Canadian Society of Forensic Science Journal最新文献

{"title":"Sex estimation from the percutaneous lengths of the femur and the ulna in a Ghanaian population using discriminant function analysis","authors":"Moses Banyeh, S. Bani, Rahul Pathak, Dennis Dogara Yakubu, Emmanuel Amankwaah, Lukeman Ahmed","doi":"10.1080/00085030.2022.2028358","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00085030.2022.2028358","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Sex estimation models form a vital part in Forensic human identification but they are usually population-specific. This study aimed to develop and test sex estimation models for a Ghanaian population using percutaneous lengths of the femur (FL) and ulna (UL). The study was cross-sectional from June to July 2020, involving 99 adults (male: 52, females: 47), aged between 19 and 31 years. The lengths of the femur and ulna were measured using standard anthropometric techniques. All measurements were taken twice from the left side and then averaged. The sample was randomly divided into training (n = 60) and holdout (n = 39) samples before been analysed using discriminant function analysis (DFA). Cross-population studies were performed to test the reliability of the models. Males had longer femur and ulna than females (p < 0.001). Sex estimation accuracies from all the models ranged from 68.2% to 81.8% for males and 52.9% to 86.7% for females. The standardized mean difference (SMD: Cohen’s d) by sample type ranged from −0.19 to 3.08 (living samples), 0.19 to 4.73 (cadaveric samples) and 0.30 to 5.46 (skeletal samples). The SMD by population type were: Africa, excluding Mixed or White ethnicities (d= −0.02 to 3.08), Asia (d = 0.83 to 4.85) and Europe or the Americas (d = 0.30 to 3.38). When other population-specific models were tested on the holdout sample, the difference in the average sex estimation accuracy ranged from 0 to 25.6%. Sex estimation models from the lengths of the femur and ulna are specific to a the studied population and the type of sample used.","PeriodicalId":44383,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Society of Forensic Science Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43626503","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Total allele count distribution (TAC curves) improves number of contributor estimation for complex DNA mixtures","authors":"Josée Noël, S. Noël, F. Mailly, Dominic Granger, J. Lefebvre, E. Milot, Diane Séguin","doi":"10.1080/00085030.2022.2028359","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00085030.2022.2028359","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract As the forensic community is transitioning to probabilistic genotyping and the use of likelihood ratios to assign probative weight to DNA mixtures, the assessment of the number of contributors (NOC) needs to be more robust for mixture interpretation. However, NOC assessment can be challenging for low-template and/or high order mixtures. Here, we present a quick and easy-to-use tool to help with NOC estimation: total allele count curves (TAC curves). TAC curves for two to seven contributors were generated using sets of 20,000 in silico mixtures, for five populations (African American, Caucasian, Asian, Apache and Native Alaska) and for commonly used commercial STR kits (GlobalFilerTM, PowerPlex® Fusion, PowerPlex® ESX 17 and IdentifilerTM). To assess the performance of TAC curves, the NOC was evaluated for 80 mixtures, with and without use of the curves. Results show that TAC curves allow for a better NOC assessment as correct evaluations rose from 10% when using maximal allele count (MAC) to 65% when also using TAC for four to six contributor mixtures. Supplemental data for this article is available online at http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00085030.2022.2028359 .","PeriodicalId":44383,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Society of Forensic Science Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42726130","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of the performance of erasable marker pen ink for the development of indentations on documents upon surface charging by electrostatic detection device","authors":"Nabeesathul Sumayya Mohamed Sadiq, Izliana Izyanti Abdullah, Siti Nur Musliha Mohamad Noor, K. Wong, K. Chang, A. F. L. Abdullah","doi":"10.1080/00085030.2021.2016160","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00085030.2021.2016160","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Indented impressions can be left on the surface beneath a document when it is written on. In the absence of this document, electrostatic detection devices can be used to reveal the underneath previously written information. However, there are instances where the toner used to develop these indentations has to be substituted with alternative application, under unexpected circumstances, such as the supply chain disruption during the ongoing global pandemic. This study aimed to verify the use of erasable marker pen ink as an alternative application for the development of indentations. The procedure was optimized and evaluated, and its performance in deciphering indented impressions from 11 different underlying surfaces was compared to a conventional electrostatic detection device that applied toner to develop indentation. Electrostatic device with toner application using cascade developer method has successfully developed indented impressions