MEDIS – International Journal of Medical Sciences and Research最新文献

{"title":"THE POWER OF SALIVA IN DIAGNOSTIC ORAL DESEASE","authors":"Arsovski Ljupka, Nashkova Sanja","doi":"10.35120/medisij020113l","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35120/medisij020113l","url":null,"abstract":"Saliva is an extracellular fluid produced and secreted by the salivary glands in the mouth. In humans, saliva is about 99% water, plus electrolytes, mucus, white blood cells, epithelial cells (from which DNA can be extracted), enzymes (such as lipase and amylase), antimicrobial agents (such as secretory IgA and lysozymes) . Saliva is an important diagnostic method, it helps in determining certain disorders/diseases of the orofacial system. Some bad habits such as smoking increase the secretion of saliva most likely as a result of a defense mechanism of chemical irritation. Of the enzymes, amylase has a role to clean the oral cavity, and also a protective role against caries. Role of saliva in remineralization Remineralization is directly dependent on the presence of ions in saliva. Supersaturation of saliva represents a barrier to demineralization and is a necessary prerequisite for the remineralization process. Also, the degree of saliva secretion depends on the feeling of fear, damage to the salivary glands from radiation to the head and neck, tumor of these glands, thyroid gland deficiency or when using drugs that, as one of the side effects, also have an antisialogogonic effect . Supersaturation of saliva represents a barrier to demineralization and is a necessary prerequisite for the remineralization process. Buffer systems affect the possibility of neutralization of ingested or generated acids. Bicarbonate is the most important buffering system in saliva. Thanks to the physical, chemical and antibacterial properties of saliva. Saliva is an ion reservoir, a buffer and has an antimicrobial effect. It helps in digestion, dissolving food residues, acts as a solvent allowing food to interact with the gustatory papillae, maintains water balance and rinses away food residues. Physical protection - The role of saliva in the physical protection of soft tissues is based primarily on its role of lubrication, soaking the oral mucosa, and at the same time it moistens the food and helps in the formation of the bolus and its swallowing. The clearance of carbohydrates from the mouth takes place in two phases. Fast clearance in the first 6 min, then clearance is slower. The clearance of fluorides is much slower than the clearance of sugars, because fluorides have the ability to bind to hard tissues.","PeriodicalId":446210,"journal":{"name":"MEDIS – International Journal of Medical Sciences and Research","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115186981","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF CONVENTIONAL AND MINIMALLY INVASIVE TECHNIQUES IN THE TREATMENT OF FEMORAL HERNIAS","authors":"B. Atanasov, Velizar Hadzhiminev","doi":"10.35120/medisij020121a","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35120/medisij020121a","url":null,"abstract":"Despite the advances in medicine regarding diagnosis and therapeutic options, the treatment of femoral hernias remains a challenge for the surgeon. In the past, this type of hernia was repaired with conventional surgery. Today, mini-invasive techniques are preferred method of choice by many surgeons. The aim of our study is to compare the results of open and minimally invasive surgery in patients with femoral hernias.In the present study we include patients with primary unilateral femoral hernias operated in the Surgical Department of EUROHOSPITAL- Plovdiv and the Department of General Surgery of University Hospital “St. George” for the period January 2018 to December 2022. The patients were divided into two groups - conventional and minimally invasive operations. Comparative analysis was performed regarding sex, age, duration of operative intervention, postoperative pain, hospital stay and complications.33 patients in total were diagnosed and operated for femoral hernias for a period of 5 years. Of these, 16 patients were operated conventionally and 17 underwent laparoscopic surgery. Patients in the minimally-invasive group had a significantly shorter hospital stay (2.1 vs 3.0 days) and less postoperative pain (1.8 vs 3.6 on the 1 to 5 scale). The incidence of the postoperative complications was similar in both groups.Surgery is the only method of treatment of femoral hernias. Nowadays, minimally invasive techniques became a method of choice compared with conventional surgery. We believe that laparoscopic operations for femoral hernia, performed by experienced surgeon, are effective and safe and could be applied to all type of patients.","PeriodicalId":446210,"journal":{"name":"MEDIS – International Journal of Medical Sciences and Research","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129046591","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"ABDOMINAL AORTIC ANEURYSM RUPTURE – CASE REPORT","authors":"Bogomila Chesmedzhieva, A. Cholakov, Stefan