Annals of Pediatric Endocrinology & Metabolism最新文献

{"title":"Beyond anatomy - A commentary on \"Pituitary magnetic resonance imaging abnormalities and 1-year growth response in children with idiopathic growth hormone deficiency\".","authors":"Se Young Kim","doi":"10.6065/apem.2625148edi04","DOIUrl":"10.6065/apem.2625148edi04","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":44915,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Pediatric Endocrinology & Metabolism","volume":"31 4","pages":"207-208"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13549757/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148907650","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of a glycated hemoglobin prediction model using continuous glucose monitoring metrics in pediatric type 1 diabetes mellitus: insights into average glucose and recent glycemic trends.","authors":"Hakyung Lee, Mi Yang, Hwa Young Kim, Jaehyun Kim","doi":"10.6065/apem.2550214.107","DOIUrl":"10.6065/apem.2550214.107","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Given the limitations of glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) metrics have been proposed as complementary indicators of glycemic control. This study evaluated the association between CGM metrics and HbA1c and developed HbA1c prediction models in Korean pediatric patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We retrospectively analyzed CGM data from 85 patients aged 2-18 years using real-time CGM systems (G6 or G7). CGM records over 12 weeks were segmented into 5 intervals (0-2, 0-4, 4-8, 8-12, and 0-12 weeks) prior to HbA1c measurement. Metrics included time-in-range (TIR), time-above-range (TAR), time-below-range, time-in-tight-range, coefficient of variation, and average glucose. HbA1c prediction models were constructed using ridge regression and validated in a separate test dataset.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>TIR consistently showed the strongest negative association with HbA1c, while TAR and average glucose showed the strongest positive associations. Among all intervals, 0- to 4-week CGM data demonstrated the strongest relationship with HbA1c (all P<0.05). Average glucose achieved the best explanatory power among all metrics (R²=0.83, Akaike Information Criterion=84.34), and prediction models incorporating average glucose and TAR yielded the lowest mean squared error (0.15) and highest R² (0.83), with robust results in the test dataset.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Short-term CGM metrics, particularly average glucose during the 0-4 weeks preceding HbA1c testing, are strong predictors of HbA1c. These findings support the clinical utility of recent CGM data in optimizing individualized glycemic management in pediatric patients with T1DM.</p>","PeriodicalId":44915,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Pediatric Endocrinology & Metabolism","volume":" ","pages":"189-197"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13342894/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145557820","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evolving trends in pediatric thyroid nodules and cancer management.","authors":"Sabitha Sasidharan Pillai, Juliana Austin, Trevor E Angell","doi":"10.6065/apem.2550420.210","DOIUrl":"10.6065/apem.2550420.210","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) is the most common form of pediatric thyroid cancer, yet its management has been largely based on evidence from adults. Recent advances in science and clinical studies of pediatric DTC, particularly in papillary thyroid carcinoma, the predominant subtype, now form the basis of emerging paradigms and revised guidelines. The potential of malignancy in thyroid nodules, as defined by current ultrasound risk stratification systems, has been evaluated in pediatric patients, enabling evidence-based indication for fine-needle aspiration biopsy. Observational studies comparing the effect of different interventions on prognosis, complications, and quality of life, challenge traditional surgical approaches in favor of potentially less extensive initial resection. Recognition of distinct underlying oncogenic drivers has not only paved the way for discoveries in the biology of pediatric thyroid cancer but has also advanced the era of targeted systemic therapy for progressive and metastatic pediatric DTC. Certain genome alterations, particularly oncogenic gene fusions that are more common in pediatric DTC, can now be targeted with small-molecule inhibitors, offering more effective therapy for metastatic disease with fewer and less severe adverse effects. This review offers an evidence-based summary of these data and the evolving trends in the diagnosis and management of pediatric DTC.