from all surfaces, except for the coated glossy paper. In contrast, the application of erasable marker pens revealed indentation successfully from not only the coated glossy paper but also six other common writing surfaces. While the toner is a reliable application for deciphering indentations, the application of erasable marker ink pen can be used in the event when toners are unavailable but also on surfaces such as glossy paper, where application of toners to develop indentation may not provide satisfactory results. Résumé: Des impressions latentes peuvent être laissées sur la surface sous-jacente à un document lorsqu’on écrit sur ce dernier. En l’absence de ce document, des appareils à détection électrostatique peuvent être utilisés pour révéler les informations précédemment écrites. Cependant, il existe des cas où le toner utilisé pour le développement de ces impressions doit être remplacé par une autre application, lors de circonstances inattendues, telles que la perturbation de la chaîne d’approvisionnement pendant la pandémie mondiale présentement en cours. Cette étude visait à vérifier l’utilisation de l’encre de crayon marqueur effaçable comme application alternative pour la détection des impressions latentes. La procédure a été optimisée et évaluée, et ses performances pour la détection d’impressions latentes sur 11 types de surfaces sous-jacentes différentes ont été comparées à un appareil à détection électrostatique conventionnel qui appliquait du toner pour développer les impressions. L’appareil à détection électrostatique avec application de toner par la méthode du révélateur en cascade a révélé avec succès des impressions latentes sur toutes les surfaces, à l’exception du papier glacé couché. En revanche, l’application de crayons marqueurs effaçables a révélé avec succès des impressions latentes non seulement sur le papier glacé couché, mais également sur six autres surfaces usuelles d’écriture. Bien que le toner soit une application fiable pour déchiffrer les impressions, l’application ","PeriodicalId":44383,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Society of Forensic Science Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-01-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48202778","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"ABSTRACTS FROM THE 2021 CSFS VIRTUAL CONFERENCE “Forensic Science: A World of Opportunities” (June 21 to 24, 2021)","authors":"Résumés DE LA Conférence, Virtuelle DE LA Scsj","doi":"10.1080/00085030.2022.2033939","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00085030.2022.2033939","url":null,"abstract":"S FROM THE 2021 CSFS VIRTUAL CONFERENCE “Forensic Science: A World of Opportunities” (June 21 to 24, 2021) RÉSUMÉS DE LA CONFÉRENCE VIRTUELLE DE LA SCSJ 2021 « Sciences judiciaires : Un monde d’opportunités » (21 au 24 juin 2021) KEYNOTE SPEAKER/CONFÉRENCIÈRE D’HONNEUR Bodies of knowledge: The importance of human decomposition facilities/Les corps de la connaissance : L’importance des sites de recherches sur la décomposition humaine","PeriodicalId":44383,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Society of Forensic Science Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43025548","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A multiple predictive tool approach for phenotypic and biogeographical ancestry inferences","authors":"C. Frégeau","doi":"10.1080/00085030.2021.2016206","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00085030.2021.2016206","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Phenotypic and biogeographical ancestry predictions for 128 Canadians with various self-reported ancestries, generated using the ForenSeq™ DNA Signature Prep kit/Primer Mix B and VEROGEN’s Universal Analysis Software (UAS) v1.3, were compared to predictions derived from the ERASMUS v2.0, Snipper Application v2.5, Forensic Reference/Resource on Genetics knowledge base [FROG-kb] ©2019 and STRUCTURE v2.3.4, web tools. Performance metrics were calculated for all tools tested. The UAS v1.3 eye color predictions were determined to be accurate (91.8% for brown, 82.4% for blue) with no need to complement results with any other predictive tools. For hair color predictions, the UAS v1.3 was accurate for black (93.5%), for red (80.0%) but limited for brown (50.0%) and for blond (31.3%) using the Highest Probability Approach. The ERASMUS web tool could complement the UAS results using a revised Prediction Guide Approach. Non-admixed individuals with ancestries from Africa, East Asia or Europe were predicted with 79.7% accuracy using the UAS v1.3. Admixed individuals and those with ancestries from India, the Middle East and South America were better classified using Snipper, FROG-kb and STRUCTURE. Complementing UAS v1.3 predictions with those obtained from open access web tools thus represents a way to maximize information derivable from unknown samples.","PeriodicalId":44383,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Society of Forensic Science Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2021-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48774567","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Using momentum to determine serious bodily injury: an experimental study using pig eyes","authors":"Priscilla Burns, Kimberly Nugent, Franco Gaspari, Liam Hendrikse","doi":"10.1080/00085030.2021.2016205","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00085030.2021.2016205","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract According to section 2 of the Criminal Code, a firearm is a barrelled weapon that can discharge a projectile capable of causing serious bodily injury or death to a person. Although not defined in the Criminal Code, serious bodily injury has been accepted in Canadian courts as the “penetration or rupture of an eye”. Classifying air guns may be difficult as they are usually not categorized as a firearm, but some are capable of meeting the criteria of a firearm. In previous studies, velocity and/or energy density were used to define a parameter V50, and a minimum energy density range where penetration may occur. This research project sought to evaluate the momentum of the projectile as a new parameter to determine if an air gun is capable of causing serious bodily injury. Three air guns, with five projectile types, were fired 10 times each into pig eyes. Results indicated that a minimum momentum value may be applied to each projectile of a different shape, regardless of the projectile’s mass. Minimum momentum values ranging from 0.026 kg*m/s (pointed) to 0.039 kg m/s (flat nose) were observed. It is hypothesised that impulse, which considers the cross-sectional area of projectiles, would be a universal parameter and more research should be done to test this.","PeriodicalId":44383,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Society of Forensic Science Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2021-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46535373","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"First lessons regarding the data analysis of gunshot residue traces at activity level in TTADB","authors":"Karelle Séguin, Mylène Falardeau, V. Mousseau, Nadia Ducharme, L. Cadola, F. Crispino","doi":"10.1080/00085030.2021.2007666","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00085030.2021.2007666","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Gunshot residues (GSR) are of interest whenever a crime involves the discharge of a firearm. They do not only inform about their source, but also about the suspect’s implication. In order to assess the existing knowledge on GSR in the literature and contribute to the creation of a structured database on transfer traces at the activity level, studies focusing on transfer, persistence, background, population and detection of GSR in various scenarios and on different supports were analyzed, with a critical assessment in a Canadian context. This research establishes a review of the current knowledge identifies gaps in the literature and therefore suggests future research to be undertaken.","PeriodicalId":44383,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Society of Forensic Science Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2021-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42891087","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Forensic examination of Latin based handwriting samples according to writers’ language levels as indicators of educational level","authors":"Ekin Ozcan, Emrah Emiral, N. Canturk, G. Canturk","doi":"10.1080/00085030.2021.2000233","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00085030.2021.2000233","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Forensic examinations and comparisons of handwriting are performed by analyzing several features, including allograph construction, alignment, pen pause, fluency, arrangement, punctuation, and pen pressure. In the present study, documents with the same content and written by 60 healthy volunteers in their native language, second language and, a language they did not know (as indicators of their educational level) were examined. These documents were compared in terms of forensic document examination parameters using a magnifier with an LED desk lamp and an optical glass lens. Statistically significant differences were identified in allograph construction, fluency, and punctuation (p = 0.001, p = 0.000, and p = 0.002, respectively). Handwriting was found to reflect a person’s command of language and to provide clues regarding their education level, because the use of writing increases with education, and the level of language affects allograph construction, fluency, and punctuation. RésuméDes examens forensiques et des examens comparatifs d’écrits manuscrits sont effectués par l’analyse de plusieurs caractéristiques, telles que la construction allographique, l’alignement, les pauses du tracé, la fluidité, la disposition graphique, la ponctuation et la pression exercée par l’instrument d’écriture. Dans la présente étude, des documents possédant un contenu identique et rédigés par 60 volontaires en bonne santé, dans leur langue maternelle, dans une langue seconde ainsi que dans une langue qu’ils ne connaissaient pas (en tant qu’indicateurs de leur niveau d’éducation) ont été examinés. Ces documents ont été comparés en fonction de paramètres d’examen forensique de documents à l’aide d’une loupe composée d’une lampe de bureau à éclairage LED et d’une lentille en verre optique. Des différences statistiquement significatives ont été identifiées dans la construction des allographes, la fluidité et la ponctuation (p = 0,001, p = 0,000 et p = 0,002, respectivement). L’écriture manuscrite s’est avérée bien refléter la maîtrise de la langue d’une personne et permet de fournir des indices à propos de son niveau d’éducation, puisque l’utilisation de l’écriture augmente