Stanev","doi":"10.35120/medisij020115c","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35120/medisij020115c","url":null,"abstract":"An Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm (AAA) is a localized dilatation and weakening of the abdominal aorta, as it`s infrarenal part is most commonly affected by the disease. Risk of rupture: Size of the AAA is one of the strongest predictors of rupture, as aortic aneurysms above 5,5cm in diameter have a higher risk. Clinical manifestation: Most of the AAAs have no symptoms and are accidently found. Classis symptoms of ruptured AAA (rAAA) are suddenly occurring severe abdominal and/or back pain, arterial hypotension and pulsatile abdominal mass. Preoperative management: When rAAA is suspected, the patient should be consulted with a vascular surgeon as soon as possible. Aggressive fluid resuscitation should be avoided. Surgical treatment: Open surgery is usually performed via a transperitoneal approach with a midline laparotomy. Depending on the anatomy of the AAA and iliac arteries involvement an aorto-arotal or aorto-bifemoral bypass is constructed. Complications after repair of rAAA: Local - Lower limb(s) ischemia, Ischemia of the colon; Systemic - Cardiac, Pulmonary, Renal, Liver or Multiorgan failure, with 30-day mortality reaching up to 89%.CASE REPORT: Male patient, 81 years of age, with multiple concomitant diseases. He was diagnosed with AAA 4 months prior to the rupture. The maximal diameter of the AAA was 15,6cm, iliac arteries were not affected. The patient refused the suggested surgical or endovascular treatments. He presented at ER 4 months later with acute pain in the abdomen and back. Clinical status: severe pain in the abdomen, BP 96/57mmHg, Hgb 102 g/l with HCT -0.331 l/l. On the CT-angiography rupture of AAA was verified with massive retroperitoneal haematoma, occluded right renal artery and aneurysm of the left renal artery. Median laparotomy was conducted under common anaesthesia. Aneurysmal neck was clamped above renal arteries, with clamping time – 30 minutes. After reclamping aorto-bifemoral bypass was constructed. Postoperatively the patient was transferred to intensive care unit (ICU). In the course of ICU treatment, the patient was inadequate and lacked spontaneous diuresis. A temporary catheter for haemodialysis was placed and such was initiated. He was transferred in the Clinic of vascular surgery after stabilizing blood oxygen saturation. The patient was inadequate at the time of transfer, with jaundice present. The patient restored bowel passage, hepatoprotectors were administered and physiotherapy was initiated. On the 20th postoperative day, the patient had a rapid decline in the physical status, demonstrated by hypotonia, bradycardia and regardless of the reanimation, died.DISCUSSION: Ruptured aneurysm of abdominal aorta has high mortality. Despite the immediate surgical treatment and adequate substitution, the patient had lethal outcome. CONCLUSION: Ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm has high 30-day mortality, ranging between 22,9%-65,9%. In cases of acute renal and/or liver failure following the surgical treatment and whe","PeriodicalId":446210,"journal":{"name":"MEDIS – International Journal of Medical Sciences and Research","volume":"52 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129420288","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"VITAMIN D3 OIL AND WATER SOLUTION, PREPARATION AND USE IN CASE OF DEFICIENCY","authors":"Marija Minova, B. Angelovska","doi":"10.35120/medisij020139m","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35120/medisij020139m","url":null,"abstract":"Vitamins are natural and essential nutrients, which have different biochemical functions and play a major role in growth and development, help in the digestion and utilization of mineral salts and carbohydrates in the body, healing of wounds, stimulate and give strength to the digestive and nervous system, maintenance of healthy bones and tissues, for proper functioning of the immune system and other biological functions. Vitamins generally cannot be synthesized in quantities sufficient to meet the body’s needs and therefore must be obtained from the diet or from some synthetic source. Because of this, vitamins are called essential nutrients. Both plants and animals are important natural sources for vitamins. All vitamins can be synthesized or produced commercially and are available for human consumption as pharmaceutical preparations. Vitamins also differ from other biological compound, because relatively small amounts are required to complete their functions. If a vitamin is absent from the diet or is not properly absorbed by the body, it can develop a specific disease due to deficiency.","PeriodicalId":446210,"journal":{"name":"MEDIS – International Journal of Medical Sciences and Research","volume":"40 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132903973","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"CHILDREN’S RIGHTS AND ACCESS TO HEALTH CARE","authors":"N. Gradinarova","doi":"10.35120/medisij020143g","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35120/medisij020143g","url":null,"abstract":"Children