Volume 2: Emissions Control Systems; Instrumentation, Controls, and Hybrids; Numerical Simulation; Engine Design and Mechanical Development最新文献

{"title":"Non-Equiprobable Statistical Analysis of Misfires and Partial Burns for Cycle-to-Cycle Control of Combustion Variability","authors":"Bryan P. Maldonado, A. Stefanopoulou","doi":"10.1115/ICEF2018-9540","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/ICEF2018-9540","url":null,"abstract":"Cycle-to-cycle combustion variability (CV) in spark ignition internal combustion engines is amplified at high levels of exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) by sporadic partial burn and misfire events. A non-equiprobable cycle classification method, based on the magnitude of the indicated mean effective pressure (IMEP), was developed to discern and study the deterministic and stochastic components of cyclic CV. The time series analysis of experimental combustion cycles suggested that the occurrence of high energy release cycles right after misfires is the only deterministic component between consecutive cycles. This predictable behavior results from the retained air and fuel from the incomplete combustion cycle to the next. On the other hand, this study shows that the occurrence of partial burn and misfire cycles is the product of the stochastic component of cyclic CV with statistical properties similar to a multinomial probability distribution. It is demonstrated that observation of partial burns can increase the probability of observing a misfire when the conditional probability is used as the metric. Based on these findings, future work will be able to use the observation of partial burns alone to control the upper bound on the probability of misfire events. To this end, different metrics are proposed to control directly and indirectly the probability of misfires, and their advantages and disadvantages for feedback combustion control are discussed.","PeriodicalId":448421,"journal":{"name":"Volume 2: Emissions Control Systems; Instrumentation, Controls, and Hybrids; Numerical Simulation; Engine Design and Mechanical Development","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117188128","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of a New Four Valve Cylinder Head to Increase the Efficiency of a Worldwide High Reliable Gas Engine","authors":"R. Herdin, A. Herdin, Hans Alten, G. Herdin, D. Mairegger","doi":"10.1115/ICEF2018-9646","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/ICEF2018-9646","url":null,"abstract":"Electrical efficiency is an important factor for most of the owners of gas engines. To reach a high electrical efficiency, engine manufacturers use four valve cylinder head technology on new designed engines. The change from two valve to four valve technology, in combination with optimized charge motion, can achieve an increase of electrical efficiency up to 2.5%. A significant number of engines in the market are only equipped with two valve cylinder heads, thus leaving potential to reduce carbon emissions and fuel consumption.\u0000 The scope of the paper applies to the modernization of an already well established gas engine series available on the market with a power range of 500–1100kW [1].\u0000 In the first step, the potentials were considered purely in the context of a change in configuration of the spark plug, to pre-chamber spark plug. As second step an optimization of the ports was examined. Due to the pre-existing high level of development of the combustion stage, combined with an adaption of the boost charging system, an improvement of almost 2.5% was achieved. According to data sheets, modern gas engines within this power range have efficiencies in the range of ηe ∼ 44%. The project team therefore proceeded to develop a new cylinder head along with new design leading to a better combustion. Minimizing changes around the periphery of the engine was a prerequisite in order to complete these on site as part of the 30.000-hour service. Intake- as well as exhaustport geometries were optimized with the aid of CFD tools, such that swirl and flow capacity values achieved their specified objectives. The geometries of the water jacket and valve train were also optimized through a similar methodology. These changes led to a 7% reduction in gas exchange work, which directly reflect within improved efficiency levels. Altogether, the various measures (including combustion optimization) resulted in an efficiency improvement of about 2.5% leading to an electric efficiency of 42.9%. The first endurance run shows that the mechanics match the expected technical requirements. Very low wear rates despite the increased masses of the valve train could be reached due to higher qualities in terms of materials.