Canadian Society of Forensic Science Journal最新文献

{"title":"Forensic examination of Latin based handwriting samples according to writers’ language levels as indicators of educational level","authors":"Ekin Ozcan, Emrah Emiral, N. Canturk, G. Canturk","doi":"10.1080/00085030.2021.2000233","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00085030.2021.2000233","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Forensic examinations and comparisons of handwriting are performed by analyzing several features, including allograph construction, alignment, pen pause, fluency, arrangement, punctuation, and pen pressure. In the present study, documents with the same content and written by 60 healthy volunteers in their native language, second language and, a language they did not know (as indicators of their educational level) were examined. These documents were compared in terms of forensic document examination parameters using a magnifier with an LED desk lamp and an optical glass lens. Statistically significant differences were identified in allograph construction, fluency, and punctuation (p = 0.001, p = 0.000, and p = 0.002, respectively). Handwriting was found to reflect a person’s command of language and to provide clues regarding their education level, because the use of writing increases with education, and the level of language affects allograph construction, fluency, and punctuation. RésuméDes examens forensiques et des examens comparatifs d’écrits manuscrits sont effectués par l’analyse de plusieurs caractéristiques, telles que la construction allographique, l’alignement, les pauses du tracé, la fluidité, la disposition graphique, la ponctuation et la pression exercée par l’instrument d’écriture. Dans la présente étude, des documents possédant un contenu identique et rédigés par 60 volontaires en bonne santé, dans leur langue maternelle, dans une langue seconde ainsi que dans une langue qu’ils ne connaissaient pas (en tant qu’indicateurs de leur niveau d’éducation) ont été examinés. Ces documents ont été comparés en fonction de paramètres d’examen forensique de documents à l’aide d’une loupe composée d’une lampe de bureau à éclairage LED et d’une lentille en verre optique. Des différences statistiquement significatives ont été identifiées dans la construction des allographes, la fluidité et la ponctuation (p = 0,001, p = 0,000 et p = 0,002, respectivement). L’écriture manuscrite s’est avérée bien refléter la maîtrise de la langue d’une personne et permet de fournir des indices à propos de son niveau d’éducation, puisque l’utilisation de l’écriture augmente avec le niveau d’éducation, et puisque le niveau de language exerce une influence sur la construction allographique, la fluidité et la punctuation.","PeriodicalId":44383,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Society of Forensic Science Journal","volume":"54 1","pages":"183 - 195"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2021-10-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41610926","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Utilizing foot bones for estimation of sex: a case study from modern Chilean adults","authors":"T. Peckmann, Logan Robertson, S. Meek","doi":"10.1080/00085030.2021.1996988","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00085030.2021.1996988","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The estimation of sex is an important part of building the biological profile for unknown human remains. Many of the bones traditionally used for the estimation of sex are often found fragmented or incomplete in forensic and archaeological cases. The goal of this research is to derive population-specific discriminant functions from the talus, a preservationally favoured bone, for estimation of sex from a contemporary adult Chilean population. Nine parameters were measured from 220 individuals (113 males and 107 females) with age ranges from 15 to 78 years old. All nine tali variables were sexually dimorphic. Population-specific discriminant function equations were generated for use in sex estimation. Overall, the accuracy of sex classification ranged from 64.1% to 79.7% for the univariate analysis, 79.1% to 84.7% for the direct method, and 82.8% for the stepwise method. Comparisons to other populations were made and the results demonstrated the need for population-specific discriminant functions. Overall, the cross-validated accuracies ranged from 50% to 78%. The talus was shown to be useful for sex estimation in the modern Chilean population. RÉSUMÉ L’estimation du sexe est un élément important de la construction du profil biologique de restes humains non-identifiés. Dans les contextes médico-légaux et archéologiques, les ossements traditionnellement utilisés pour l’estimation du sexe sont le plus souvent retrouvés fragmentés ou incomplets. L’objectif de cette recherche est, pour une population spécifique, d’utiliser des analyses discriminantes basées sur le talus, généralement bien conservé, afin d’estimer le sexe sur une population chilienne adulte contemporaine. Neuf paramètres ont été mesurés sur un échantillon constitué de 220 individus (113 hommes et 107 femmes) âgés de 15 à 78 ans. Les neuf variables ont montré un dimorphisme sexuel. Des équations basées sur ces analyses discriminantes ont été générées pour être utilisées pour l’estimation du sexe. Dans l’ensemble, la précision de la classification par sexe variait de 64,1% à 79,7% pour l’analyse univariée, de 79,1% à 84,7% pour la méthode directe et était de 82,8% pour la méthode par étapes. Des comparaisons avec d’autres populations ont été réalisées et les résultats ont démontré la nécessité d’employer des analyses discriminantes spécifiques à la population. Globalement, les précisions obtenues par validation croisée variaient de 50% à 78%. Le talus s’est avéré utile pour l’estimation du sexe dans la population chilienne moderne.","PeriodicalId":44383,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Society of Forensic Science Journal","volume":"54 1","pages":"167 - 182"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2021-10-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42018459","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Immersion et prises de vues photographiques des objets traités au Small Particle Reagent","authors":"Yohan Gerard","doi":"10.1080/00085030.2021.1994213","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00085030.2021.1994213","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract While searching for fingermarks using Small Particle Reagent (SPR) on items that have been submerged, the excess SPR is usually rinsed off by spraying water, causing runoff on the treated surface or soaking in a tank of clean water before drying. However, after rinsing it is possible to immerse the object immediately in a tank of clear water in order to carry out the detection and photographic shots of fingermarks. This