Vavilovskii Zhurnal Genetiki i Selektsii最新文献

{"title":"Concept of natural genome reconstruction.Part 5. Analysis of changes in the lifespan of old animals after reinfusion of bone marrow cells derived from old animals and treated with hDNAgr in combination with recombinant human angiogenin.","authors":"V S Ruzanova, L U Grivtsova, S G Oshikhmina, A S Proskurina, G S Ritter, E V Dolgova, S S Kirikovich, E V Levites, Y R Efremov, T D Dubatolova, M I Meschaninova, A L Mamaev, O S Taranov, S V Sidorov, O Y Leplina, A A Ostanin, E R Chernykh, N A Kolchanov, A S Bryukhovetskiy, S S Bogachev","doi":"10.18699/vjgb-26-39","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18699/vjgb-26-39","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Two series of tests were performed, on mice and rats, to assess the lifespan of old animals reinfused with bone marrow cells from old animals treated with fragmented human DNA (hDNAgr), recombinant human angiogenin, and both preparations together. Animals reinfused with untreated bone marrow cells from old animals or bone marrow cells from young animals were used as comparison groups. Using both outbred mice and CBA/Lac mice, no significant increase in the lifespan of animals reinfused with bone marrow cells treated with the hDNAgr was found compared with the group of mice reinfused with untreated bone marrow cells. Using the CBA/Lac line, mice reinfused with bone marrow cells treated with angiogenin simultaneously died of the characteristic symptom complex at 10 months after treatment. Pathomorphological analysis suggests that the simultaneous death of mice occurred as a result of pathological disorders in the excretory systems of animals. Reinfusion of bone marrow cells from old animals treated with angiogenin and hDNAgr and bone marrow cells taken from young animals significantly increases the lifespan of mice in groups. The combined use of two activators, angiogenin and hDNAgr, increased the average lifespan of 30 % of experimental mice to 35 months compared to 28 months in the control. Using Wistar rats as model animals in the first experiment, a reliable increase in the lifespan of rats with reinfusion of bone marrow cells from old animals treated with the hDNAgr preparation to 28 months was shown compared to the group that received untreated bone marrow cells from old animals, where the average lifespan of rats was 24 months. In the second similar experiment, no reliable difference in the lifespan of rats for the two groups was shown. Animals injected with bone marrow cells treated with angiogenin lived significantly longer than rats from the control group. The analysis of the amount of telomeric DNA in bone marrow cells of rats from the experimental and control groups 12 months after treatment showed that there was no significant increase in telomeric DNA. A molecular/cellular model of aging of the organism associated with the concept of \"natural reconstruction of the genome\" is considered.</p>","PeriodicalId":44339,"journal":{"name":"Vavilovskii Zhurnal Genetiki i Selektsii","volume":"30 3","pages":"345-361"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13231053/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148165098","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characteristics of galacturonate reductase (GalUR) genes in garlic (Allium sativum L.) and changes in their expression in response to abiotic stressors.","authors":"M A Filyushin, T M Seredin, A V Shchennikova, E Z Kochieva","doi":"10.18699/vjgb-26-45","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18699/vjgb-26-45","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In plants, the synthesis of L-ascorbic acid (Aa), in addition to the main L-galactose pathway, is carried out by three known alternative pathways. One of them, the D-galacturonic acid pathway, is thought to be specific for tissues with excess D-galacturonate, the substrate of D-galacturonate reductase (GalUR), which belongs to the Aldo-Keto Reductase (AKR) superfamily. In this study, the AKR gene family of garlic Allium sativum L. was identified and seven genes, AsGalUR1-7, presumably encoding GalUR enzymes, were determined. The structure and phylogeny of the AsGalUR1-7 genes and the proteins they encode, as well as the AsGalUR1-7 expression pattern in different organs of the garlic plant (in silico and qRT-PCR), were characterized. Based on the obtained data, the genes were conditionally divided into root (AsGalUR1-4) and leaf (AsGalUR5-7) groups depending on the highest expression level in the underground and aboveground parts of the plant, respectively. The AsGalUR expression in leaves and roots was analyzed in response to drought, salt and cold stresses, as well as exogenous phytohormones (abscisic acid, methyl jasmonate), accompanied by the AsA content measurement. It was shown that hormone treatment suppresses the expression of all analyzed genes in both organ types. Cold conditions stimulate the expression of root group genes and suppress that of leaf group genes in roots, and have the opposite effect in leaves. Osmotic stressors (NaCl, PEG) suppress the transcription of all genes in leaves, but do not change (NaCl) or stimulate (PEG) it in roots, which is accompanied by an increase in AsA accumulation in organs of both types. A positive correlation between the expression of the AsGalUR1 and 4 genes and the AsA content is found in leaves under stress conditions. The data obtained can form the basis for further study of the mechanisms regulating AsA synthesis in garlic and other Allium species.