\u0000 The paper focuses particularly on the flow optimization in conjunction with the variables surrounding the mechanic design. Finally, the test results of the pilot engines are presented alongside an economic analysis.","PeriodicalId":448421,"journal":{"name":"Volume 2: Emissions Control Systems; Instrumentation, Controls, and Hybrids; Numerical Simulation; Engine Design and Mechanical Development","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115331015","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Benefits of Higher-Temperature Operation in Boosted SI Engines Enabled by Advanced Materials","authors":"Z. Mills, C. Finney, K. Edwards, J. Haynes","doi":"10.1115/ICEF2018-9739","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/ICEF2018-9739","url":null,"abstract":"To meet the demand for greater fuel efficiency in passenger vehicles, various strategies are employed to increase the power density of light-duty SI engines, with attendant thermal or system efficiency increases. One approach is to incorporate higher-performance alloys for critical engine components. These alloys can have advantageous thermal or mechanical properties at higher temperatures, allowing for components constructed from these materials to meet more severe pressure and temperature demands, while maintaining durability. Advanced alloys could reduce the need for charge enrichment to protect certain gas-path components at high speed and load conditions, permit more selective cooling to reduce heat-transfer losses, and allow engine downsizing, while maintaining performance, by achieving higher cylinder temperatures and pressures. As a first step in investigating downsizing strategies made possible through high-performance alloys, a GT-Power model of a 4-cylinder 1.6L turbocharged direct-injection SI engine was developed. The model was tuned and validated against experimental dynamometer data collected from a corresponding engine. The model was then used to investigate various operating strategies for increasing power density. Results from these investigations will provide valuable insight into how new materials might be utilized to meet the needs of future light-duty engines and will serve as the basis for a more comprehensive investigation using more-detailed thermo-mechanical modeling.","PeriodicalId":448421,"journal":{"name":"Volume 2: Emissions Control Systems; Instrumentation, Controls, and Hybrids; Numerical Simulation; Engine Design and Mechanical Development","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115418442","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spray Evaporative Cooling System Design for Automotive Internal Combustion Engines","authors":"J. T. Jose, J. Dunne, J. Pirault, C. Long","doi":"10.1115/ICEF2018-9659","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/ICEF2018-9659","url":null,"abstract":"IC engine spray evaporative cooling system design is discussed starting with a review of existing evaporative cooling systems that automotive applications are required to address. A component-level system design is proposed culminating in a simulation model of a PID strategy used to control transient gasside metal temperatures with varying engine load. The model combines a spray evaporation correlation model with 1D finite-difference equations to model the transient heat transfer through a 7 mm thick metal slab which represents the wall of a cylinderhead. Based on the simulation results, the particular changes required of existing engine cooling jacket designs are discussed.","PeriodicalId":448421,"journal":{"name":"Volume 2: Emissions Control Systems; Instrumentation, Controls, and Hybrids; Numerical Simulation; Engine Design and Mechanical Development","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123346525","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integration of Printed Sensors in Plain Engine Bearings","authors":"R. Gorges, William Bisgrove, R. Curtis, J. Carter, J. W. George, Jonathan Ritchie, I. Wirth, V. Zoellmer, T. Rusch","doi":"10.1115/ICEF2018-9545","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/ICEF2018-9545","url":null,"abstract":"The integration of sensors in engine components has been a long-standing wish of engine manufacturers and researchers. Conventional probes are particularly difficult to mount in moving engine parts and require time-intensive and costly preparation, while often still not reaching the site of interest close enough. The advances recently made in the field of printed electronics enable new possibilities for sensor integration that previously were not possible. Particularly, crankshaft engine bearings are an interesting component to apply those new sensors to.\u0000 An important enabling factor for the successful sensor integration has been the increasing market penetration of polymer overlays for crankshaft bearings. The driving force behind this development was the pressure from legislation to reduce CO2 emissions, which in turn brought about new technologies such as start-stop and mild hybrids. Engine components now have to operate in much more aggressive environments, which in many cases only polymer overlays withstand. The unique application process of those coatings together with their material properties, such as robustness and non-conductivity, now allow embedding of electronic components right at the running surface of the bearings.