Asian Bioethics Review最新文献_第10页

Three Problems with the Impairment Argument 减值论证的三个问题

IF 2.9

Asian Bioethics Review Pub Date : 2022-11-07 DOI: 10.1007/s41649-022-00228-z

William Simkulet

{"title":"Three Problems with the Impairment Argument","authors":"William Simkulet","doi":"10.1007/s41649-022-00228-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s41649-022-00228-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In his recent article “Even if the fetus is not a person, abortion is immoral: The Impairment Argument,” Perry Hendricks sets out to sidestep thorny metaphysical questions regarding human fetuses and present a new argument against abortion – if impairing a fetus with fetal alcohol syndrome is immoral, then killing the fetus is immoral. Hendricks takes inspiration from Judith Jarvis Thomson’s defense of abortion – that even if fetuses are persons with a right to life, the right to life is not the right to use others, so it is acceptable to induce abortion. Together with Bruce Blackshaw, Hendricks set out to strengthen the impairment argument by appealing to Don Marquis’s future like ours (FLO) account of the wrongness of killing. Here I argue the impairment argument falls short in three ways. First, Hendricks and Blackshaw fail to assume fetuses aren’t persons, broadly construed. Second, they fail to show that impairing a fetus is immoral. Third, they overlook abortions that (merely) let the fetus die. Finally, I argue Thomson’s defense of abortion preempts the significance of the impairment argument; Thomson seems to show that even if killing a fetus is <i>prima facie</i> immoral, women still have the right to induce abortion.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":44520,"journal":{"name":"Asian Bioethics Review","volume":"15 2","pages":"169 - 179"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2022-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s41649-022-00228-z.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9279478","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

COVID-19, Personal Data Protection and Privacy in India 新冠肺炎，印度的个人数据保护和隐私

IF 2.9

Asian Bioethics Review Pub Date : 2022-10-27 DOI: 10.1007/s41649-022-00227-0

Mohamad Ayub Dar, Shahnawaz Ahmad Wani

引用次数: 0

The Public Health Response to COVID-19 in Vietnam: Decentralization and Human Rights 越南应对新冠肺炎的公共卫生对策：权力下放与人权

IF 2.9

Asian Bioethics Review Pub Date : 2022-10-22 DOI: 10.1007/s41649-022-00226-1

Hai Thanh Doan

{"title":"The Public Health Response to COVID-19 in Vietnam: Decentralization and Human Rights","authors":"Hai Thanh Doan","doi":"10.1007/s41649-022-00226-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s41649-022-00226-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Human rights constitute a universal concern in different countries’ responses to COVID-19. Vietnam is internationally praised for its success in containing the pandemic; nevertheless, human rights issues are a key area that needs to be assessed and improved. Little legal and ethical research is available on human rights in Vietnam, particularly in its response to COVID-19, however. In Vietnam, decentralization took place during the pandemic: higher authorities delegated power to lower ones to make and implement public health measures. Unfortunately, many measures made and implemented decentrally caused human rights concerns or breaches. This article aims to study what makes such measures cause human rights concerns or breaches. It argues that several social, legal, and political factors, including an inadequate understanding of human rights, the undefined breadth of discretion, and lack of supervision, are underlying factors for such problematic decentralized measures. Accordingly, this paper proposes two solutions (i) improving the supervision of the decentralization process, and (ii) improving the understanding of human rights. While Vietnam should learn from the international community to improve its measures, lessons and experience from Vietnam can also contribute to a richer dialogue and better protection of human rights globally.\u0000</p></div>","PeriodicalId":44520,"journal":{"name":"Asian Bioethics Review","volume":"15 2","pages":"103 - 123"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2022-10-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s41649-022-00226-1.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9635401","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

Challenges in the Teaching–Learning Process of the Newly Implemented Module on Bioethics in the Undergraduate Medical Curriculum in India 印度本科医学课程中新实施的生物伦理学模块在教学过程中面临的挑战

