{"title":"The origin of the adjectival and adverbial mulaolao in Wu Chinese","authors":"Huayun Wang, Jianguo Xiong, Cenhong Luo","doi":"10.1353/jcl.2017.a934138","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/jcl.2017.a934138","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The word <i>mulaolao</i> (木佬佬) in Wu Chinese first appeared in written documents published during the period of the former Republic of China. It originated in Hangzhou dialect and spread to other regions such as Ningbo Taizhou, Jinhua, and Shanghai. In Hangzhou dialect, <i>mulaolao</i> serves both adjectival and adverbial purposes, and it is believed to have derived from the expressive adjective <i>manlaolao</i> (蛮老老). In <i>manlaolao</i>, the suffix - <i>laolao</i> (老老) intensifies the degree of a state or property and is written as “佬佬” due to its uncertain etymology. The man (蛮) part originally meant “rude and unreasonable” or “doughty” but has evolved to also mean “many”. In its weakened form, it underwent a checkedization1 process and was consequently pronounced as <i>mu </i>and written with a homophonous character “木”. The adjectival form of <i>mulaolao</i> is widely used, but in adverbial positions, it underwent semantic bleaching to become an adverb and fused into <i>mao</i> (冒). The adverbial usage of <i>mulaolao</i> is less prevalent among younger speakers.</p>","PeriodicalId":44675,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Chinese Linguistics","volume":"59 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2024-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141777210","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"From analogies to negativity: Pragmatic functions and stance expression of subjective counterfactual ruguo sentence. (In Chinese)","authors":"Zengwen Song, Xiaoli Wan","doi":"10.1353/jcl.2017.a934139","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/jcl.2017.a934139","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The “Ruguo(如果)” sentence refers to a conditional complex sentence connected by the hypothetical association word “Ruguo( 如果)”. The counterfactual “Ruguo(如果)” sentence includes subjective and objective counterfactual sentence. The judgment of subjective counterfactuality depends on semantic recognition and logical derivation. According to the objective truth and falsehood of the previous and last clause, we can divide the subjective counterfactual “Ruguo( 如 果 )” sentence into 4 categories: A true B false, A true B true or false, A true or false B true, A true or false B false. The pragmatic deriving mode can be summarized as containing both derivation and implicit derivation. The subjective counterfactual “Ruguo(如果)” sentence has the function of expressing stance, including explicit analogies and implicit negation. </p>","PeriodicalId":44675,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Chinese Linguistics","volume":"55 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2024-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141777214","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hao Yan, Yingying Huang, Yanqin Feng, Limin Zhang, Yanlong Zhang, Anna Zhen, Jie Dong
{"title":"Word Frequency Modulates the Selection of Semantic Access Pathways of Spoken Words in the Second Language","authors":"Hao Yan, Yingying Huang, Yanqin Feng, Limin Zhang, Yanlong Zhang, Anna Zhen, Jie Dong","doi":"10.1353/jcl.2017.a933424","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/jcl.2017.a933424","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Most second language (L2) learners comprehend words more difficult in its spoken form than the written form (Bekleyen 2009). Based on the findings of previous studies, we assumed that word frequency and language proficiency may be two critical factors in spoken word identification. To investigate how these two factors modulate L2 spoken word identification, we recruited Chinese-English bilinguals with different English proficiency levels, and manipulated words’ orthographic consistency, and word frequency. Our results supported the phonological restructuring account, it suggested that only high frequency L2 spoken words can achieve phonological restructuring and rely on orthographic information to access meaning. The less frequently used word has a weak spelling-sound connection, leaving the primitive sound-meaning route the only choice. This effect may be unrelated to language proficiency, the order that orthographic and phonological information is acquired, or the language system. Altogether, these results revealed that Chinese-English bilinguals rely on both the direct route and the orthography-mediation route to process L2 spoken words. The choice of which route is modulated by word frequency.</p>","PeriodicalId":44675,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Chinese Linguistics","volume":"93 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2024-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141744519","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jackie Yan-Ki Lai, Lawrence Yam-Leung Cheung, Yenan Sun
{"title":"The Resumptive View of the Cantonese Dummy keoi5 Revisited","authors":"Jackie Yan-Ki Lai, Lawrence Yam-Leung Cheung, Yenan Sun","doi":"10.1353/jcl.2017.a933425","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/jcl.2017.a933425","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This article compares the resumptive and expletive views on an understudied use of the Cantonese pronoun <em>keoi5</em>. We demonstrate that the resumptive view as recently proposed in Yip and Ahenkorah (2022) raises a number of complications, and the so-called dummy <em>keoi5</em> is better analyzed as a non-subject expletive, in line with traditional descriptions in Matthews and Yip (1994/2011).</p>","PeriodicalId":44675,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Chinese Linguistics","volume":"55 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2024-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141744520","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Phonation types and morpho-phonological structure as linguistic prerequisites of tonogenesis","authors":"Xiaonong Zhu","doi":"10.1353/jcl.2017.a924698","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/jcl.2017.a924698","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This paper provides a systematic account of tonogenesis. The emergence of tone is a process of pitch upgrading from an accompanying feature of phonation types to a distinctive feature. It involves three linguistic processes: various phonation types, clear, breathy, falsetto, etc., which intrinsically induce pitch differences; sonorous monosyllabic morpheme structure that enhances the pitch differences; and phonologization, which conceptualizes the enhanced pitch differences to a phonological category, tone. A flowchart is designed to show how the preconditions lead to different phono morphological types of the world’s languages and finally output tone and its later development Furthermore, the geographic distributions and ecological constraints of non-modal voices and tone are explored </p>","PeriodicalId":44675,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Chinese Linguistics","volume":"25 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2024-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140589662","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jun Ren Lee, Wen-Jui Kuo, Rose Ru-Whui Lee, Ovid J. L. Tzeng