\u0000 This paper details the development of a printed sensor that has been integrated into the bearing polymer overlay coating. Various results from respective rig testing of the sensor feedback throughout different load and speed conditions during operation are reported.","PeriodicalId":448421,"journal":{"name":"Volume 2: Emissions Control Systems; Instrumentation, Controls, and Hybrids; Numerical Simulation; Engine Design and Mechanical Development","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128507253","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Flow Simulation With Needle Movement of Diesel Nozzles With Alternating Diameter","authors":"Constantin Vasconi, R. Baar","doi":"10.1115/ICEF2018-9506","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/ICEF2018-9506","url":null,"abstract":"As the reduction of the nozzle hole diameter in diesel injectorsleads to a better vaporization and mixture generation, thenozzle geometry is considered as a key factor to face stricteremission standards. Many researches have been conductedconcerning the inner nozzle flow and especially the cavitationformation in the nozzles. In these studies, the geometricalinfluence of the nozzle shape on flow development is analyzednumerically. To reduce simulation time, sector models are used.One nozzle is simulated separately and the flow in the sac holeis assumed to follow symmetric boundaries. In this work, a newdesign of diesel nozzle is presented using 12 spray holes withalternating diameters (6 big and 6 small nozzles). The goal is toenhance air utilization during the combustion process byincreasing the spray covered volume in the piston bowl. Withthis design symmetric boundaries can only be set by simulatingtwo nozzles simultaneously. To analyze the influence of usingalternating nozzle hole diameters in one model severalsimulation are conducted. Three nozzle designs with 8, 12 and6+6 holes are examined and three types of models simulatingup to 6 nozzles simultaneously are applied. All nozzles have thesame hydraulic flow rate. In transient simulations the innerflow of these nozzles is analyzed, including the needlemovement. Compared to a sector model of an 8-hole nozzle,the flow field shows differences using alternating diameters ofspray holes at various needle positions. Since the flow field atthe nozzle outlet can be used as initial conditions forcontinuative spray simulations this effect may influence thespray angle and spray penetration.","PeriodicalId":448421,"journal":{"name":"Volume 2: Emissions Control Systems; Instrumentation, Controls, and Hybrids; Numerical Simulation; Engine Design and Mechanical Development","volume":"43 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128029536","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of a Hybrid Lagrangian-Eulerian Model to Describe Spark-Ignition Processes at Engine-Like Turbulent Flow Conditions","authors":"R. Scarcelli, Anqi Zhang, T. Wallner, S. Som, Jing Huang, S. Wijeyakulasuriya, Yijin Mao, Xiucheng Zhu, Seong-Young Lee","doi":"10.1115/ICEF2018-9690","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/ICEF2018-9690","url":null,"abstract":"With the engine technology moving towards more challenging (highly dilute and boosted) operation, spark-ignition processes play a key role in determining flame propagation and completeness of the combustion process. On the computational side, there is plenty of spark-ignition models available in literature and validated under conventional, stoichiometric SI operation. Nevertheless, these models need to be expanded and developed on more physical grounds since at challenging operation they are not truly predictive.\u0000 This paper reports on the development of a dedicated model for the spark-ignition event at non-quiescent, engine-like conditions, performed in the commercial CFD code CONVERGE. The developed methodology leverages previous findings that have expanded the use and improved the accuracy of Eulerian-type energy deposition models. In this work, the Eulerian energy deposition is coupled at every computational time-step with a Lagrangian-type evolution of the spark channel. Typical features such as spark channel elongation, stretch, attachment to the electrodes are properly described to deliver realistic energy deposition along the channel during the entire ignition process.\u0000 The numerical results are validated against schlieren images from an optical constant volume chamber and show the improvement in the simulation of the spark channel during the entire ignition event, with respect to the most commonly used energy deposition approach. Further development pathways are discussed to provide more physics-based features from the developed ignition model in the future.","PeriodicalId":448421,"journal":{"name":"Volume 2: Emissions Control Systems; Instrumentation, Controls, and Hybrids; Numerical Simulation; Engine Design and Mechanical Development","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126893104","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Powertrain Resilient Mounting Design Analysis","authors":"T. Parikyan, N. Naranča, J. Neher","doi":"10.1115/ICEF2018-9539","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/ICEF2018-9539","url":null,"abstract":"For efficient modeling of engine (or powertrain) supported by non-linear elastic mounts, a special methodology has been elaborated. Based on it, software tool has been developed to analyze the motion of rigid body and elastic mounts, which comprises of three modules:\u0000 • Non-linear static analysis;\u0000 • Modal analysis (undamped and damped);\u0000 • Forced response (in frequency domain).\u0000 Application example of a large V12 marine engine illustrates the suggested workflow.