</p>","PeriodicalId":44339,"journal":{"name":"Vavilovskii Zhurnal Genetiki i Selektsii","volume":"30 3","pages":"412-423"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13231054/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148165110","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Diagnostic efficiency of whole exome sequencing in the search for genetic causes of hereditary diseases in Yugra (West Siberia, Russia).","authors":"M Yu Donnikov, P A Suchko, A V Morozkina, L N Kolbasin, E A Popova, S I Papanov, Yu S Koshevaya, L G Danilov, Yu A Eismont, O S Glotov, L V Kovalenko","doi":"10.18699/vjgb-26-52","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18699/vjgb-26-52","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Whole-exome sequencing (WES) has revolutionized the diagnostics of hereditary diseases, yet its efficacy varies across populations. Data on the genetic architecture of rare hereditary disorders in many Russian regions, including the ethnically diverse Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug (Yugra) are scarce. The aim of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic yield of WES for identifying genetic variants associated with hereditary disorders in this ethnically heterogeneous population. The study involved 286 probands with suspected hereditary disorders observed by regional geneticists in the years 2021-2024. WES was performed on the DNBSEQ-G50 platform (MGI, China). Bioinformatic analysis included variant calling and annotation using population databases and pathogenicity prediction tools. Identified variants were classified according to ACMG/Russian Medical Genetics Society guidelines and correlated with clinical phenotypes. Molecular genetic diagnoses were categorized as definitive, partial, potential (based on variants of unknown significance), or unknown. The examined cohort was predominantly pediatric, the most common clinical indications were neurological, dysmorphic, and metabolic disorders. Definitive molecular diagnoses were established in 24.8 % of patients. Inclusion of potential diagnoses increased the total yield to 48.6 %. Diagnostic efficacy varied significantly among disease categories ranging from 58.3 % for renal disorders to 0 % for neurodevelopmental disorders. A total of 420 unique variants were analyzed, and missense changes were the most frequent among clinically significant findings. The most commonly implicated genes were ATP7B, GJB2, ABCA4, and GALT. The study results indicate that WES is an effective first-tier molecular tool for a wide range of suspected hereditary diseases in the Yugra population, with a diagnostic yield comparable to similar studies abroad. The findings support the utility of WES in diverse populations and highlight the potential for increasing yield through trio-WES and periodic data reanalysis.</p>","PeriodicalId":44339,"journal":{"name":"Vavilovskii Zhurnal Genetiki i Selektsii","volume":"30 3","pages":"482-489"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13233623/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148200667","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Adaptive responses of pear cultivars to low-temperature stress in the spring period.","authors":"A E Mishko, A V Klyukina","doi":"10.18699/vjgb-26-44","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18699/vjgb-26-44","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The pear is one of the most famous pome crops. It occupies about 7 % of the total area of perennial fruit crops in Russia. Orchard plantings are predominantly composed of foreign European cultivars. Spring frosts, which are typical for the southern regions of the country, lead to significant crop losses. This study determined the response characteristics of pear flower buds to low-temperature stress. The Crimean cultivar Dzhankoyskaya Pozdnyaya, two cultivars - Leven and Flamenco - of Krasnodar selection and the interspecific hybrid Kieffer were investigated. Flower buds at different developmental stages were exposed to a climatic chamber for 12 hours at temperatures -1.5…-2 °C. After stress exposure, the activity of certain antioxidant enzymes was determined, along with the content of phenolic compounds, malondialdehyde, and the gene expression level of its enzymes and proteins involved in cold adaptation. It was revealed that the autumn-ripening cultivar Kieffer, under conditions of the Krasnodar region, begins to bloom earlier than other studied cultivars, making it more susceptible to recurrent frosts. This is evidenced by high values of malondialdehyde and the activity level of superoxide dismutase. The Russian cultivars, Leven (winter cultivar) and Flamenco (summer cultivar), showed the highest activity of peroxidase and gene expression of PcDREB2, PcCAP160, PcCOR413, PcPOX1, with a reduced level of malondialdehyde. These cultivars typically emerged from dormancy later compared to Kieffer. The Crimean winter-ripening cultivar was closer to the interspecific hybrid in terms of the studied parameters but showed lower enzyme activity and gene expression levels. The obtained results suggest that under pear cultivation conditions in the southern region of the country, where spring frosts are possible, cultivars with flowering starting in the second-to-third decade of April and high indicators of antioxidant enzyme activity (primarily peroxidase) and gene expression levels of PcDREB2, PcCAP160, and PcCOR413 demonstrate greater resistance.