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The evolution of consonant mutation and noun class marking in Wolof 沃洛夫语辅音变异与名词类标记的演变
IF 0.7 2区 文学
Diachronica Pub Date : 2021-01-05 DOI: 10.1075/dia.18046.mer
J. Merrill
{"title":"The evolution of consonant mutation and noun class marking in Wolof","authors":"J. Merrill","doi":"10.1075/dia.18046.mer","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/dia.18046.mer","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This paper analyzes the origins and evolution of the Wolof (Atlantic: Senegal) consonant mutation and noun class marking systems. I attribute Wolof mutation to the earlier presence of CV(C)- class prefixes on nouns, the (usually final) consonants of which fused with the following root-initial consonant to yield the modern mutation alternations. I reconstruct these original class prefixes using newly-proposed internal and comparative evidence, drawing on early documentary sources dating from the late 17th century. An understanding of the history of Wolof mutation allows for a better account of the synchronic system, in which mutation is triggered by specific noun classes rather than sporadically marking deverbal derivation. This study contributes to the broader understanding of how consonant mutation systems emerge and evolve, and of phonological considerations in noun class assignment.","PeriodicalId":44637,"journal":{"name":"Diachronica","volume":"38 1","pages":"64-110"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2021-01-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45573785","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
Phylogenies based on lexical innovations refute the Rung hypothesis 基于词汇创新的系统发育驳斥了Rung假说
IF 0.7 2区 文学
Diachronica Pub Date : 2020-12-21 DOI: 10.1075/dia.19058.jac
Guillaume Jacques, Thomas Pellard
{"title":"Phylogenies based on lexical innovations refute the Rung hypothesis","authors":"Guillaume Jacques, Thomas Pellard","doi":"10.1075/dia.19058.jac","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/dia.19058.jac","url":null,"abstract":"Sino-Tibetan (Trans-Himalayan) is one of the typologically most diverse language families in the world, one of the few comprising all gradients of morphological complexity, from isolating to polysynthetic. No consensus exists as yet on whether the rich morphology found in some languages, in particular person indexation, should be reconstructed in the common Sino-Tibetan ancestor or whether it is a later innovation confined to and defining a particular “Rung” subgroup. In this article, we argue that this question is fundamentally a problem of phylogeny, and that the results of recent works on the phylogeny of Sino-Tibetan, supplemented by a more refined investigation of shared lexical innovations, provide support for the idea that person indexation morphology is not a recent innovation and that the languages lacking such a feature are thus innovative.","PeriodicalId":44637,"journal":{"name":"Diachronica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2020-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49186366","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 4
A long birth 漫长的出生
IF 0.7 2区 文学
Diachronica Pub Date : 2020-12-10 DOI: 10.1075/dia.18057.nes
T. Nesset
{"title":"A long birth","authors":"T. Nesset","doi":"10.1075/dia.18057.nes","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/dia.18057.nes","url":null,"abstract":"in English This article investigates the diachronic development of Russian numeral constructions consisting of a paucal numeral (dva ‘two’, tri ‘three’, četyre ‘four’) followed by an adjective and a noun. Based on statistical analysis of more than 6,000 corpus examples, it is shown that a split took place in the second half of the twentieth century when feminine nouns developed a different agreement pattern from that of masculine and neuter nouns. This split is argued to represent the final step in a long “birth process” of gender-specific paucal constructions that started with the loss of the dual in the Middle Ages. It is suggested that we are witnessing a cascading effect, whereby the feminine pattern develops when the pattern for masculine and neuter nouns are approaching stabilization. The article furthermore includes a discussion of the hypothesis that “S-curves” represent a template for language change. While the documented changes resemble S-curves, the proposed analysis also addresses some general problems with testing the S-curve hypothesis empirically.","PeriodicalId":44637,"journal":{"name":"Diachronica","volume":"37 1","pages":"514-539"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2020-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45350532","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
Claire’s Corner 克莱尔的角落
IF 0.7 2区 文学
Diachronica Pub Date : 2020-12-10 DOI: 10.1075/dia.20064.bow
Claire Bowern
{"title":"Claire’s Corner","authors":"Claire Bowern","doi":"10.1075/dia.20064.bow","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/dia.20064.bow","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":44637,"journal":{"name":"Diachronica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2020-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42760227","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