have the right to health, to life, to protection and to special care and attention from their parents and from the community in which they live. A number of international acts regulate and regulate these rights, and the national legislation in the country confirms and guarantees them.A pilot survey on children’s and their parents’ awareness of children’s rights in Bulgaria and their access to health care was conducted among 201 parents, in the period 01.12.2021-01.01.2022. Respondents were asked whether they were aware of children’s rights, whether they encountered obstacles to realizing their right to health, as well as whether, in their opinion, children have real access to health care in the country. More than 50% indicate that they are familiar with children’s rights, 64.7% answer that children in the country have real access to health care, but 44% share that they encountered certain obstacles when realizing their right to health.Issues concerning children, their rights and their access to health care affect the interests of individual families, of a given nation, but also of the entire society globally. There are positive trends around the world regarding children’s access to health care, but these rights depend not only on the individual and on national legislations, but also on global political decisions and natural disasters that cause refugee flows and put countries in front of new challenges.","PeriodicalId":446210,"journal":{"name":"MEDIS – International Journal of Medical Sciences and Research","volume":"114 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133855864","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"CATALASE ACTIVITY IN INTERACTION WITH IONIZED WATER AND OTHER ANTIOXIDANTS IN BLOOD PLASMA, LIVER, AND KIDNEY OF THE RAT DURING HYPERTHERMIC STRESS","authors":"Majlinda Ademi","doi":"10.35120/medisij010421a","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35120/medisij010421a","url":null,"abstract":"The similarity between the responses seen after heat stress and those happening in the condition of oxidative stress suggests that heat stress is an environmental element that stimulates the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Alkaline water, also known as ionized or reduced water (ERW), is water that has undergone electrochemical activation and has a pH greater than 7. The ERW also has excellent redox properties and other reducing features. ERW mimics the activity of the antioxidant enzyme, such as catalase (CAT) by scavenging ROS. The aim of this study was to examine the catalase activity in interaction with ERW under hyperthermic stress by including non-enzymatic antioxidants, glutathione, and vitamin C. White laboratory Young female Wistar rats weighing 180–220 g were divided into three groups of 15 for the experiment. Oxidative stress was caused by 41°C acute hyperthermic exposure. The first group is referred to as the control group (CPM), the second group is referred to as the ionized water treatment (TAM), and the third group is referred to as the ionized water treatment with added glutathione and vitamin C (TAD). The treatment period lasted 21 days. The treatment applied respectively to each group during the period of hyperthermic exposure caused a significant difference in CAT activity in blood plasma among the three groups. Liver CAT activity was increased in all three groups. Treatment for 21 days in all three groups led to a decrease in CAT activity in the blood plasma and in the kidneys. Acute hyperthermic exposure on the 21st day in the CPM and TAD groups for blood plasma has a statistically significant difference (p < 0.01). Also, in both the TAM and TAD groups there is a statistically significant difference (p < 0.01) in CAT activity, which is in contrast to the difference in the liver and kidney CAT activity between the remaining compared groups, which was shown to be statistically insignificant.","PeriodicalId":446210,"journal":{"name":"MEDIS – International Journal of Medical Sciences and Research","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116898127","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"FAMILY HEALTH – A KEY FACTOR IN THE FORMATION OF CHILD HEALTH","authors":"G. Georgieva, Pepa Rashkova","doi":"10.35120/medisij010415g","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35120/medisij010415g","url":null,"abstract":"Family is a kind of social system, the basic cell of society and is defined as a group of people who have a biological relationship with each other or are related, live together, and have a common budget. Each family, according to its structure, members, and dominant sex, is different, but its function and purpose of existence are the same. Among family members there is moral responsibility, social and physical necessity, reproduction, and maintenance of biological continuity. Educational, business, and economic relationships are also strongly expressed. On one hand family health is influenced by various risk factors, and on the other by family members with risky behavior or personal health status. There