</p>","PeriodicalId":44339,"journal":{"name":"Vavilovskii Zhurnal Genetiki i Selektsii","volume":"30 3","pages":"403-411"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13231059/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148164953","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative cytogenetic analysis of the germline-restricted chromosome in Fringillidae species (Passeriformes, Aves).","authors":"L P Malinovskaya, K V Tishakova, P M Borodin","doi":"10.18699/vjgb-26-48","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18699/vjgb-26-48","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>An additional germline-restricted chromosome (GRC) has been found in the germline cells of all studied passerine bird species. It is eliminated from somatic cells during early embryogenesis and from spermatocytes after the first or second division of male meiosis. The GRC is transmitted across generations predominantly via the maternal line. It contains amplified and rearranged copies of genomic regions from the standard chromosome set. Some of these genes are expressed in the gonads of both males and females. However, the function and evolutionary dynamics of the GRC remain unknown. We conducted a comparative cytogenetic analysis of the GRC in five closely related finch species - the Eurasian bullfinch Pyrrhula pyrrhula, the common greenfinch Chloris chloris, the European goldfinch Carduelis carduelis, the common redpoll Acanthis flammea, and the pine grosbeak Pinicola enucleator - using fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) with a whole-chromosome DNA probe derived from the bullfinch GRC on spread spermatocytes of these species and immunolocalization of synaptonemal complex (SC) and centromere proteins. We described for the first time the SC karyotype of the pine grosbeak (2n = 82 + GRC). The standard chromosome set consists of nine submetacentric bivalents (seven macro- and two microbivalents) and 32 acrocentric microbivalents. All acrocentric microbivalents contain centromeres composed of multiple centromeric domains (metapolycentromeres). The grosbeak GRC is a large acrocentric macrounivalent. Cross-species in situ hybridization of the bullfinch GRC DNA probe showed only weak signals on the GRC of the grosbeak and redpoll, whereas no signal was detected on the greenfinch and goldfinch GRCs. These data are consistent with published results for two other representatives of this family and indicate rapid divergence and high species specificity of GRC sequences within the family Fringillidae. We also detected interspecies differences in the localization of sequences homologous to the bullfinch GRC on the bivalents of the standard set of these species. Thus, our data indicate rapid evolution of the GRC's genetic composition and reveal species-specific dynamics of increase and decrease in the copy number of detected sequences in the standard chromosome set during the evolution of songbird species.</p>","PeriodicalId":44339,"journal":{"name":"Vavilovskii Zhurnal Genetiki i Selektsii","volume":"30 3","pages":"444-450"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13231051/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148165066","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Factors of wheat frost hardiness - ice recrystallization inhibitor proteins.","authors":"N Е Korotaeva, А V Fedyaeva, К К Musinov, А S Surnachev, G B Borovskii","doi":"10.18699/vjgb-26-43","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18699/vjgb-26-43","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>For winter wheat, winter hardiness is one of the complex traits that determine the successful cultivation of this crop, and the responsible genes are recognized as highly significant for breeding work. The accumulation of proteins that prevent ice recrystallization (ice recrystallization inhibition proteins, IRIP) correlates with the survival of winter wheat, which indicates the importance of taking this trait into account when obtaining more frost-resistant varieties. The importance of IRIPs is determined by their ability to integrate into growing ice crystals, which limits the formation of large ice conglomerates in the tissues of winter plants. Wheat IRIPs, which accumulate mainly in the apoplast of leaves and in the crowns during cold acclimation, are characterized by a typical duality of structural organization that determines both the manifestation of IRI activity and anti-pathogenic properties. The wheat IRIP molecule contains at the C-terminus a conserved NxVx(x)G fragment that repeats several times, forming a β-helix responsible for binding to the ice surface; at the N-terminus, there is an LRR sequence typical of pathogen-activated kinases, as well as a guiding signal peptide. The wheat genome contains up to eleven IRI genes. The TaIRI gene promoter contains typical basic cis-activating elements and some elements that respond to abiotic stress and hormones. Isoforms of proteins responsible for protecting against pathogens (pathogenesis related proteins, PRP), which accumulate in winter wheat during cold acclimation, also have IRI activity. The expression of the IRIP and PRP genes positively correlates with the cold resistance of winter wheat plants. According to modern data, the regulation of the IRIP genes and cold-activated PRP genes is ABA-independent, but depends on the presence of jasmonic acid and on some proteomic transcription factors. The review provides examples of the practical use of isolated winter wheat IRIPs. The issue of the factors regulating the activity of the IRIP genes and cold-activated PRPs is the least developed to date. The association of these proteins with the winter hardiness of wheat indicates the prospects for their further study.