Comparative Political Economy: Comparative Capitalism eJournal最新文献

{"title":"UNA NOTA SULL'IMPATTO DELL'EVASIONE FISCALE SULLA DISEGUAGLIANZA DEI REDDITI IN ITALIA (A Note on the Impact of Tax Evasion on Inequality of Income in Italy)","authors":"I. Iaccio","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3763712","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3763712","url":null,"abstract":"<b>Italian abstract:</b> In questa nota vengono presentati i risultati relativi all’analisi dell’impatto dell’evasione fiscale sulla diseguaglianza nella distribuzione dei redditi in Italia. L’analisi ha preso in considerazione i dati disponibili dal World Inequality Database (WID) per il periodo dal 2000 al 2009. A tal fine, l’impatto dell’evasione fiscale è stato misurato dalla differenza tra il grado di concentrazione (indice di Gini) nella distribuzione, rispettivamente, dei redditi dichiarati (fiscali) e dei redditi effettivi ricostruiti a partire dal reddito nazionale. Dall’analisi si evince che l’evasione ha contribuito positivamente all’aumento della diseguaglianza dei redditi in Italia e, soprattutto, che il fenomeno risulta essere in continua crescita nel periodo oggetto di studio.<br><br><b>English abstract:</b> This note discusses the results of the analysis of the impact of tax evasion on inequality in the distribution of income in Italy. The analysis considers data available from the World Inequality Database (WID) from 2000 to 2009. The impact of tax evasion is measured by the difference between concentration (Gini index) in the distribution of, respectively, fiscal income (reported by taxpayers) and actual income (obtained from National Accounts). The analysis shows that tax evasion has positively contributed to the increase of income inequality in Italy and, most importantly, its negative implications in terms of inequality are increasing in the reference period.","PeriodicalId":448175,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Political Economy: Comparative Capitalism eJournal","volume":"43 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130104147","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Measure of the Middle Class","authors":"Steven Tanimura","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.3761966","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.3761966","url":null,"abstract":"The term, ‘middle class’, is constantly used to describe some average group of individuals, households or families. Various definitions and measures are used within the public policy, media and academic arenas. And, yet, there is no definitive consensus as to what middle class means or how to measure it. \u0000 \u0000It seems that there are a number of nuances to the concept of the middle class that may not lend itself to direct measurement, outside of specialized surveys. The most common approach to defining and measuring the middle class is through the use of some form of income. Generally the concept of the money income seems to the broadest and most useful, through it presents certain problems upon closer examination. \u0000 \u0000Other metrics used or proposed include wealth and consumption. Wealth as a metric is often of interest especially where there is concern over inequality. The consumption metric is more directly related to income, but the manner in which it is defined and collected is where it may present certain advantages over income. \u0000 \u0000There are more subjective aspects of this topic which is often used to better identify those belonging to the middle class. Its qualitative nature makes it difficult to measure on some consistent basis. However, it seems that this area needs further exploration. \u0000 \u0000The purpose of this paper is not to delve into the areas of poverty or inequities of the income or wealth distribution. It sole purpose is to attempt to examine the definition of middle class that may lead to a useful metric to measure it. As to the various metrics available, an examination of the standard ones will be made, as well as some non-standard ones. The paper's objective is to highlight which metrics may be most appropriate and what changes should be made to provide a more robust method of measuring the middle class. \u0000 \u0000Assuming one can define, albeit imperfectly, a middle class, then it naturally follows that a lower class and upper class will also be defined.","PeriodicalId":448175,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Political Economy: Comparative Capitalism eJournal","volume":"70 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116590633","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Place-Specific Determinants of Income Gaps: New Sub-National Evidence From Mexico","authors":"R. Hausmann, C. Pietrobelli, M. Santos","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3120366","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3120366","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The literature on wage gaps between Chiapas and the rest of Mexico revolves around individual factors, such as education and ethnicity. Yet, twenty years after the Zapatista rebellion, the schooling gap has shrunk while the wage gap has widened, and we find no evidence indicating that Chiapas indigenes are worse-off than their likes elsewhere in Mexico. We explore a different hypothesis and argue that place-specific characteristics condition the choices and behaviors of individuals living in Chiapas and explain persisting income gaps. Most importantly, they limit the necessary investments at the firm level in dynamic capabilities. Based on census data, we calculate the economic complexity index, a measure of the knowledge agglomeration embedded in the economic activities at the municipal level. Economic complexity explains a larger fraction of the wage gap than any individual factor. Our results suggest that the problem is Chiapas, and not Chiapanecos.","PeriodicalId":448175,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Political Economy: Comparative Capitalism eJournal","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129628903","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of Spirituality, Demographics, and