IF 2.9

Asian Bioethics Review Pub Date : 2022-10-19 DOI: 10.1007/s41649-022-00225-2

Barna Ganguly, Russell D’Souza, Rui Nunes

{"title":"Challenges in the Teaching–Learning Process of the Newly Implemented Module on Bioethics in the Undergraduate Medical Curriculum in India","authors":"Barna Ganguly, Russell D’Souza, Rui Nunes","doi":"10.1007/s41649-022-00225-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s41649-022-00225-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The National Medical Commission of India introduced the Competency Based Curriculum in Medical Education for undergraduate medical students in 2019 with a new module named Attitude, Ethics and Communication (AETCOM) across the country. There was a consensus for teaching medical ethics in an integrated way, suggesting dedicated hours in each phase of undergraduate training. The AETCOM module was prepared and circulated as a guide to acquire necessary competency in attitudinal, ethical and communication domains. This study was aimed to explore the perceptions of students and medical teachers and identify the challenges in teaching and learning process of the newly implemented AETCOM module. It was a mixed method designed study with structured questionnaires for students and teachers at various medical schools in India. Based on the quantitative data, in-depth interviews with medical teachers were undertaken. Challenges were perceived by both students and teachers. The students had a mixed perception, facing difficulties in passive learning with scarce resource materials. Challenges identified by teachers were a lack of knowledge and skills required for teaching bioethics, the logistics of managing large numbers of students in the stipulated time frame, interdisciplinary integration—both horizontal and vertical, and assessment program in terms competency-based education. The study draws the attention of all stakeholders for a revision and efforts for further improvement in the teaching and assessment process, and setting a standard model in medical education in India.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":44520,"journal":{"name":"Asian Bioethics Review","volume":"15 2","pages":"155 - 168"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2022-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s41649-022-00225-2.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9620904","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

Ethical Relativism and Circumstances of Social and Cultural Contingencies on Informed Consent in the Conduct of Research: Clinical Trials in Nigeria 伦理相对主义与研究中知情同意的社会和文化偶然情况：尼日利亚的临床试验

IF 2.9

Asian Bioethics Review Pub Date : 2022-10-13 DOI: 10.1007/s41649-022-00223-4

Sola Aluko-Arowolo, Saheed Akinmayọwa Lawal, Isaac A. Adedeji, Stephen Nwaobilor

{"title":"Ethical Relativism and Circumstances of Social and Cultural Contingencies on Informed Consent in the Conduct of Research: Clinical Trials in Nigeria","authors":"Sola Aluko-Arowolo, Saheed Akinmayọwa Lawal, Isaac A. Adedeji, Stephen Nwaobilor","doi":"10.1007/s41649-022-00223-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s41649-022-00223-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>There have been debates across the globe for a social and culturally sensitive ethics to meditate a catalyst of template for informed consent (IC) in the conduct of social researches and clinical trial. The study adopted ethical relativism theory to explore social and cultural contingencies on IC with descriptive research design and snowball sampling techniques with a pool of 23 participants randomly and purposively selected amongst the stakeholders including researchers. Seven lecturers and 5 medical practitioners from selected universities, 5 clergy members of different genders and denominations with 2 Imams, 1 chief and 2 traditional health practitioners completing the pool. The data were compiled separately with pseudonym to maintain the anonymity of the participants and content analysed thematically to probe awareness, understanding, patriarchy and religious dimensions on IC. The paper argued that ethics and law regulations must be strengthened to leverage on different individual values, norms and social indices. The paper concluded and suggested that researchers can avoid and resolve ethical dilemmas and maintain research regularity when ethical obligations are well understood and strictly adhered to, and to develop the Informed Consent Evaluation Feedback Tool (ICEFbT) with oversight function from Institution Review Board (IRB) in the universities and research institutes before the commencement of research and/or medical procedures.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":44520,"journal":{"name":"Asian Bioethics Review","volume":"15 1","pages":"37 - 52"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2022-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s41649-022-00223-4.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10508136","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 3