technique will clearly improve the contrast and the quality of the papillary pattern. Oxidation of metallic objects will also be limited, as they are not exposed to air during photographic shots. RÉSUMÉ Lors de recherches de traces papillaires au moyen de Small Particle Reagent (SPR) sur des supports ayant été immergés, le rinçage de l’excédent de SPR se fait généralement en pulvérisant de l’eau, en la faisant ruisseler sur la surface traitée ou encore en trempant cette dernière dans un bac d’eau avant son séchage. Néanmoins, il est possible d’immerger l’objet immédiatement après le rinçage dans un bac d’eau claire afin de réaliser la détection et les prises de vue photographiques des traces révélées. Cette technique va permettre d’améliorer nettement le contraste et la qualité du dessin papillaire. L’oxydation des objets métalliques sera également limitée, ces derniers n’étant pas exposés à l’air le temps des prises de vue photographiques.","PeriodicalId":44383,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Society of Forensic Science Journal","volume":"54 1","pages":"159 - 166"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2021-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44741565","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The scientific method in forensic science: a Canadian handbook","authors":"Michael H. Gorn","doi":"10.1080/00085030.2021.1915637","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00085030.2021.1915637","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":44383,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Society of Forensic Science Journal","volume":"54 1","pages":"157 - 158"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2021-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00085030.2021.1915637","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47373118","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of vaping E-juices with and without alcohol on the accuracy of the Alco-Sensor FST® approved screening device","authors":"Amy Eng Minh","doi":"10.1080/00085030.2021.1898774","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00085030.2021.1898774","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Approved screening devices (ASDs) are valuable roadside tools for police officers to determine if an individual has been driving with a blood alcohol concentration (BAC) over the prescribed limits and to form reasonable and probable grounds for further investigation. ASDs are expected to produce accurate and reliable results that are free from interference by exogenous substances other than the individual’s BAC. Nevertheless, electronic cigarette (E-cigarette) vapours have the potential to interfere with the accuracy of ASDs as certain E-juices, the liquid that is aerosolized to generate the vapour, have been found to contain alcohol. In this study, five alcohol-free participants were tested with the Alco-Sensor FST® after inhaling vapours from alcohol-free and alcohol-positive E-juices. Subsequently, the five participants were dosed with alcohol, and the testing was repeated. Although vaping alcohol-positive E-juice did falsely increase the apparent BAC of both alcohol-free and alcohol-positive participants, the effects completely subsided within 3 min. The recommended standard operating procedure for ASDs used by the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (R.C.M.P.) requires a 5-min wait time following the end of smoking prior to provision of a sample by a subject. This wait period is more than sufficient for any effects from the E-cigarette vapour containing alcohol to be eliminated, thus refuting any concerns of E-cigarette vapour falsely elevating an individual’s existing BAC.","PeriodicalId":44383,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Society of Forensic Science Journal","volume":"54 1","pages":"77 - 85"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2021-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00085030.2021.1898774","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47486130","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Drip stains formed on ice and snow: an observational study","authors":"Jesse Plante, Amanda Orr, Irv Albrecht, L. Wyard, Phillip Boyd, T. Stotesbury","doi":"10.1080/00085030.2021.1880726","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00085030.2021.1880726","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract When a crime is committed in colder climates, there is potential for bloodshed to occur in areas covered in ice and/or snow. In this work, we investigate drip stain formation on ice and snow surfaces. We examine the effects of dripping height and surface type on bloodstain size, shape and distribution. Seventy-five drip stains were created from droplets generated perpendicular to the surface across five different dripping heights and three surface types (new snow, powder snow and crust). Digital images of each bloodstain were collected and were analyzed using FIJI. Additionally, high-speed videos were taken of drip stains forming on three types of natural snow surfaces. The bloodstains observed in this study exhibited irregular characteristics compared to those seen in bloodstains on hard, non-porous and non-absorbent surfaces created in ambient laboratory conditions. The type of surface was observed to affect the diameter, circularity and distribution of satellite stains; however, dripping height did not affect these characteristics. While the estimated roughness of the snow surfaces may have influenced the formation of the bloodstains, we suggest that it is not the only surface property involved in bloodstain appearance. Our findings, while preliminary, support future investigation of bloodstain formation on cold complex surfaces.","PeriodicalId":44383,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Society of Forensic Science Journal","volume":"54 1","pages":"61 - 76"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2021-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00085030.2021.1880726","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44741389","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"First lessons regarding the data analysis of physicochemical traces at activity level in TTADB","authors":"Heidi Letendre, Karelle Séguin, Anne-Julie Grenier, V. Mousseau, L. Cadola, F. Crispino","doi":"10.1080/00085030.2021.1899655","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00085030.2021.1899655","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract If transfer traces inform about the source from which they originate, they also have an informative potential on their generating activity. To help practitioners interpret such traces and assess their evidential value at the activity level, this research aims at producing a structured knowledge base on physicochemical transfer traces here defined as