Culture on Career Satisfaction, Organisational Fairness Climate, and Affective Commitment in Pakistani Organization: The Mediatory Role of Ethical Leadership","authors":"M. Owais, D. Siddiqui","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3755235","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3755235","url":null,"abstract":"The lens through which followers experience the ethical dimension of leadership itself it is argued is likely distorted by a followers’ level in the hierarchy. In this regard, ethical leadership may be better conceptualized as an intermediary through which follower status contributes to these desirable outcomes. This research expands the literature about the causes, consequences, and the unique role of ethical leadership in the workplace. In particular, we examine the mediated model of ethical leadership in the effect of individualism, spirituality, as well as demographics on organizational outcomes like:<br><br>1. organization’s fairness climate (CF), <br><br>2. affective commitment (AC), and <br><br>3. career satisfaction (CS). <br><br>Drawing on the work of Pucic (2015), we argue that demographics like Job, experience, Age, Education, Position, and Working Hour of employees affect their perception of ethical leadership (EL) in the organization, and this perception, in turn, affect the three above mentioned outcomes. In the same way, spirituality and individualistic (IND) cultures also influence these outcomes through EL. Spirituality was further sub-classified into Spiritual Believe (SB), Coping (SC), Experience (SE), and Practices (SP). Empirical validity was established by conducting a survey using a close-ended questionnaire. Data was collected from 500 employees and analyzed using confirmatory factor analysis and structured equation modeling. The results suggested that Ethical leadership, individualistic culture, and years of experience have a positive and significant effect on all three outcomes i.e. AC, CF, CS. Moreover, Education and Spiritual Believe seem to have a positive impact on AC. Similarly, Spiritual Experience also has a positive effect on CF. Surprisingly, position and Spiritual Practices seem to have a negative and significant impact on career satisfaction. Moreover, Education, individualism, and position also seem to be positively impacting ethical leadership. Hence, EL positively mediates the effect of education, individualism, and position on AC, CF, and CS respectively. Implications for theory and practice are discussed.","PeriodicalId":448175,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Political Economy: Comparative Capitalism eJournal","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131097216","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gendered Prices","authors":"Renée B. Adams, R. Kräussl, Marco A. Navone, P. Verwijmeren","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3746124","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3746124","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 We provide evidence that culture is a source of pricing bias. In a sample of 1.9 million auction transactions in 49 countries, paintings by female artists sell at an unconditional discount of 42.1%. The gender discount increases with measures of country-level gender inequality—even in artist fixed effects regressions. Our results are robust to accounting for potential gender differences in art characteristics and their liquidity. Evidence from two experiments supports the argument that women’s art may sell for less because it is made by women. However, the gender discount reduces over time as gender equality increases.","PeriodicalId":448175,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Political Economy: Comparative Capitalism eJournal","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116035978","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Last Call for Civil Rights: Toward Economic Equality","authors":"Yong‐Shik Lee","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.3743643","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.3743643","url":null,"abstract":"Over six decades have passed since the civil rights movement began in the mid-50s, but American society has not yet fully realized the promise of the civil rights movement, which at its core embodies the protection and promotion of equity and dignity of all people. Despite the historic improvements that accord the legal protection of equal rights among different races, genders, and ethnic groups, significant economic disparity among racial and regional lines persists. The reverend Martin Luther King, Jr., declared, “Now our struggle is for genuine equality, which means economic equality,” but the pursuit of economic equality has not been successful. Growing racial and regional economic disparities create a number of social, economic, and political problems in American society and pull America away from the ideals of the civil rights movement. Structural economic problems in the United States, such as persistent income and wealth disparities along racial lines and chronic poverty prevailing in many regions, have exacerbated inequality that divides the country. A fundamental paradigm change is required to meet this challenge. Racial and regional economic disparities can no longer be overcome solely by individual efforts and self-reliance. The federal government must address racial and regional economic disparities by facilitating economic development for minorities and economically-depressed areas, in close cooperation and coordination with state and local governments as well as the private sector. Successful economic development that bridges racial and regional economic disparities must be achieved before America can fully meet the objectives of the civil rights movement.","PeriodicalId":448175,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Political Economy: Comparative Capitalism eJournal","volume":"93 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117118471","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investments in Societal Complexity, Diminishing Marginal Returns and Neoliberalism: A