Assisted Reproductive Technologies: Comparing Abrahamic Monotheistic Religions 辅助生殖技术：亚伯拉罕一神论宗教比较

IF 2.9

Asian Bioethics Review Pub Date : 2022-10-06 DOI: 10.1007/s41649-022-00224-3

Md Shaikh Farid, Sumaia Tasnim

{"title":"Assisted Reproductive Technologies: Comparing Abrahamic Monotheistic Religions","authors":"Md Shaikh Farid, Sumaia Tasnim","doi":"10.1007/s41649-022-00224-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s41649-022-00224-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The impact of culture and religion on sexual and reproductive health and behavior has been a developing area of study in contemporary time. Therefore, it is crucial for people using reproductive procedures to understand the religious and theological perspectives on issues relating to reproductive health. This paper compares different perspectives of three Abrahamic faiths, i.e., Judaism, Christianity, and Islam on ARTs. Procreation, family formation, and childbirth within the context of marriage have all been advocated by these three major religions of the world. Judaism permits the use of all assisted reproductive technologies when the oocyte and sperm come from the husband and wife, respectively. The different denominations of Christianity have diverse views on reproductive practices. Although the Vatican does not approve of assisted reproduction, Protestant, Anglican, and other religious groups are free to use it. ARTs are acceptable in Sunni Islam, although they can only be carried out if the couples are married. Shia Islam, however, permits third-party donations to married couples under specific restrictions. This comparison reveals that while the three major world religions utilize assisted reproduction in distinct ways, there are also many comparable aspects of each religion.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":44520,"journal":{"name":"Asian Bioethics Review","volume":"15 1","pages":"53 - 67"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2022-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s41649-022-00224-3.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10508138","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

The Surrogacy (Regulation) Act, 2021: A Critique 《代孕（监管）法》，2021：一篇评论

IF 2.9

Asian Bioethics Review Pub Date : 2022-09-20 DOI: 10.1007/s41649-022-00222-5

Soumya Kashyap, Priyanka Tripathi

{"title":"The Surrogacy (Regulation) Act, 2021: A Critique","authors":"Soumya Kashyap, Priyanka Tripathi","doi":"10.1007/s41649-022-00222-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s41649-022-00222-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In vitro fertilization (IVF) and surrogacy have enabled many to achieve their dreams of parenthood. With a turnover of $500 million, reproductive tourism in India has helped transform the country into a “global baby factory.” However, as the surrogacy industry grew, so did concerns of women’s exploitation, commodification of motherhood, and human rights violations. In an effort to prevent women from being exploited, the Indian government had taken successive administrative measures to regulate surrogacy. The Surrogacy (Regulation) Bill, 2016 and Assisted Reproductive Technologies Bill 2008 were introduced in the Parliament to regulate various aspects of surrogacy arrangements. Yet, it was not until 25 January 2022, that the Surrogacy (Regulation) Act, 2021 went into effect. The Act does, however, leave certain important points unaddressed. The article claims that the legislation’s purposeful exclusion of the LGBTQ population and emphasis on “familial altruism” stinks of inequity and moral conservatism. It also delineates the mechanics of altruistic surrogacy by examining documents that illustrate how the connections between money and morality are framed via the framing of altruism. The article therefore demands that a comprehensive dialogue must be held considering the socio-economic realities of Indian society, or else India risks enacting yet another law that cannot be implemented or that society dislikes.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":44520,"journal":{"name":"Asian Bioethics Review","volume":"15 1","pages":"5 - 18"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2022-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s41649-022-00222-5.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10508141","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 3

Applying Two-level Utilitarianism and the Principle of Fairness to Mandatory Vaccination during the COVID-19 Pandemic: the Situation in South Korea 新冠肺炎疫情期间两级效用主义和公平原则在强制接种中的应用——韩国情况

