EARLY MUSICPub Date : 2023-08-07DOI: 10.1093/em/caad013
Jeffrey Levenberg
{"title":"Romanizing Chinese: word–tone relations in Athanasius Kircher’s <i>China illustrata</i>","authors":"Jeffrey Levenberg","doi":"10.1093/em/caad013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/em/caad013","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract When Matteo Ricci and the Jesuit missionaries landed in China in the late 16th century, they heard a language they could not readily reproduce in their own tongue. Unlike Latin and the Romance languages, Chinese is a tone language, in which the meaning of a word varies according to its relative pitch level. In order to Romanize Chinese, the Jesuits applied their knowledge of music theory and assigned solmization syllables to the Chinese tones. Although their manuscript musical dictionary remains lost, the essence of it is preserved in print in the most widely disseminated treatise on China of the time: China illustrata (1667), by the Jesuit polymath Athanasius Kircher. To date, sinologists have generally dismissed Kircher’s musical Chinese as unintelligible. Musicologists, meanwhile, having long poured over Kircher’s Musurgia universalis (1650), have yet to offer a detailed critique of China illustrata. In reapproaching this singular source in Sino-Western history, this article argues that the Jesuits’ musical representation of the Chinese language should not be rejected a priori. Kircher’s cryptic description of Chinese can, in fact, be clarified by a letter from Beijing in which a Jesuit spelled out the Chinese tones in musical staff notation. A musical analysis of the lead illustration in China illustrata—the Nestorian Stele of Xi’an—indicates that the Jesuits’ solmizations were closer approximations of Chinese than one might assume. Off-tone though it might at first appear, China illustrata is a valuable record of how the Jesuits Romanized Chinese.","PeriodicalId":44771,"journal":{"name":"EARLY MUSIC","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135903263","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"艺术学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
EARLY MUSICPub Date : 2023-08-06DOI: 10.1093/em/caad011
D. Burrows
{"title":"King George III and the ‘Smith Collection’ of Handel manuscripts","authors":"D. Burrows","doi":"10.1093/em/caad011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/em/caad011","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The run of morocco-bound manuscript scores of Handel’s oratorios and church music from the Royal Music Library, named the ‘Smith Collection’ by William Barclay Squire in 1927, was assembled as a set for King George III in the early years of his reign. Some of the volumes have year-dates for copying from the period 1766–70, but the sequence also incorporates earlier volumes that originated from the library of the king’s father (Frederick, Prince of Wales, d.1751), partially documented in a sale advertisement by a bookseller soon after Handel’s death. Squire believed that the series had been the property of John Christopher Smith and had been given to the king with the collection of Handel’s autograph scores in the 1770s. Newly identified documents from the Royal Library, now at Windsor, record payments for the copying of many of the scores and enable an alternative reconstruction of the history of the collection under the king’s influence, beginning in 1765–6. They also raise new questions about the identity of the music copyist ‘Mr Teede’. The completion of the series took place in the early 1770s, probably before the king received the autographs. For the shelves in George III’s library the oratorios were arranged in chronological order, but the diverse origins of the volumes had the result that, although the bindings were in similar styles, their sizes were not uniform.","PeriodicalId":44771,"journal":{"name":"EARLY MUSIC","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45334999","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"艺术学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
EARLY MUSICPub Date : 2023-08-06DOI: 10.1093/em/caad001
Blake Johnson
{"title":"Performer, composer and impresario: Thomas Vincent Jr. (c.1723–1798) and the oboe in London, 1748–1768","authors":"Blake Johnson","doi":"10.1093/em/caad001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/em/caad001","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Eighteenth-century writings about the oboe in London tend to focus primarily on two performers: Giuseppe Sammartini (1695–1750) and Johann Christian Fischer (1733–1800). As Sammartini died in 1750 and Fischer arrived in London only in 1768, this leaves much uncertain about the period of time which separated them. One of the leading oboists in the years following Sammartini’s death was Thomas Vincent Jr. (c.1723–98), a student of Sammartini’s. Vincent was later mentioned by both William Thomas Parke (1761–1847) and Charles Burney (1726–1814) as a prominent performer who was popular until the arrival of Fischer. Was Vincent a skilled performer who was eclipsed by Fischer’s more brilliant style or a performer of lesser abilities and outdated style? Or were writers such as Parke and Burney simply biased in Fischer’s favour? A study of Vincent’s performance activities, his abilities as evidenced by his compositions, and a consideration of the differing musical styles of Vincent and Fischer’s works will demonstrate that Vincent was a venerable performer-composer in his own right and that the preference for Fischer expressed by later writers was less a dismissal of Vincent than a reflection of changing musical tastes.","PeriodicalId":44771,"journal":{"name":"EARLY MUSIC","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44775089","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"艺术学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