are specialists who, during various medical or non-medical procedures, can diagnose specific health problems or deviations from health norms of behavior of a member or members of one family. It is the family physician who knows the bio-psycho-social problems and risk factors of given family and can act to prevent or treat imbalances. Impaired family health reflects directly or indirectly on the health of all family members. The negative influence is essential and could subsequently lead to deterioration or complete disintegration of family health. Family can be an etiological factor for some diseases, but it can also have a decisive role in prevention of diseases, in taking care of one’s own health, in combating chronic diseases and in early detection of others. Family and child health are closely interdependent. The family environment in which a child grows up and the parental example determine the future character of a person, and what its attitude in future professional tasks, in healthy way of life and the principles of help and mutual aid will be. That is why the role of parental example influences the formation of, even builds the image of a future own family and the role of present child in that future family. The importance of parental behavior in relation to adolescent disruptive/risk-taking behavior should not be underestimated. Particularly important is the emphasis on factors external to the family unit, such as neighborhood, school, peers, and the media. Socio-economic factors should not be neglected either, because low incomes have negative impact and most often are the cause of improper diet and unbalanced nutrition, while poor housing conditions determine either poor-formed health and hygiene habits or their total absence. Since family has a leading role in formation of adolescents, its participation in health promotion is strongly recommended. These recommendations for family-focused health promotion are based in part on findings from several lines of research, including family aggregation and studies of parental influence on health during childhood and adolescence.","PeriodicalId":446210,"journal":{"name":"MEDIS – International Journal of Medical Sciences and Research","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121684575","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"DIFFICULTIES IN RECOVERING THE ELBOW JOINT AFTER INJURIES","authors":"A. Nikolova","doi":"10.35120/medisij010409n","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35120/medisij010409n","url":null,"abstract":"The unique qualities of the elbow joint as a result of its specific function in the upper extremity make it well studied. The elbow functions by employing the concerted activity of its musculotendinous and bony structures. The shoulder determines the special position of the limb, whereas the elbow regulates the limb length and height to optimize the hand position and function. The evaluation of an elbow injury depends on the correlating symptoms and the history with a careful physical and radiographic examination. The high degree of congruity of the articular surfaces and the relatively small capsular volume makes the elbow joint very complicated. Any significant distortion of the normal anatomy, including bony deformity (congenital post-traumatic), bony or fibrous ankylosis and in some cases, prior surgery (ulnar nerve transposition) plays a major role in its functional recovery. It is often impossible to identify the exact etiologic abnormality responsible for the elbow stiffness and pain. This is one of the most frustrating aspects of treating patients with elbow trauma. There are many theoretic explanations of the possible etiologies, responsible for the common types of elbow joint complications, concerning the anatomic structure, physiologic abnormality or biomechanical alteration responsible for the problems of reaching full range of motion.","PeriodicalId":446210,"journal":{"name":"MEDIS – International Journal of Medical Sciences and Research","volume":"110 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134080824","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"MANAGING QUALITY IN HEALTH CARE: PROCESS OF ACCREDITATION IN HEALTHCARE INSTITUTIONS IN REPUBLIC OF NORTH MACEDONIA","authors":"S. Stefanoski, Tanja Stefanoska","doi":"10.35120/medisij010445s","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35120/medisij010445s","url":null,"abstract":"The quality of health care is a system of measures and activities that, in accordance with the modern achievements of medical, dental, and pharmaceutical science and practice, as well as the knowledge and skills of health professionals, increase the opportunities for the most favorable outcome of the medical treatment and reducing the risk of adverse effects on the health and well-being of the individual and the community. Improving the quality and safety of patients is an integral part of the daily activities of healthcare professionals, healthcare providers and all stakeholders in the healthcare system. Accreditation is the oldest and most widespread independent mechanism for external