Note","authors":"N. Elhefnawy","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3739954","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3739954","url":null,"abstract":"\"Investments in Societal Complexity, Diminishing Marginal Returns and Neoliberalism: A Note\" discusses the switch from \"Keynesian Fordism\" to \"Neoliberal Financialization\" as the organizing model for economic policy from the 1970s on, and the consequences for the world economy as understood via the lens of Joseph Tainter's theory regarding societal investments on complexity passing a point of diminishing returns and decreasing societal slack. Specifically it argues that as the Fordist post-World War II economic model ran into diminishing returns, policymakers attempted to improve the trend via neoliberal as a way of pursuing efficiencies, and eventually the deeper reorganization that was Neoliberal Financialization--which process actually worsened the trend. Specifically, while it brought an extreme increase in the complexity of economic life (in the hypertrophy of finance, rising trans-national flows of investment and trade, and overall financial and economic integration globally), all the complexity went along with a continued decline in returns and eroding societal slack (with major states deindustrializing, economic growth rates declining, debt-to-GDP ratios rising, fiscal space shrinking, etc.), leaving it a failure in the end.","PeriodicalId":448175,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Political Economy: Comparative Capitalism eJournal","volume":"53 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114850870","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"To What Ends for Theology-Oriented Economic Policymaking?","authors":"Robert C. Tatum","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3636442","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3636442","url":null,"abstract":"This paper explores the need for theology-oriented economic policymaking, as well as its possible sacred and secular ends. To facilitate this exploration, America’s Social Gospel movement of the late 19th and early 20th centuries is examined as a historical case of theology-oriented economic policymaking. True to form, its policies were oriented by theology and supported by economic analysis, while seeking to reform the economic system, rather than replace it. Arguably, a driving force in the Social Gospel movement’s policy successes was the postmillennial eschatological views held by many of its adherents. As postmillennialism is not widely shared and unlikely to sustain a movement, this paper considers eschatological concepts of proleptic anticipation and memento mori to exemplify ways in which theology can presently inform and sustain economic policymaking toward worthwhile ends.","PeriodicalId":448175,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Political Economy: Comparative Capitalism eJournal","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133827922","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"State Capitalism in International Context: Varieties and Variations","authors":"M. Wright, G. Wood, A. Musacchio, Ilya Okhmatovskiy, Anna Grosman, J. Doh","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3799531","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3799531","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract State interventions in markets assume varieties of forms in different economic systems. To capture this variety, we consider state capitalism as a multidimensional concept, first reviewing its historical evolution from both practical and scholarly vantages. We describe several dimensions of state capitalism and demonstrate how cross-national variations can be captured through positioning countries along these dimensions. We use cross-sectional data for a large sample of countries to derive factors that represent key dimensions of state capitalism. We demonstrate how cross-national and historical variation in state capitalism is captured by this Virtual Special Issue and offer suggestions for future research.","PeriodicalId":448175,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Political Economy: Comparative Capitalism eJournal","volume":"39 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130149877","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Are People Willing to Pay for Reduced Inequality?","authors":"B. Hill, Thomas Lloyd","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3711785","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3711785","url":null,"abstract":"In the face of rising income inequality (Acemoglu &amp; Autor, 2011; Atkinson, Piketty, &amp; Saez, 2011; Piketty, 2014; World Economic Forum, 2014), one recent proposal is to provide consumers with information about the income inequality across those involved in the production of each good, at the point of purchase. This has been shown to depress overall inequality (Hill, 2020), though its impact depends crucially on whether people are willing to pay more for goods whose production involves less income inequality. Here we investigate this largely unexplored empirical question through an incentivised, behavioural choice experiment on a representative sample of the English population. We find that a large majority are willing to pay significantly more for goods associated with less inequality. How much more people are willing to pay varies with political leaning and increases with the extent of the inequality reduction, but is positive across the political spectrum and for all studied inequality differences. Moreover, it is typically higher when inequality is reported in more intuitive and informa- tive formats. Our results bode well for the effectiveness of product-level inequality information provision as a tool for moderating income inequality, promising impacts even in markets where all goods involve relatively high inequality levels and potential participation across the political spectrum.","PeriodicalId":448175,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Political Economy: Comparative Capitalism eJournal","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131359078","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}