Vavilovskii Zhurnal Genetiki i Selektsii最新文献

{"title":"Improvement of a phylogenetic footprinting method for transcription factor binding sites recognition based on the use of bootstrap trials for the analysis of large bacterial genomic data.","authors":"A M Mukhin, T M Khlebodarova, D Yu Oshchepkov","doi":"10.18699/vjgb-26-10","DOIUrl":"10.18699/vjgb-26-10","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The rapid development of high-throughput sequencing technologies has led to an explosive accumulation of high-quality bacterial genome sequence data - their number is approaching three million, and this growth continues. This, in turn, provides additional impetus for the development of technologies for more efficient annotation using analytical methods designed to utilize such large-scale genomic data, as well as for achieving new levels of annotation quality. One such analytical approach is phylogenetic footprinting, which aims to identify motifs corresponding to transcription factor binding sites in the promoter regions of bacterial genomes by comparing corresponding sets of regulatory sequences of orthologous genes in related organisms. The continued accumulation of genomic data has served as the basis for further development of this approach. It has been found that an excessive number of sequences in a set analyzed using phylogenetic footprinting only reduces the accuracy of the method, whereas the inclusion of a sequence selection step in the analyzed set based on data on mutual evolutionary distances improves the method's performance. In this paper, we propose and implement a further step in the development of the phylogenetic footprinting method. This step involves multiple runs of the selection step described above to generate distinct subsamples, subsequent pipeline runs for each subsample, and statistical analysis of the results obtained from multiple pipeline runs. The proposed approach, implemented in the MotifsOnFly method, improves the robustness of motif recognition results obtained from multiple pipeline runs. The effectiveness of the MotifsOnFly method is demonstrated using the analysis of the well-annotated promoter of the Escherichia coli OmpW gene.</p>","PeriodicalId":44339,"journal":{"name":"Vavilovskii Zhurnal Genetiki i Selektsii","volume":"30 1","pages":"15-26"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13058942/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147646792","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"DNA damage reflected in the evolution of G-runs in genomes.","authors":"I R Grin, D O Zharkov","doi":"10.18699/vjgb-25-98","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18699/vjgb-25-98","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>DNA oxidation is one of the main types of damage to the genetic material of living organisms. Of the many dozens of oxidative lesions, the most abundant is 8-oxoguanine (8-oxoG), a premutagenic base that leads to G→T transversions during replication. Double-stranded DNA can conduct holes through the π system of stacked nucleobases. Such electron vacancies are ultimately localized at the 5'-terminal nucleotides of polyguanine runs (G-runs), making these positions characteristic sites of 8-oxoG formation. While such properties of G-runs have been studied in vitro at the level of chemical reactivity, the extent to which they can influence mutagenesis spectra in vivo remains unclear. Here, we have analyzed the nucleotide context of G-runs in a representative set of 62 high-quality prokaryotic genomes and in the human telomere-to-telomere genome. G-runs were, on average, shorter than polyadenine runs (A- runs), and the probability of a G-run being elongated by one nucleotide is lower than in the case of A-runs. The representation of T in the position 5'-flanking G-runs is increased, especially in organisms with aerobic metabolism, which is consistent with the model of preferential G→T substitutions at the 5'-position with 8-oxoG as a precursor. Conversely, the frequency of G and C is increased and the frequency of T is decreased in the position 5'-flanking A- runs. A biphasic pattern of G-run expansion is observed in the human genome: the probability of sequences longer than 8-9 nucleotides being elongated by one nucleotide increases significantly. An increased representation of C in the 5'-flanking position to long G-runs was found, together with an elevated frequency of 5'-G→A substitutions in telomere repeats. This may indicate the existence of mutagenic processes whose mechanism has not yet been characterized but may be associated with DNA polymerase errors during replication of the products of further oxidation of 8-oxoG.</p>","PeriodicalId":44339,"journal":{"name":"Vavilovskii Zhurnal Genetiki i Selektsii","volume":"29 7","pages":"913-924"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12795821/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145971359","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Differential expression profile of DREB2 subfamily transcription factor genes in the dynamics of salt stress and post-stress recovery in tomato plants.","authors":"M A Filyushin, A V Shchennikova, E Z Kochieva","doi":"10.18699/vjgb-25-128","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18699/vjgb-25-128","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In response to stress, epigenetic modifications occur in the plant genome, which together form a stress memory that can be inherited and increases the efficiency of the plant's defense response to repeated stress events. Genes whose expression becomes the target of epigenetic modifications serve as biomarkers of stress memory. Their characteristic features are considered to be an expression profile that differs between responses to primary and repeated stress events, as well as long-term retention of changes after the stress is canceled. Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is an important vegetable crop whose yield decreases with soil salinity. Genes induced by salt stress include genes encoding transcription factors of the DREB2 (DEHYDRATION-RESPONSIVE ELEMENT-BINDING PROTEIN 2) subfamily. In this work, we evaluated the SlDREB2 genes of tomato as possible marker genes of salt stress memory. The expression of the genes SlDREB16, 20, 22, 24, 43, 44 and 46 was determined in the leaves of two plant varieties (Gnom, Otradnyi) with different degrees of salt tolerance in response to 24 h of NaCl exposure and in the dynamics of a long-term (14 days) post-stress recovery period. Significant genotype-specific fluctuations in the levels of gene transcripts were revealed both in the control and in the stressed plants. It was shown that during the long-term memory phase, gene expression returns to the control values either temporarily (SlDREB24, 44 and 46 in the moderately resistant Gnom variety after 7 days; after 14 days, the expression changed again) or slowly (SlDREB16 and 43 in the highly resistant Otradnyi variety after 14 days of recovery). Only two genes (SlDREB22 and 46) showed a similar between varieties pattern of expression fluctuations in the dynamics of stress and recovery, and the SlDREB20 gene was not expressed in either the control or the experiment. The data obtained suggest that the SlDREB2 subfamily genes (except SlDREB20) are involved in the response of S. lycopersicum to salt stress in a genotype-specific manner and can serve as markers of stress memory linked to the epigenetic regulation of tomato adaptation to salt stress. The SlDREB16, 28, 43 and 44 genes may contribute to the determination of differences in the mechanism of regulation of plant response to salt stress between salt-tolerant genotypes of S. lycopersicum. The obtained results can form the basis for further studies of the role of SlDREB2 genes in the epigenetic regulation of tomato plant adaptation to salt stress, which can be used in breeding salt-tolerant varieties.</p>","PeriodicalId":44339,"journal":{"name":"Vavilovskii Zhurnal Genetiki i Selektsii","volume":"29 8","pages":"1213-1220"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12883323/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146158788","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Overcoming the problem of heterologous proteins folding to improve the efficiency of yeast bioproducers.","authors":"N V Dorogova, S A Fedorova","doi":"10.18699/vjgb-25-140","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18699/vjgb-25-140","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In the last few decades, yeasts have been successfully engineered to be an excellent microbial cell factory for producing recombinant proteins with desired properties. This was due to their cost-effective characteristics and the successful application of genomic modification technologies. In addition, yeasts have a conserved post-translational modification pathway among eukaryotic organisms, which ensures the correct folding of recombinant proteins. However, the folding machinery cannot always cope with the load caused by the overexpression of recombinant genes, leading to the accumulation of misfolded proteins, the formation of aggregates and low production. Therefore, the protein-folding capacity of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) remains one of the main limitations for heterologous protein production in yeast host organisms. However, thanks to many years of effective research of the fundamental mechanisms of protein folding, these limitations have been largely overcome. The study of folding in both model organisms and bioproducers has allowed to identify the molecular factors and cellular mechanisms that determine how a nascent polypeptide chain acquires its three-dimensional functional structure. This knowledge has become the basis for developing new effective techniques for engineering highly productive yeast strains. In this review, we examined the main cellular mechanisms associated with protein folding, such as ER transition, chaperone binding, oxidative folding, glycosylation, protein quality control. We discuss the effectiveness of applying this knowledge to the development of various engineering techniques aimed at overcoming bottlenecks in the protein folding system. In particular, selection of optimal signal peptides, co-expression with chaperones and foldases, modification of protein quality control, inhibition of proteolysis, and other techniques have allowed to enhance the ability of yeast bioproducers to effectively secrete heterologous proteins.</p>","PeriodicalId":44339,"journal":{"name":"Vavilovskii Zhurnal Genetiki i Selektsii","volume":"25 8","pages":"1338-1347"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12876926/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146144086","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study of insecticidal and fungicidal potential of endophytic bacteria of wheat, soybean and rapeseed by bioinformatic analysis methods.","authors":"T N Lakhova, A I Klimenko, G V Vasiliev, E Yu Gyrnets, A M Asaturova, S A Lashin","doi":"10.18699/vjgb-25-137","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18699/vjgb-25-137","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Endophytic bacteria play a key role in agricultural ecosystems, as they can affect the availability of various compounds, crop yield and growth, and provide resistance to diseases and pests. Therefore, the