</p>","PeriodicalId":44915,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Pediatric Endocrinology & Metabolism","volume":"31 3","pages":"149-159"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13342900/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148406264","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring the relationship between psychological interventions and glycemic stability in youth with type 2 diabetes mellitus using machine learning methods.","authors":"Jisun Park, Young Se Kwon, Ji-Eun Lee, Dong Hyun Kim","doi":"10.6065/apem.2550248.124","DOIUrl":"10.6065/apem.2550248.124","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":44915,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Pediatric Endocrinology & Metabolism","volume":"31 3","pages":"203-205"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13342896/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148406240","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Long-term outcomes in 45,X/46,XY mosaicism: a 30-year retrospective study in Hong Kong.","authors":"Sarah Wing Yiu Poon, Sharon Wing Yan To, Lisa Lai Ping Siu, Shirley Sze Wing Cheng, Stephanie K L Ho, Gloria Shir Wey Pang, Pauline Po Lam So, Joanna Yuet Ling Tung, Ho-Ming Luk","doi":"10.6065/apem.2550284.142","DOIUrl":"10.6065/apem.2550284.142","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>45,X/46,XY mosaicism is a rare subset of sex chromosome abnormalities within the spectrum of differences of sex development. This study aimed to evaluate the long-term outcomes in a group of individuals with 45,X/46,XY mosaicism over a 30-year period.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A retrospective review was performed including 68 patients diagnosed from January 1990 to December 2023 at a tertiary unit. Cytogenetic analysis, patient demographics and various health outcomes were examined.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Thirty-five patients were raised as females and 33 were raised as males. Fifteen patients were found to have 45,X/46,XY mosaicism prenatally. The prevalence of gonadal tumor was 17.6% among phenotypic females and 38.5% in males with abnormal genitalia, whereas no tumors were detected in males with normal genitalia. The mean external genitalia score was significantly lower in males with gonadal tumors compared to those without (6.6 vs 10.4, P=0.002). For females, while most gonadal tumors were identified in those who had gonadectomy at pubertal age (5 of 6, 83.3%), gonadal tumors were also detected in very young children (1.3 years old). There was no significant improvement in height in those treated with growth hormone therapy and final adult height remained suboptimal (overall final adult height z-score -2.6±1.2). Adherence to surveillance for associated systemic comorbidities was inconsistent.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Gonadal tumor risk is higher in less masculinized males, while females may develop tumors across a wide age range. The long-term efficacy of growth hormone therapy in these patients remains unclear. Our findings emphasized the need for individualized surveillance in this population.</p>","PeriodicalId":44915,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Pediatric Endocrinology & Metabolism","volume":"31 3","pages":"168-177"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13342892/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148406208","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Metabolic and bone effects of long-acting polyethylene glycol-recombinant human growth hormone in growth hormone deficiency during the transition period: a prospective study.","authors":"Ke Huang, Hu Lin, Lifen Chen, Zhiya Dong, Yanhong Li, Guimei Li, Hui Yao, Shouyue Sun, Junfen Fu","doi":"10.6065/apem.2550238.119","DOIUrl":"10.6065/apem.2550238.119","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Polyethylene glycol-recombinant human growth hormone (PEG-rhGH) is the first commercial long-acting rhGH preparation approved in China. This study was designed to assess the efficacy and safety of PEG-rhGH in treating growth hormone deficiency (GHD) during the transition period.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A prospective, multicenter and single-arm study was performed. The entire study duration spanned 66 weeks, comprising a 2-week trial screening phase, a 12-week dose-adjustment period, and a 52-week PEG-rhGH treatment phase. A total of 10 interviews were conducted over the course of the study. The primary endpoint was change in body composition; secondary endpoints were changes in lumbar bone mineral density (BMD, L1-4) and lean body mass (LBM). Sex- and age-specific equations were developed to adjust body composition z-scores.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>: A total of 31 subjects were included in this study. Throughout the 64-week therapy with PEG-rhGH, the insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) standard deviation score (SDS) demonstrated progressive elevation from baseline (-3.07 to -1.38; P<0.001). Significant alterations in body composition parameters were observed throughout the study. Body weight increased 3.96 kg (P<0.001), and the body weight SDS exhibited significant elevation from baseline (0.67) to 64 weeks (1.14; P=0.005). LBM significantly increased (4.54 kg; P<0.001), but there was a statistically significant reduction in fat percentage (Fat%) from 37.40% to 33.94% (P=0.008) and Fat% SDS from 1.91 to 1.47 (P= 0.009). The lumbar BMD z-score improved from -1.54 at baseline to -1.12 postintervention, but did not reach statistical significance (P>0.05). The triglyceride (TG) levels of the subjects decreased significantly at week 64 (P=0.018). There was no statistically significant difference in the changes of other lipid profile indicators. In this study, no adverse events attributable to direct drug-related causes were identified.