\u0000 The results are verified against other software tools and validated by measurements.","PeriodicalId":448421,"journal":{"name":"Volume 2: Emissions Control Systems; Instrumentation, Controls, and Hybrids; Numerical Simulation; Engine Design and Mechanical Development","volume":"54 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127561772","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Design and Experimental Validation of a Spatially Discretized, Control-Oriented Temperature Model for a Ceria-Washcoated Gasoline Particulate Filter","authors":"Sean Moser, S. Onori, Mark A. Hoffman","doi":"10.1115/ICEF2018-9687","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/ICEF2018-9687","url":null,"abstract":"Gasoline particulate filters (GPFs) are the most promising and practically applicable devices to reduce Particulate Matter (PM) and Particulate Number (PN) emissions from gasoline direct ignition engines. A model that can predict internal GPF temperature dynamics during regeneration events can then be implemented online to maintain GPF health and aide in exotherm control algorithms without the associated instrumentation costs. This work demonstrates a control-oriented model, which captures the thermal dynamics in a catalyzed, ceria-coated GPF in the axial direction. The model utilizes soot oxidation reaction kinetics to predict internal GPF temperature dynamics during regeneration events using three finite volume cells.\u0000 A model methodology initially proposed by Arunachalam et al [18] is utilized with the GPF of this work, validating the broad applicability of that methodology. Then, the model’s temperature prediction fidelity is improved through axial discretization. The zonal model parameters are identified via a Particle Swarm Optimization using experimental results from the instrumented GPF. Identified parameters from the various data sets are used to develop a linear parameter varying model for prediction of the axial temperature distribution within the GPF. The resulting model is then validated against an experimental data set utilizing the exhaust temperature entering the GPF. The spatial discretization methodology employed both enables the prediction of spatial temperature variation within the GPF and improves the accuracy of the peak temperature prediction by a factor ranging from 2–10x.","PeriodicalId":448421,"journal":{"name":"Volume 2: Emissions Control Systems; Instrumentation, Controls, and Hybrids; Numerical Simulation; Engine Design and Mechanical Development","volume":"169 ","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120981135","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prediction of Cyclic Variability and Knock-Limited Spark Advance (KLSA) in Spark-Ignition (SI) Engine","authors":"Zongyu Yue, K. Edwards, C. Sluder, S. Som","doi":"10.1115/ICEF2018-9605","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/ICEF2018-9605","url":null,"abstract":"Engine knock remains one of the major barriers to further improve thermal efficiency of Spark Ignition (SI) engines. Knock can be suppressed by lowering the compression ratio, or retarding the spark ignition timing, however, at an expense of efficiency penalty. SI engine is usually operated at knock-limited spark advance (KLSA) to achieve possibly maximum efficiency with given engine hardware and fuel properties, such as Research Octane Number (RON), Motor Octane Number (MON), and heat of vaporization, etc. Co-optimization of engine design and fuel properties is promising to improve the engine efficiency and predictive CFD models can be used to facilitate this optimization process. However, difficulties exist in predicting KLSA in CFD simulations. First, cyclic variability of SI engine demands that multi-cycle results are required to capture the extreme conditions. Secondly, Mach Courant-Friedrichs-Lewy (CFL) number of 1 is desired to accurately predict the knock intensity (KI), resulting in unaffordable computational cost, especially for multi-cycle simulations. In this study, a new approach to numerically predict KLSA using large Mach CFL number of 50 is proposed. This approach is validated against experimental data for a boosted Direct Injection Spark Ignition (DISI) engine at multiple loads and spark timings. G-equation combustion model coupled with well-mixed chemical kinetic model are used to predict the turbulent flame propagation and end-gas auto-ignition, respectively. Simulations run for 10 consecutive engine cycles at each condition. The results show good agreement between model predictions and experiments in terms of cylinder pressure, combustion phasing and cyclic variation. Engine knock is predicted with early spark ignition timing, indicated by significant pressure wave oscillation and end-gas heat release. Maximum Amplitude of Pressure Oscillation (MAPO) analysis is performed to quantify the KI, and the slope change point in KI extrema is used to indicate the KLSA accurately. Using a smaller Mach CFL number of 5 also results in the same conclusions thus demonstrating that this approach is insensitive to the Mach CFL number. The use of large Mach CFL number allows us to achieve fast turn-around time for multi-cycle engine CFD simulations.","PeriodicalId":448421,"journal":{"name":"Volume 2: Emissions Control Systems; Instrumentation, Controls, and Hybrids; Numerical Simulation; Engine Design and Mechanical Development","volume":"119 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125142559","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}