study of endophytes of agriculturally important crop plants is a promising task in the field of biological plant protection. Understanding the mechanisms of interaction between endophytic bacteria and plants will allow the use of these microorganisms as bioagents in the future and thus reduce dependence on chemical pesticides. In this paper, samples obtained from the leaves and/or roots of wheat, rapeseed and soybean are considered. Whole-genome sequencing of the isolates was performed. Using an analytical pipeline, the genomes of 15 strains of endophyte bacteria of cultivated plants were assembled and characterized. Their insecticidal and fungicidal potential was analyzed. Gene repertoire analysis performed with GenAPI showed a high degree of correspondence between the gene repertoires of strain BZR 585 against Alcaligenes phenolicus, BZR 762 and BZR 278 against Alcaligenes sp., BZR 588 and BZR 201P against Paenochrobactrum pullorum. All strains, with the exception of BZR 162, BZR 588 and BZR 201P, were found to contain genes encoding proteins with fungicidal activity, such as iturins, fengycins and surfactins. All strains also contained genes encoding proteins with insecticidal activity, namely GroEL, Spp1Aa1, Spp1Aa2, Vpb1Ab1, Vpb4Ca1, HldE, mycosubtilin, fengycin and bacillomycin. The obtained genomic data are confirmed by the results of previous experimental studies: high insecticidal activity of a number of strains (BZR 1159, BZR 936, BZR 920, etc.) against Galleria mellonella, Tenebrio molitor and Cydia pomonella, as well as fungicidal properties against Fusarium, Alternaria, Trichothecium, was demonstrated. This shows the practical significance of the identified genetic determinants for the creation of new biocontrol agents.</p>","PeriodicalId":44339,"journal":{"name":"Vavilovskii Zhurnal Genetiki i Selektsii","volume":"25 8","pages":"1304-1317"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12876943/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146144116","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"FlyDEGdb knowledge base on differentially expressed genes of Drosophila melanogaster, a model object in biomedicine.","authors":"O A Podkolodnaya, M A Deryuzhenko, N N Tverdokhleb, K A Zolotareva, Yu V Makovka, N L Podkolodny, V V Suslov, I V Chadaeva, L A Fedoseeva, A A Seryapina, D Yu Oshchepkov, A G Bogomolov, E Yu Kondratyuk, O E Redina, A L Markel, N E Gruntenko, M P Ponomarenko","doi":"10.18699/vjgb-25-101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18699/vjgb-25-101","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Since the work of Nobel Prize winner Thomas Morgan in 1909, the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster has been one of the most popular model animals in genetics. Research using this fly was honored with the Nobel Prize many times: in 1946 (Muller, X-ray mutagenesis), in 1995 (Lewis, Nüsslein-Volhard, Wieschaus, genetic control of embryogenesis), in 2004 (Axel and Buck, the olfactory system), in 2011 (Steinman, dendritic cells in adaptive immunity; Beutler and Hoffman, activation of innate immunity), and in 2017 (Hall, Rosbash and Young, the molecular mechanism of the circadian rhythm). The prominent role of Drosophila in genetics is due to its key features: short life cycle, frequent generational turnover, ease of maintenance, high fertility, small size, transparent embryos, simple larval structure, the possibility to observe visually chromosomal rearrangements due to the presence of polytene chromosomes, and accessibility to molecular genetic manipulation. Furthermore, the highly conserved nature of several signaling pathways and gene networks in Drosophila and their similarity to those of mammals and humans, taken together with the development of high-throughput genomic sequencing, motivated the use of D. melanogaster as a model organism in biomedical fields of inquiry: pharmacology, toxicology, cardiology, oncology, immunology, gerontology, and radiobiology. These studies add to the understanding of the genetic and epigenetic basis of the pathogenesis of human diseases. This paper describes our curated knowledge base, FlyDEGdb (https://www.sysbio.ru/FlyDEGdb), which stores information on differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in Drosophila. This information was extracted from 50 scientific articles containing experimental data on changes in the expression of 20,058 genes (80 %) out of the 25,079 Drosophila genes stored in the NCBI Gene database. The changes were induced by 52 stress factors, including heat and cold exposure, dehydration, heavy metals, radiation, starvation, household chemicals, drugs, fertilizers, insecticides, pesticides, herbicides, and other toxicants. The FlyDEGdb knowledge base is illustrated using the example of the dysf (dysfusion) Drosophila gene, which had been identified as a DEG under cold shock and in toxicity tests of the herbicide paraquat, the solvent toluene, the drug menadione, and the food additive E923. FlyDEGdb stores information on changes in the expression of the dysf gene and its homologues: (a) the Clk, cyc, and per genes in Drosophila, and (b) the NPAS4, CLOCK, BMAL1, PER1, and PER2 genes in humans. These data are supplemented with information on the biological processes in which these genes are involved: oocyte maturation (oogenesis), regulation of stress response and circadian rhythm, carcinogenesis, aging, etc. Therefore, FlyDEGdb, containing information on the widely used model organism, Drosophila, can be helpful for researchers working in the molecular biology and genetics of humans and animals,","PeriodicalId":44339,"journal":{"name":"Vavilovskii Zhurnal Genetiki i Selektsii","volume":"29 