</p>","PeriodicalId":44339,"journal":{"name":"Vavilovskii Zhurnal Genetiki i Selektsii","volume":"30 3","pages":"391-402"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13231050/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148165069","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Generation of the RCPCMi014-A and RCPCMi014-B lines from T-lymphocytes of a healthy donor and verification of their monoclonal origin by TCR V(D)J rearrangement analysis.","authors":"D K Sherman, M E Bogomiakova, E A Kastueva, I V Zvyagin, V K Ruppel, E V Barsova, A Y Gorbachev, N A Kulemin, A A Barinova, E A Zerkalenkova, A N Bogomazova, M A Lagarkova","doi":"10.18699/vjgb-26-40","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18699/vjgb-26-40","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The generation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from peripheral blood T-lymphocytes offers a promising alternative to skin fibroblasts. This approach combines minimally invasive sample collection with rapid isolation of enriched target cell population and provides a lower baseline mutational burden, as T-lymphocytes are shielded from chronic ultraviolet radiation - a major driver of somatic mutations in skin fibroblasts. Objective verification of monoclonality of the resulting iPSC lines is possible due to V(D)J rearrangements in T-cell receptor (TCR) genes, which are formed as a result of somatic recombination in the thymus during the natural maturation of T-lymphocytes. These rearrangements remain unchanged during reprogramming and serve as a unique marker, allowing for reliable identification of monoclonal lines and exclusion of contaminated or polyclonal lines. Reliable verification of the clonal origin of iPSCs can be crucial in experiments that place high demands on genetic homogeneity. This work is dedicated to the generation and comprehensive characterization of monoclonal iPSC lines derived from CD3+ T-lymphocytes of a healthy donor using episomal reprogramming. The resulting lines, RCPCMi014-A (PBM022E5) and RCPCMi014-B (PBM022E7), meet the accepted quality criteria for iPSCs: they demonstrate expression of key pluripotency markers (OCT4, SOX2, SSEA-4, TRA-1-81), the ability to differentiate into derivatives of all three germ layers, and possess a normal karyotype. Both lines showed a high-efficiency capacity to differentiate into definitive endoderm, as assessed by CXCR4 expression, highlighting their potential for developing protocols to generate pancreatic β-cells. The obtained iPSC lines can be used for fundamental research into the mechanisms of pluripotency and differentiation, as well as for creating isogenic iPSC lines with introduced mutations for modeling rare hereditary diseases.</p>","PeriodicalId":44339,"journal":{"name":"Vavilovskii Zhurnal Genetiki i Selektsii","volume":"30 3","pages":"362-371"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13231058/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148165128","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Transcriptional changes of aquaporin genes in leaves of black medic induced by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal inoculation under water deficit.","authors":"A P Yurkov, T R Kudriashova, A I Belyaeva, A A Kryukov","doi":"10.18699/vjgb-26-46","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18699/vjgb-26-46","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>One of the current research directions in plant-microbe interactions focuses on the mechanisms of plant adaptation to environmental stress through symbioses with various microorganisms. While the role of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in plant adaptation to drought is well-known, the underlying mechanisms of these processes remain poorly understood, particularly in leaf tissues. It is suggested that certain genes from the aquaporin family play a critical role both in adaptation to water deficit and in the development of an effective arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis. Thus, the important task in this study of plant-microbe symbioses is to assess the effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal inoculation on the expression of aquaporin genes in leaves. This study utilizes the highly effective plant-microbe model system \"Medicago lupulina + Rhizophagus irregularis\" under drought stress conditions. A comparative assessment of gene transcription was carried out using the 2-ΔΔCT method based on real-time quantitative PCR results: normalization was performed relative to the actin reference gene with non-inoculated plants serving as the control. The study was conducted both at the initial development stage (the 2nd leaf stage), and at the stage of active plant-microbe interaction (the flowering stage). The study revealed genes with significant differential expression under drought conditions when comparing mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal Medicago lupulina plants: NIP3;1, NIP4;2, specific NIP7;1, TIP5;1 at the 2nd leaf stage; genes NIP3;1, NIP5;1, NIP6;4, NIP7;1 (specific), PIP1;4, TIP2;3 and specific XIP1;1 at the flowering stage. Previously, in a similar experiment, under well-watering conditions, the same genes did not have differential expression between mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal plants. Thus, the listed genes likely participate in the adaptation of the studied plants to drought conditions. The obtained information can be used to develop highly productive plant-microbe systems involving arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, aimed at transitioning to organic farming, minimizing negative environmental impact, and enhancing plant resistance to water deficit.