"3631-3642"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148696556","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Forced Convective Immersion Cooling of Batteries With a Novel Phase-Change Slurry in High-Temperature Environments","authors":"Sandip K. Saha,&nbsp;S. Vignesh,&nbsp;Vanita A. Wagh,&nbsp;Riya Priyadarshi","doi":"10.1002/htj.70263","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/htj.70263","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Thermal management of lithium-ion batteries in high-temperature environments is challenging because the available temperature range for safe operation is significantly limited. Therefore, this study proposes a novel immersion cooling of cylindrical 18650 Li-ion batteries using a phase-change material (PCM)-based slurry. The phase-change slurry, consisting of Organic Mixture-42 dispersed in silicone oil, is used as the coolant for the battery module, and its thermal and hydraulic performance is compared with that of a single-phase coolant. The proposed battery thermal management system design is numerically modeled using the multiscale multidomain framework with the Newman–Tiedemann–Gu–Kim model adopting a single-phase approximation for the slurry flow. The numerical model is validated against in-house experimental results by comparing average cell temperature profiles under similar operating conditions. A detailed parametric analysis is performed by varying slurry mass concentrations (0.5%, 1%, 2%, and 4%), flow rates (0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 g/s), and ambient temperatures (35°C, 38°C, and 41°C) to assess their impact on thermal performance. The results indicate that the performance gain is maximum at a PCM concentration of 4% and a flow rate of 0.5 g/s, beyond which the benefits are offset by significantly increased pumping power. Incorporating PCM into the single-phase coolant significantly enhances the heat-carrying capacity, with a reduction in peak battery temperature rise by 11.8% for 4% PCM-slurry compared with silicone oil cooling, demonstrating the efficacy of the PCM, especially in high-temperature environments, where stabilizing battery temperature within a safe operating limit for a longer duration is essential.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":44939,"journal":{"name":"Heat Transfer","volume":"55 6","pages":"3427-3446"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148695755","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimizing Viscous Fluid Flow Embedded With Surface Constraints Based on Artificial Neural Networking Simulation","authors":"Farooq Hussain,&nbsp;Jalal Ud Din,&nbsp;Mubbashar Nazeer,&nbsp;A. Hussain","doi":"10.1002/htj.70265","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/htj.70265","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;div&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;p&gt;In this investigation, the Levenberg–Marquardt algorithm with neural network (LMA-NN) model has been developed for the optimization of the viscous fluid. Suitable similarity transformations are applied to the set of partial differential equations for the transport of heat and concentration in two-dimensional convective flow. A formidable numerical technique is utilized to simulate flow dynamics conveying thermal energy and tiny substances on flat surfaces. In addition to this, high-fidelity reference data are cumulated via adaptive Runge–Kutta integration to determine the mean squared error (MSE). It is worth mentioning that the least margin of error of order &lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;math&gt;\u0000 &lt;semantics&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;msup&gt;\u0000 &lt;mn&gt;10&lt;/mn&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;mo&gt;−&lt;/mo&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;mn&gt;9&lt;/mn&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;/msup&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt;–&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;math&gt;\u0000 &lt;semantics&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;msup&gt;\u0000 &lt;mn&gt;10&lt;/mn&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;mo&gt;−&lt;/mo&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;mn&gt;11&lt;/mn&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;/msup&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt; is obtained for all four separate surrogate (&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;math&gt;\u0000 &lt;semantics&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;S&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;mn&gt;1&lt;/mn&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt;–&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;math&gt;\u0000 &lt;semantics&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;S&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;mn&gt;4&lt;/mn&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt;) cases after application of the advanced Levenberg–Marquardt algorithm (LMA) neural network model. It is inferred that correlation coefficients tend to unity (i.e., &lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;math&gt;\u0000 &lt;semantics&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;R&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;mo&gt;≈&lt;/mo&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;mn&gt;1&lt;/mn&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt;) yielded by the MSE between the surrogate models approaching training (70%), validation (15%), and testing (15%). Neural computing explicitly confines the absolute deviations within the range of &lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;math&gt;\u0000 &lt;semantics&gt;\u0000 &lt;m","PeriodicalId":44939,"journal":{"name":"Heat Transfer","volume":"55 6","pages":"3455-3468"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148696068","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}