evaluation of the quality of work of healthcare institutions. The general understanding of the accreditation of healthcare institutions is defined as a procedure for assessing the quality of the work of a healthcare institution, based on the application of the optimal level of the established standards for work of a healthcare institution in a certain area of health care. In response to these challenges, several approaches, activities, measures, and programs have been developed to improve the quality of health care. In the Republic of North Macedonia, the quality of health care is recognized as one of the most important features of the healthcare system, both in the state sector and in the private sector. Continuous improvement of the quality of work and patient safety are an integral part of the daily activities of healthcare professionals and all other employees in the healthcare system. From a formal aspect, accreditation in the Republic of North Macedonia is mandatory and is performed at the request of a healthcare institution. Therefore, a separate institution has been established for this purpose, namely the Agency for Quality and Accreditation of Healthcare Institutions in the Republic of North Macedonia. The accreditation process includes five characteristic stages: 1. Preparation of the healthcare institution 2. Self-evaluation 3. Evaluation made by external evaluators of the adaptation of the institution work with the accreditation standards 4. Preparation of the final report and the decision for granting accreditation by the Agency for Quality and Accreditation of Healthcare Institutions 5. Continuous evaluation and monitoring of the execution of the quality improvement plan. Improving the health care is based on the values that are embedded in the concept of quality of work and the following adopted daily practice of healthcare institutions: patient orientation, safety, effectiveness, timeliness, efficiency, fairness. To achieve and implement each of the principles, it is necessary clearly to define objective, measurable and evidence-based standards, and indicators for the three basic aspects of health care: structure, process, and outcome/result. The standards, which are clustered in six chapters, may be divided into three categories: management stand","PeriodicalId":446210,"journal":{"name":"MEDIS – International Journal of Medical Sciences and Research","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133392015","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"STUDY OF CHANGES IN APPENDIX 3 OF THE POSITIVE DRUG LIST IN BULGARIA","authors":"R. Yaneva, Hristo Shimerov","doi":"10.35120/medisij010439y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35120/medisij010439y","url":null,"abstract":"The public nature of health care obliges the state to conduct a consistent policy that aims to ensure the protection of human health with optimal use of public funds. Achieving better management in the health care system is in the interest of individuals and society as a whole. And decisions in health care, as in any other area of human activity, must be economically rational, since all economic goods, including those related to health care, are limited in nature.The medicinal products included in Appendix 3 of the Positive Drug List have a reimbursement level of 100% and are negotiated and paid for from the budget of the Ministry of Health. These are medicinal products intended for the treatment of AIDS, infectious diseases, diseases outside the scope of the Health Insurance Act, paid according to a certain order of the Health Act, as well as vaccines for mandatory immunizations and re-immunizations, vaccines for special indications and in emergencies circumstances, specific sera, immunoglobulins.The purpose of the present study is to perform a comparative analysis of the changes in the reference values of the medicinal products included in Appendix 3 of the Positive Drug List.Methodology: The following research methods were used - documentary method, economic analysis, comparative analysis, statistical methods - analysis of the dynamics of phenomena and tabular analysis to visualize the obtained results.Results and analysis: From the research done, it is clear that for the period 2016-2019 only a decrease was observed, while for 2020 there was also an increase in the reference values of some medicinal products included in Appendix 3 of the Positive Drug List, the reasons for this being exclusion of a medicinal product from the list, increase in the price of a medicinal product and new grouping of medicinal products by therapeutic indication.Conclusion: Medicines are of fundamental importance in maintaining life, improving its quality and alleviating suffering. This determines the need to ensure equal access to medicinal products for citizens, according to their needs and regardless of their financial capabilities.","PeriodicalId":446210,"journal":{"name":"MEDIS – International Journal of Medical Sciences and Research","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126543075","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}