ignitable liquids, cosmetics, explosives, narcotics and paints. Studies focusing on background, persistence, transfer and contamination assessment (e.g. washing machines, laboratory), mimicking operative situations (e.g. cross transfers of paint from crowbars onto door frames from a burglary), and covering different supports (e.g. textiles, plastics, doors) were privileged with a special concern for the Canadian relevancy. This research also helps highlighting gaps of knowledge in the overall literature, hence, new research to launch.","PeriodicalId":44383,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Society of Forensic Science Journal","volume":"54 1","pages":"139 - 156"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2021-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00085030.2021.1899655","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46659035","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"L’occurrence et la genèse des traces de transfert en criminalistique: une base de connaissances structurée","authors":"L. Cadola, Marie-Pier Charest, Catherine Lavallée, F. Crispino","doi":"10.1080/00085030.2021.1890942","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00085030.2021.1890942","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract While forensic science is generally focused on associating a trace to its source, trace’s relevance is best addressed at the activity responsible for its genesis. Recurring studies show the potential of the Bayesian approach in order to address activity level’s propositions in a rational and transparent manner. The objective of this research is to identify and review literature and models for transfer traces to create a relevant database for activity level interpretation. As of December 17th, 2020, a thorough review of 2042 existing peer-reviewed publications and studies concerning transfer traces has been conducted. The data have been classified by different criteria such as, the type of trace, year of publication, and type of study (i.e. population). Every publication has been critically analyzed according to its relevance, among others, with regards to a Canadian environment. This process identified research that needed to be completed. A database collecting publication and data on activity level assessment has been created. This database is available for consultation to laboratories, police agencies, lawyers and universities, thus contributing to the transparency of the expert opinion.","PeriodicalId":44383,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Society of Forensic Science Journal","volume":"54 1","pages":"101 - 116"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2021-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00085030.2021.1890942","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41491480","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The occurrence and genesis of transfer traces in forensic science: a structured knowledge database","authors":"L. Cadola, Marina Charest, Catherine Lavallée, F. Crispino","doi":"10.1080/00085030.2021.1890941","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00085030.2021.1890941","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract While forensic science is generally focused on associating a trace to its source, trace’s relevance is best addressed at the activity responsible for its genesis. Recurring studies show the potential of the Bayesian approach in order to address activity level’s propositions in a rational and transparent manner. The objective of this research is to identify and review literature and models for transfer traces to create a relevant database for activity level interpretation. As of December 17th, 2020, a thorough review of 2042 existing peer-reviewed publications and studies concerning transfer traces has been conducted. The data have been classified by different criteria such as, the type of trace, year of publication, and type of study (i.e. population). Every publication has been critically analyzed according to its relevance, among others, with regards to a Canadian environment. This process identified research that needed to be completed. A database collecting publication and data on activity level assessment has been created. This database is available for consultation to laboratories, police agencies, lawyers and universities, thus contributing to the transparency of the expert opinion.","PeriodicalId":44383,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Society of Forensic Science Journal","volume":"54 1","pages":"86 - 100"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2021-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00085030.2021.1890941","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41780502","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Models for predicting height from percutaneous lengths of the ulna and femur in a Ghanaian population","authors":"N. Amidu, Moses Banyeh, S. Bani, Y. Adam, P. Dapare, Kervin Edinam Zogli","doi":"10.1080/00085030.2021.1880725","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00085030.2021.1880725","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This study aimed to develop predictive models from percutaneous femoral (PFL) and ulna (PUL) lengths for estimating height among a living Ghanaian population. This was a cross-sectional study involving 99 adults (males = 52, females = 47) between the ages of 19–31yrs. The height, femoral and ulnar lengths of all participants were measured twice using standard anthropometric methods. Regression predictive equation models were developed based on PFL, PUL, age and the combined PFL + PUL. p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Males were significantly taller and had longer PFL and PUL than females (p < 0.05 for all). Correlation between height and PFL, PUL, age and PFL + PUL in the total study population was 0.783, 0.786, 0.234 and 0.875 and their adjusted R2 were 60.9%, 61.4%, 4.5% and 76.4%, respectively. Predicted heights using all models except age, were not significantly different from the measured height (mean difference ≤ 0.0, p > 0.05). However, other population-based models used to predict the height of Ghanaians deviated from the observed height by about 2.1–8.2 cm in males and 1.5–7.6 cm in females. The combined PFL + PUL was more suitable for predictive height followed by PFL and PUL. Height estimating models from PFL and PUL are population-specific and should not be extrapolated to other populations.","PeriodicalId":44383,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Society of Forensic Science Journal","volume":"54 1","pages":"49 - 60"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2021-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00085030.2021.1880725","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43888164","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}