On the nature of inverse systems 关于逆系统的性质
IF 0.7 2区 文学
Diachronica Pub Date : 2020-12-04 DOI: 10.1075/dia.18055.kon
L. Konnerth
{"title":"On the nature of inverse systems","authors":"L. Konnerth","doi":"10.1075/dia.18055.kon","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/dia.18055.kon","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Previous theoretical discussion about inverse systems has largely revolved around the synchronic and diachronic relationship between the inverse and the passive. In contrast, this study argues for the antipassive origins of two inverse constructions in Monsang (Trans-Himalayan), which are used for 3→SAP and 2→1 scenarios. This questions central assumptions from previous accounts about the functional motivation underlying inverse systems, and suggests that strategies of avoiding overt reference may be at play. The diachronic pathway proposed here connects the traditional inverse with other special marking patterns that involve speech act participant objects, in particular the “pseudo-inverse” construction of innovative first person object indexation.","PeriodicalId":44637,"journal":{"name":"Diachronica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2020-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49620916","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The loss of inflection as grammar complication 词形变化的丧失作为语法的复杂性
IF 0.7 2区 文学
Diachronica Pub Date : 2020-12-04 DOI: 10.1075/dia.19050.sim
H. Sims-Williams, Hans-Olav Enger
{"title":"The loss of inflection as grammar complication","authors":"H. Sims-Williams, Hans-Olav Enger","doi":"10.1075/dia.19050.sim","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/dia.19050.sim","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The loss of inflectional categories is often thought of as a type of simplification. In this paper we present a survey of phenomena involving the reduction of adjective agreement in Scandinavian, using examples from Norwegian, and discuss their diachronic origins, including a new account of the development of indeclinability in adjectives such as kry ‘proud’. These examples each involve lexically restricted non-canonical inflection – syncretism, defectiveness, overdifferentiation and periphrasis – in particular paradigm cells or syntactic environments. They show that the loss of inflection does not necessarily simplify grammar, and in some cases, can increase grammatical complexity by adding lexical exceptions to general rules. This excludes simplification as the motivation, even if it is the eventual result. We argue from these historical developments that speakers are liable to analyse idiosyncratic patterns of inflection as lexically specified, even where more general (but perhaps more abstract) alternatives are possible. Thus speakers do not always operate with a maximally elegant, reductionist approach to inflection classes.","PeriodicalId":44637,"journal":{"name":"Diachronica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2020-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45228874","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 4
Interrogatives as relativization markers in Indo-European 疑问句在印欧语中的相对化标记
IF 0.7 2区 文学
Diachronica Pub Date : 2020-10-27 DOI: 10.1075/dia.19030.aud
Sandra Auderset
{"title":"Interrogatives as relativization markers in Indo-European","authors":"Sandra Auderset","doi":"10.1075/dia.19030.aud","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/dia.19030.aud","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The use of interrogative pronouns as relative clause markers is often mentioned as a typical feature of European languages. This study presents an empirical approach to the distribution of interrogative pronouns as relative clause markers in time and space in the Indo-European language family. Based on a comprehensive sample of ancient and modern Indo-European languages, it is shown that interrogative-marked relative clauses are present in all stages of Indo-European within and outside of Europe. An analysis by branch suggests that this constitutes a case of parallel innovations subsequently spreading via language contact. The study also shows that interrogatives are used as relative clause markers independently of whether they are inflected pronouns or invariable markers.","PeriodicalId":44637,"journal":{"name":"Diachronica","volume":"37 1","pages":"474-513"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2020-10-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48360799","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
Verbal borrowability and turnover rates 口头借款和流动率
IF 0.7 2区 文学
Diachronica Pub Date : 2020-09-07 DOI: 10.1075/dia.19032.ark
Timofey Arkhangelskiy