{"title":"VISUALIZING CROSS-LINGUISTIC READING BRAINS: UNIVERSALITY AND INTERACTIVE SPECIFICITIES","authors":"Jun Ren Lee, Wen-Jui Kuo, Rose Ru-Whui Lee, Ovid J. L. Tzeng","doi":"10.1353/jcl.2017.a915059","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/jcl.2017.a915059","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The universality and specificity of cross-linguistic reading have always been a topic of interest to researchers. The earliest controversies started with the issue of whether speech recoding is required for reading non-alphabetic scripts, for example, Chinese and Kanji, whether it is possible to directly access the semantic meaning of a word from orthography without speech recoding, and whether reading non-alphabetic scripts relies on the right rather than the left brain. The abatement of these controversies began with a series of experiments by Ovid Tzeng and William Wang which raised the possibility of universality across different languages. To study how humans read, two kinds of operation must be considered: the human cognitive system and the structure of language. In this paper, we will take the original controversy of non-alphabetic scripts being different from alphabetic scripts in the 1970s as the starting point, and use the current research results of cognitive neuroscience to explain what kind of consensus has been reached right now. In addition, we will use tone as an important feature in the study of Chinese reading, and describe the current research results on tone to highlight the special characteristics of Chinese. Finally, we will propose future research directions.</p>","PeriodicalId":44675,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Chinese Linguistics","volume":"54 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138561299","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The apogee of misrepresentations:a long response to Shi (2023).","authors":"Yafei Li","doi":"10.1353/jcl.2017.a914086","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/jcl.2017.a914086","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":44675,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Chinese Linguistics","volume":" 12","pages":"-"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138615094","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"MENTAL STATE, VOLITION AND ARGUMENT REALIZATION","authors":"J. Xiong, Chu-Ren Huang","doi":"10.1353/jcl.2017.a915060","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/jcl.2017.a915060","url":null,"abstract":"We explore argument realization in the resultative V-de construction under the framework of the Theta System. We find that the theta grids of the resultative V-de construction are of two types, i.e., ([+c-m], [-c]) and ([+cm], [-m]), depending on the (a-)thematic relation between the verb and second/internal argument. Crucially, the external argument always has a /- m feature (the minus value of the mental state), regardless of its animacy, leading to a non-volitional Agent reading (animate) and a Cause reading (inanimate). It is due to this [+c-m] feature cluster that the construction yields an unintended result reading, which captures its preference for the occurrence of dou ‘unexpectedly’ in the construction. In this sense, the resultative V-de construction can be considered as a non-volitional counterpart to its de-less counterpart. This contrast signals the grammatical/morphological coding of volition, with the assistance of de, in Mandarin Chinese. As for the internal argument, it can be either [-c] or [-m], and their syntactic and semantic differences lend credence to the distinction between “outer objects” and “outermost objects”. The syntactic distribution of [-c] is sensitive to animacy, with animate [-c] being allowed to in both [NP1 V-de NP2 XP] and [NP1 ba-NP2 V-de XP], and inanimate [-c] in [NP1 ba-NP2 V-de XP] only, due to the interactions between animacy and case. As for [-m], it occurs in [NP1 V-de NP2 XP], in which NP2 is not thematically related to V and ba-introduction is barred. This study enriches the Theta System with Chinese data, in special regard to how animacy, mental state, and volition may affect argument realization.","PeriodicalId":44675,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Chinese Linguistics","volume":"60 9","pages":"-"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138627598","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Making some progress on the progressive aspect zài in Mandarin Chinese","authors":"Waltraud Paul, Shanshan Yan","doi":"10.1353/jcl.2017.a914087","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/jcl.2017.a914087","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Taking into account data hitherto neglected, this article examines the progressive aspect zài 在 in Mandarin Chinese and related issues. We argue in favour of the constituency [ AspP zài 在 [V-zhe 着]] and demonstrate important syntactic and semantic differences between the progressive aspect zài 在 and the durative aspect -zhe 着 . Importantly, unlike ‘zài 在 V’, ‘V-zhe 着’ is only acceptable as the sole predicate in a root sentence when interpretable as a (derived) state. Otherwise, the presence of the progressive aspect zài 在 is required: ‘zài 在 V-zhe 着’. This crucial role of zài 在 is often obscured by its phonological fusion (haplology) with the preposition zài 在 ‘at’ heading an immediately following prepositional phrase: NP [ AspP zài 在 [ VP [ PP zài 在 NP] [V-zhe 着 NP]]] => NP ZÀI 在 NP V-zhe 着 NP. The presence/absence of an underlying progressive aspect zài 在 (having fused with the preposition zài 在) is reflected in the choice of negation. Since the progressive aspect zài 在 must be negated by méi 没, not bù 不, it follows that no underlying aspectual zài 在 is present when it is bù 不 that negates a VP with a zài 在 PP adjunct NP bù 不 [ VP [ PP zài 在 NP] VP]. By contrast, when there is an underlying aspectual zài 在, the negation méi 没 is required, resulting in the surface sequence ‘NP méi 没 ZÀI 在 NP VP’. Finally, given that a subset of auxiliaries, some stative verbs as well as state-denoting ‘V-zhe 着’ are negated by méi 没, negation of ‘zài 在 VP’ by méi 没 is compatible with the status of ‘zài 在 VP’ as a state, hence able to be true at a moment.</p>","PeriodicalId":44675,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Chinese Linguistics","volume":"os30 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138525787","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}