avec le niveau d’éducation, et puisque le niveau de language exerce une influence sur la construction allographique, la fluidité et la punctuation.","PeriodicalId":44383,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Society of Forensic Science Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2021-10-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41610926","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Utilizing foot bones for estimation of sex: a case study from modern Chilean adults","authors":"T. Peckmann, Logan Robertson, S. Meek","doi":"10.1080/00085030.2021.1996988","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00085030.2021.1996988","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The estimation of sex is an important part of building the biological profile for unknown human remains. Many of the bones traditionally used for the estimation of sex are often found fragmented or incomplete in forensic and archaeological cases. The goal of this research is to derive population-specific discriminant functions from the talus, a preservationally favoured bone, for estimation of sex from a contemporary adult Chilean population. Nine parameters were measured from 220 individuals (113 males and 107 females) with age ranges from 15 to 78 years old. All nine tali variables were sexually dimorphic. Population-specific discriminant function equations were generated for use in sex estimation. Overall, the accuracy of sex classification ranged from 64.1% to 79.7% for the univariate analysis, 79.1% to 84.7% for the direct method, and 82.8% for the stepwise method. Comparisons to other populations were made and the results demonstrated the need for population-specific discriminant functions. Overall, the cross-validated accuracies ranged from 50% to 78%. The talus was shown to be useful for sex estimation in the modern Chilean population. RÉSUMÉ L’estimation du sexe est un élément important de la construction du profil biologique de restes humains non-identifiés. Dans les contextes médico-légaux et archéologiques, les ossements traditionnellement utilisés pour l’estimation du sexe sont le plus souvent retrouvés fragmentés ou incomplets. L’objectif de cette recherche est, pour une population spécifique, d’utiliser des analyses discriminantes basées sur le talus, généralement bien conservé, afin d’estimer le sexe sur une population chilienne adulte contemporaine. Neuf paramètres ont été mesurés sur un échantillon constitué de 220 individus (113 hommes et 107 femmes) âgés de 15 à 78 ans. Les neuf variables ont montré un dimorphisme sexuel. Des équations basées sur ces analyses discriminantes ont été générées pour être utilisées pour l’estimation du sexe. Dans l’ensemble, la précision de la classification par sexe variait de 64,1% à 79,7% pour l’analyse univariée, de 79,1% à 84,7% pour la méthode directe et était de 82,8% pour la méthode par étapes. Des comparaisons avec d’autres populations ont été réalisées et les résultats ont démontré la nécessité d’employer des analyses discriminantes spécifiques à la population. Globalement, les précisions obtenues par validation croisée variaient de 50% à 78%. Le talus s’est avéré utile pour l’estimation du sexe dans la population chilienne moderne.","PeriodicalId":44383,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Society of Forensic Science Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2021-10-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42018459","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Immersion et prises de vues photographiques des objets traités au Small Particle Reagent","authors":"Yohan Gerard","doi":"10.1080/00085030.2021.1994213","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00085030.2021.1994213","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract While searching for fingermarks using Small Particle Reagent (SPR) on items that have been submerged, the excess SPR is usually rinsed off by spraying water, causing runoff on the treated surface or soaking in a tank of clean water before drying. However, after rinsing it is possible to immerse the object immediately in a tank of clear water in order to carry out the detection and photographic shots of fingermarks. This technique will clearly improve the contrast and the quality of the papillary pattern. Oxidation of metallic objects will also be limited, as they are not exposed to air during photographic shots. RÉSUMÉ Lors de recherches de traces papillaires au moyen de Small Particle Reagent (SPR) sur des supports ayant été immergés, le rinçage de l’excédent de SPR se fait généralement en pulvérisant de l’eau, en la faisant ruisseler sur la surface traitée ou encore en trempant cette dernière dans un bac d’eau avant son séchage. Néanmoins, il est possible d’immerger l’objet immédiatement après le rinçage dans un bac d’eau claire afin de réaliser la détection et les prises de vue photographiques des traces révélées. Cette technique va permettre d’améliorer nettement le contraste et la qualité du dessin papillaire. L’oxydation des objets métalliques sera également limitée, ces derniers n’étant pas exposés à l’air le temps des prises de vue photographiques.","PeriodicalId":44383,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Society of Forensic Science Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2021-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44741565","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}