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Based on our study, PEG-rhGH can improve IGF-1 levels and alter body composition parameters by increasing LBM and decreasing body fat and TG levels in patients with GHD during the transition period, and it has a comparable safety profile and helps improve therapeutic adherence.</p>","PeriodicalId":44915,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Pediatric Endocrinology & Metabolism","volume":"31 3","pages":"178-188"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13342898/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148406248","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Intrathyroidal thymic tissue: a pediatric case series from a secondary care center.","authors":"Rita Silva Pereira, Joana Azevedo Silva, Marta Isabel Dias, Ana Miguel Simões, Sandra Mota Pereira, Vânia Martins","doi":"10.6065/apem.2550318.159","DOIUrl":"10.6065/apem.2550318.159","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Intrathyroidal ectopic thymus (IET) is a benign condition caused by aberrant thymic migration during embryogenesis. Often detected incidentally on ultrasound (US), it can mimic malignant thyroid nodules, leading to unnecessary interventions. We aimed to define the imaging characteristics of IET and emphasize an accurate diagnosis to avoid unwarranted procedures. We describe 5 pediatric cases of IET diagnosed by cervical US and monitored through long-term serial imaging. All lesions appeared as intrathyroidal nodules with echogenicity and internal foci typical of thymic tissue. Follow-up imaging showed no significant changes. None of the patients had thyroid dysfunction or clinical symptoms. The distinctive sonographic features of IET can differentiate it from malignant nodules, preventing unnecessary biopsies or surgeries. US follow-up confirmed a benign course and supports conservative management strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":44915,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Pediatric Endocrinology & Metabolism","volume":"31 3","pages":"198-202"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13342899/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148406271","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Beyond genital phenotype - Commentary on \"Long-term outcomes in 45,X/46,XY mosaicism: a 30-year retrospective study in Hong Kong&quot.","authors":"So Yoon Jung","doi":"10.6065/apem.2625142edi03","DOIUrl":"10.6065/apem.2625142edi03","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":44915,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Pediatric Endocrinology & Metabolism","volume":"31 3","pages":"147-148"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13342897/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148406250","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Author Correction: MC4R-related monogenic obesity in children: insights from 2 cases.","authors":"Dhivya Shanmugam, Subbiah Sridhar, Nandini Kuppusamy, Kathirvel Manjini, Palaniappan Sreenivasan, Muthu Aravind Kumar","doi":"10.6065/apem.2026.err01","DOIUrl":"10.6065/apem.2026.err01","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":44915,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Pediatric Endocrinology & Metabolism","volume":"31 3","pages":"206"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13353804/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148406212","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prediabetes in children and adolescents: what do we need to know?","authors":"Kyungmi Jang, Philip S Zeitler","doi":"10.6065/apem.2550222.111","DOIUrl":"10.6065/apem.2550222.111","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Pediatric obesity is a growing global concern because it leads to an increased prevalence of abnormal glucose metabolism, including dysglycemia, prediabetes, and type 2 diabetes. Those conditions are associated with significant cardiovascular risk factors such as dyslipidemia, hypertension, metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease, and sleep disturbances. Insulin resistance is a key contributor to the pathophysiology of those conditions, and the physiological reduction in insulin sensitivity during puberty further contributes to their pathogenesis in youth. However, insulin sensitivity improves after puberty, leading to spontaneous normalization of glucose metabolism in most individuals and complicating the concept of prediabetes. Therefore, general population screening for diabetes in youth is not recommended except in certain populations with high prevalence. When prediabetes is identified, lifestyle modification remains the primary intervention because pharmacologic treatments have yet to show efficacy in youth. This review explores the definitions, risk factors, screening recommendations, and management strategies for prediabetes in children and adolescents and highlights the limitations of applying adult-based diagnostic criteria to the pediatric population.</p>","PeriodicalId":44915,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Pediatric Endocrinology & Metabolism","volume":"31 3","pages":"160-167"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13342891/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148406269","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}