IF 2.9

Asian Bioethics Review Pub Date : 2022-09-20 DOI: 10.1007/s41649-022-00221-6

Sungjin Park

{"title":"Applying Two-level Utilitarianism and the Principle of Fairness to Mandatory Vaccination during the COVID-19 Pandemic: the Situation in South Korea","authors":"Sungjin Park","doi":"10.1007/s41649-022-00221-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s41649-022-00221-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, Korean society has sought to vaccinate most of its population. Consequently, the Korean government has attempted to make vaccination compulsory by promoting awareness of its benefits. The administration has pushed for mandatory vaccination by claiming that vaccination is more beneficial than harmful, based on a utilitarian view. However, this view is difficult to justify based on the two levels of utilitarianism presented by R. M. Hare. Compulsory vaccination cannot satisfy the universalizability, nor the satisfaction of preference, and exposes the difficulties of utilitarianism. In addition, mandatory vaccination is difficult to justify based on the perspective of fairness theory, that is, “justice as the fairness” of John Rawls and H. L. A. Hart’s principle of fairness. From the point of view of Hare’s utilitarianism and fairness theory, it has been shown that mandatory vaccination is not easily justified. In reality, the power of the state continues to strengthen, and we should examine this situation from a critical point of view.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":44520,"journal":{"name":"Asian Bioethics Review","volume":"15 1","pages":"81 - 92"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2022-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s41649-022-00221-6.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10504774","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

Is the Cure Worse than the Disease? The Ethics of Imposing Risk in Public Health 治愈比疾病更糟糕吗？公共卫生中的风险伦理

IF 2.9

Asian Bioethics Review Pub Date : 2022-09-10 DOI: 10.1007/s41649-022-00218-1

Diego S. Silva, Maxwell J. Smith

引用次数: 0

Report on the Establishment of the Consortium for Hospital Ethics Committees in Japan and the First Collaboration Conference of Hospital Ethics Committees 关于在日本成立医院伦理委员会联合会和第一届医院伦理委员会合作会议的报告

IF 2.9

Asian Bioethics Review Pub Date : 2022-09-06 DOI: 10.1007/s41649-022-00219-0

Kei Takeshita, Noriko Nagao, Hiroyuki Kaneda, Yasuhiko Miura, Takanobu Kinjo, Yoshiyuki Takimoto

{"title":"Report on the Establishment of the Consortium for Hospital Ethics Committees in Japan and the First Collaboration Conference of Hospital Ethics Committees","authors":"Kei Takeshita, Noriko Nagao, Hiroyuki Kaneda, Yasuhiko Miura, Takanobu Kinjo, Yoshiyuki Takimoto","doi":"10.1007/s41649-022-00219-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s41649-022-00219-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Hospital ethics committees (HECs) are expected to play extremely broad and pivotal roles such as case consultation, education of staffs on healthcare ethics, and institutional policy formation. Despite the growing importance of HECs, there are no standards for setup and operation of HECs, and composition and activities of HECs at each institution are rarely disclosed in Japan. In addition, there is also a lack of information sharing and collaboration among HECs. Therefore, the authors established the Consortium of\u0000Hospital Ethics Committees (CHEC) in October 2020, which has been regularly hosting a couple of core activities. One is the Healthcare Ethics Forum, held monthly online for CHEC members to freely discuss HECs and healthcare ethics consultation. The other is the Collaboration Conference of Hospital Ethics Committees, intended to provide a place for HEC members and administrative officers from across Japan to exchange information of their HECs, learn from each other, and cooperate to operate HECs appropriately.\u0000In this paper, the authors introduced CHEC as well as reported the results of a questionnaire survey conducted at the first conference among participating facilities, suggesting the diverse structures and activities of HECs in Japan.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":44520,"journal":{"name":"Asian Bioethics Review","volume":"14 4","pages":"307 - 316"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2022-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s41649-022-00219-0.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"33460308","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 2