</p>","PeriodicalId":44339,"journal":{"name":"Vavilovskii Zhurnal Genetiki i Selektsii","volume":"30 3","pages":"424-434"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13233624/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148200261","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Plant virome analysis by high-throughput sequencing: concepts and approaches.","authors":"D D Belkina, S V Vinogradova","doi":"10.18699/vjgb-26-35","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18699/vjgb-26-35","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The metagenomic approach based on high-throughput sequencing is becoming increasingly prevalent for the detection of viral infections in plants. This method allows us to study the species composition of viruses associated with the plant, including novel species, describe their population genetic structure, and develop genetic test systems for routine diagnostics. A metagenomic approach to phytosanitary monitoring can help to determine the cause of unknown plant diseases, which is particularly important for preventing the spread of pathogens, such as viruses. Furthermore, as it is impossible to eliminate plant viruses in field conditions, comprehensive diagnostics using high-throughput sequencing is becoming an effective tool for complying with quarantine regulations on the import of foreign material, as well as for producing high-quality local planting material. High-throughput sequencing is becoming more affordable every year, with both the instrumentation and analytical capacity improving. This review summarizes key approaches to analyzing plant virome using high-throughput sequencing. The analysis process, from sample collection to bioinformatic data processing, validation and interpretation, is described in detail. The features of sequencing platforms and the factors affecting sequencing quality, including contamination, are discussed. Three complementary approaches to processing bioinformatic data are described: mapping reads to reference viral sequences; assembling and annotating contigs; taxonomic classification of reads without assembly. The importance of carefully interpreting the results is emphasized, considering the bioinformatic analysis and the validation by molecular genetic methods. This review will be useful for both researchers and specialists who have no experience with high-throughput sequencing, and those who have used this method for other applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":44339,"journal":{"name":"Vavilovskii Zhurnal Genetiki i Selektsii","volume":"30 2","pages":"311-320"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13150741/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147869820","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Generation and characterization of a double-knockout Arabidopsis thaliana line lacking expression of AOX1a and VTC2.","authors":"E V Garmash, E S Belykh, K V Yadrikhinskiy, R V Malyshev, I O Velegzhaninov","doi":"10.18699/vjgb-26-27","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18699/vjgb-26-27","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In higher plants, the L-galactose pathway is the main pathway for the biosynthesis of vitamin C (ascorbate, Asc), the final step of which is connected with the functioning of the mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC). In addition to the main cytochrome pathway, plant ETC includes an alternative pathway (AP) via alternative terminal oxidase (AOX). The engagement of AOX promotes Asc synthesis, and it is hypothesized that AOX suppression under conditions of Asc deficiency may reduce plant viability. The aim of this work was to examine the consequences of simultaneously knocking out two genes in Arabidopsis thaliana: AOX1a, the most stress-inducible AOX gene, and VTC2, encoding a key enzyme of the L-galactose pathway of Asc synthesis. Two lines of A. thaliana with T-DNA insertions in the target genes were crossed to generate hybrid lines. Seed characteristics of the first (F1) and second (F2) generations were analyzed. F1 seeds were larger than those of parent lines, possibly due to heterosis. In the F2 generation, self-pollination of F1 plants resulted in seeds with significant size variation, including a group of small seeds with degenerative morphological abnormalities. Most of small seeds failed to germinate or died at the seedling stage. PCR genotyping of these seeds revealed the absence of native AOX1a and VTC2 indicating a lethal mutation caused by simultaneous knockout of both genes. One likely genetic cause is the interaction of mutations in non-allelic genes. At the physiological level, irreversible respiratory damage may occur, possibly including the impact of a cryptic mutation in the vtc2 line. Further studies are necessary to confirm these hypotheses. In general, the results obtained indicate the vital co-functioning of the AP and the L-galactose pathway of Asc biosynthesis and may be useful for the development of genetically engineered techniques for the control of vitamin C synthesis in plants.</p>","PeriodicalId":44339,"journal":{"name":"Vavilovskii Zhurnal Genetiki i Selektsii","volume":"30 2","pages":"241-249"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13149940/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147869787","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}