{"title":"Verbal borrowability and turnover rates","authors":"Timofey Arkhangelskiy","doi":"10.1075/dia.19032.ark","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/dia.19032.ark","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Conventional wisdom holds that verbs are more difficult to borrow than nouns. Recent studies have supported this claim, inferring it from the fact that synchronically almost every language studied contains a larger proportion of identifiable borrowings among nouns than among verbs. In this paper, I demonstrate that, while true, there is a logical fallacy in this inference. Using a large diachronic corpus of Russian texts, I show that verbs have lower turnover rates and, consequently, longer life expectancies than nouns, i.e., they are generally more difficult to replace. I argue that this fact alone could theoretically result in the synchronically observed disparities. The hypothesis of cross-linguistically lower verbal turnover rates, which I propose based on these findings, is difficult to verify directly on a large sample of languages. However, it makes a non-trivial prediction, which can be tested more easily. It predicts that if a contact situation lasted for a while, but ceased to exist several centuries ago, the proportion of verbs borrowed during that period and surviving to the present day may equal or exceed the proportion of such borrowings among nouns. The data found in the World Loanword Database ( Haspelmath & Tadmor 2009 ) are consistent with this prediction, thus providing evidence in favor of the hypothesis.","PeriodicalId":44637,"journal":{"name":"Diachronica","volume":"37 1","pages":"451-473"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2020-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45150092","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
On the polymorphemic genesis of some Proto-Quechuan roots 部分原确川根的多态性发生
IF 0.7 2区 文学
Diachronica Pub Date : 2020-08-05 DOI: 10.1075/dia.16041.eml
Nicholas Q. Emlen, Johannes Dellert
{"title":"On the polymorphemic genesis of some Proto-Quechuan roots","authors":"Nicholas Q. Emlen, Johannes Dellert","doi":"10.1075/dia.16041.eml","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/dia.16041.eml","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 In the Proto-Quechuan lexicon, many two-segment phonetic substrings recur in semantically related roots, even\u0000 though they are not independent morphemes. Such elements may have been morphemes before the Proto-Quechuan stage (i.e., in\u0000 Pre-Proto-Quechuan). On the other hand, this may simply be due to chance, or to phonesthesia. In this paper, we introduce the\u0000 Crosslinguistic Colexification Network Clustering (CCNC) algorithm, as well as an accompanying test statistic, which allow us to\u0000 evaluate our claims against a neutral standard of semantic relatedness (the CLICS2 database; List et al. 2018). We obtain very strong statistical evidence that there are hitherto unexplained\u0000 recurrent elements within Proto-Quechuan roots, but not within roots reconstructed for Proto-Aymaran, the proto-language of a\u0000 neighboring language family whose members are otherwise structurally very similar to Proto-Quechuan, and which has therefore long\u0000 been considered an obvious candidate for deep shared ancestry. Some of these elements are explainable as phonesthemes, but most\u0000 appear to reflect archaic Quechuan morphology. These findings are consistent with an emerging picture of the early\u0000 Quechuan-Aymaran contact relationship in which Quechuan structure was reformatted on the Aymaran template.","PeriodicalId":44637,"journal":{"name":"Diachronica","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2020-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41652205","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
The distribution, reconstruction and varied fates of topographical deixis in Trans-Himalayan (Sino-Tibetan) 跨喜马拉雅(汉藏)地区地形标志的分布、重建及其变化命运
IF 0.7 2区 文学
Diachronica Pub Date : 2020-08-03 DOI: 10.1075/dia.19018.pos
M. Post
{"title":"The distribution, reconstruction and varied fates of topographical deixis in Trans-Himalayan (Sino-Tibetan)","authors":"M. Post","doi":"10.1075/dia.19018.pos","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/dia.19018.pos","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Topographical deixis refers to a variety of spatial-environmental deixis, in which typically distal reference to entities is made in terms of a set of topographically-anchored referential planes: most often, upward, downward, or on the same level. This article reviews the genealogical and geographic distribution of topographical deixis in Trans-Himalayan (Sino-Tibetan) languages, reviews the conditions in which topographical deixis in Trans-Himalayan languages may be gained or lost, and concludes that (a) topographical deixis is overwhelmingly found in languages spoken in montane environments, and (b) topographical deixis most likely reconstructs to a deep level within Trans-Himalayan. The language spoken at that level – whose precise phylogenetic status cannot yet be specified – was overwhelmingly likely to have been spoken in a montane environment.","PeriodicalId":44637,"journal":{"name":"Diachronica","volume":"37 1","pages":"368-409"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2020-08-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48604209","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 3
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