EARLY MUSICPub Date : 2023-08-04DOI: 10.1093/em/caad037
James Burke
{"title":"On the trail of the Willmott and Braikenridge manuscripts","authors":"James Burke","doi":"10.1093/em/caad037","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/em/caad037","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The Willmott and Braikenridge manuscripts, once owned by the Norwich merchant John Sadler (d.1592), are all that is known to survive from his second partbook set, dated 1591. This article explores the custodial history of those volumes, tracing their various later owners and the marks they left. It finds that the two surviving volumes may have been apart since 1709—a separation that persisted until they were reunited in 2022—and also that the set’s three missing partbooks may have been lost only since 1885, raising hopes that they may one day be found.","PeriodicalId":44771,"journal":{"name":"EARLY MUSIC","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136145875","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"艺术学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
EARLY MUSICPub Date : 2023-07-27DOI: 10.1093/em/caad035
Tomasz Górny
{"title":"Arnaud du Sarrat and the international music trade in Halle and Leipzig <i>c.</i>1700","authors":"Tomasz Górny","doi":"10.1093/em/caad035","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/em/caad035","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Arnaud du Sarrat is known primarily as a bookseller and publisher based in Berlin, where he worked as Estienne Roger’s official agent from 1706 at the latest. This article, however, focuses on his activity in Halle between 1694/5 and 1702, when he was bookseller and bookbinder to the university. An analysis of four catalogues presents insights into the printed music available in his stores in Halle and Leipzig at the turn of the 18th century. A study is made of du Sarrat’s relationship with the Dutch book market, especially with booksellers from Amsterdam; and du Sarrat’s correspondence with Theophilus Dorrington suggests how Pietist networks also allowed for the transmission of books.","PeriodicalId":44771,"journal":{"name":"EARLY MUSIC","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135755914","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"艺术学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
EARLY MUSICPub Date : 2023-07-27DOI: 10.1093/em/caad017
T. Knighton
{"title":"The Spanish Golden Age and beyond","authors":"T. Knighton","doi":"10.1093/em/caad017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/em/caad017","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":44771,"journal":{"name":"EARLY MUSIC","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-07-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44950835","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"艺术学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
EARLY MUSICPub Date : 2023-06-16DOI: 10.1093/em/caad002
{"title":"Correction to: Bach returns to Cambridge","authors":"","doi":"10.1093/em/caad002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/em/caad002","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":44771,"journal":{"name":"EARLY MUSIC","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44879224","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"艺术学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
EARLY MUSICPub Date : 2023-05-29DOI: 10.1093/em/caad026
Kimary Fick
{"title":"Aesthetic expression an das Clavier: performing character in the keyboard music of C. P. E. Bach","authors":"Kimary Fick","doi":"10.1093/em/caad026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/em/caad026","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The expression and interpretation of music in the North German Enlightenment was a primary concern of amateur musicians. Around the mid 18th century, influenced by the nascent discipline of aesthetics, literature on the arts and music exhibited a shift towards a psychological approach to expression rather than a rhetorical one. This article examines the notion of ‘character’ as used in aesthetics, music theory and compositions of the period, showing how it was closely linked to the moral function of art. Moving away from a rhetorical or semiotic approach that identifies a fixed character in specific genres or musical features, I argue that musical performance involved an interaction between the music’s implied character and the moral character of the musician. Case studies of two representative keyboard works by C. P. E. Bach, the Rondo I in C major (Wq.56.1/h.260) and the Fantasia in F♯ minor (Wq.67/h.300), explore ways to recover the psychological experience of character as delineated in these compositions, and discuss how an approach to expressing character could be employed by present-day performers.","PeriodicalId":44771,"journal":{"name":"EARLY MUSIC","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43775410","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"艺术学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
EARLY MUSICPub Date : 2023-05-24DOI: 10.1093/em/caad025
L. Stein
{"title":"Hidalgo’s golden age in sound: Hispanic songs on recordings since 1966","authors":"L. Stein","doi":"10.1093/em/caad025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/em/caad025","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":44771,"journal":{"name":"EARLY MUSIC","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-05-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48086957","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"艺术学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}