7","pages":"952-962"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12795857/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145971300","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cellulases: key properties, natural sources, and industrial applications.","authors":"A V Zadorozhny, N M Slynko, S V Bannikova, N V Bogacheva, V N Shlyakhtun, A R Vasilieva, E Yu Bukatich, V S Ushakov, Yu E Uvarova, A V Korzhuk, A A Shipova, D V Bochkov, E Y Pavlova, D O Chesnokov, S E Peltek","doi":"10.18699/vjgb-25-141","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18699/vjgb-25-141","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This review focuses on cellulases, a subclass of hydrolases that catalyse the breakdown of the polysaccharide cellulose. Cellulases are of immense practical significance, given that cellulose-containing materials are utilised across a multitude of industrial sectors. An overview of the fundamental properties and structure of cellulases is provided. However, primary attention is paid to the industrial application of these enzymes, with other aspects discussed within this context. The most practically significant bacterial and fungal cellulases are analysed, with their key benefits and differences being emphasised. Particular attention is paid to extremophilic (specifically thermo-, psychro-, and halophilic) cellulases, as they possess properties essential for modern technological processes. Given that practical application necessitates mass production and an optimal combination of enzymatic characteristics, the creation of effective producers and the modification of cellulase properties are also assessed. Finally, key trends in cellulase production approaches and their future application potential are summarised.</p>","PeriodicalId":44339,"journal":{"name":"Vavilovskii Zhurnal Genetiki i Selektsii","volume":"25 8","pages":"1348-1360"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12876952/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146144045","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A housekeeping gene search to analyze expression changes of individual genes in Macaca mulatta.","authors":"M V Shulskaya, A Kh Alieva, I R Kumakov, M I Shadrina, P A Slominsky","doi":"10.18699/vjgb-25-138","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18699/vjgb-25-138","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) are the most common non-human primates living in captivity. The use of rhesus macaques as model objects is determined, first of all, by their phylogenetic and physiological closeness to humans, and, as a consequence, the possibility of extrapolating the obtained results to humans. Currently, it is known that a number of biochemical changes occur under various physiological conditions, including at the transcriptomic level. The real-time polymerase chain reaction is a widely used universal method for gene expression analysis. Carrying out such studies always requires a preliminary selection of \"housekeeping genes\" (HKGs) - genes necessary for the implementation of basic functions in the cell and stably expressed in different cell types and under different conditions. At present, there are only two systematic studies on the search for HKGs in the rhesus macaque brain, and therefore in this work a search and systematization of HKGs for this species were carried out. As a result, two panels of promising HKGs for M. mulatta were formed: an extended panel, consisting of 56 genes, and a small panel, consisting of 8 genes: ARHGDIA, CYB5R1, NDUFA7, RRAGA, TTC1, UBA6, VPS72, and YWHAH. Both panels of potential HKGs do not have pseudogenes in macaques or humans, are characterized by stable and sufficient expression in the brain of rhesus macaques and can be used to analyze expression not only in the brain but also in peripheral blood. However, it should be noted that the data have not been experimentally verified and require verification in laboratory conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":44339,"journal":{"name":"Vavilovskii Zhurnal Genetiki i Selektsii","volume":"25 8","pages":"1318-1324"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12876923/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146144056","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Intrapopulation changes in Puccinia hordei induced by two-component fungicides from different chemical classes.","authors":"M S Gvozdeva, O A Kudinova, V D Rudenko, G V Volkova","doi":"10.18699/vjgb-25-126","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18699/vjgb-25-126","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Fungicide resistance is a global problem that reduces the effectiveness and duration of action of these compounds due to changes in the racial composition and virulence of phytopathogen populations. Currently, resistance to 100 active substances has been registered in more than 230 fungal plant pathogens. Leaf rust of barley (Puccinia hordei Otth.) is one of the most widespread and harmful pathogens in the barley pathocomplex; it is recorded in southern Russia every year. There are very few studies on the effect of fungicides on the characteristics of rust fungi populations, and none have been carried out on P. hordei in Russia. This research aimed to analyze the effect of fungicides belonging to the chemical classes of triazoles and strobilurins on intrapopulation changes in P. hordei in terms of pathogenicity (virulence and aggressiveness) under the conditions of the North Caucasus region of Russia. Two-component fungicides approved for use in the Russian Federation were selected for the study: Delaro, SC; Amistar Extra, SC; Amistar Gold, SC. Plants were treated using several application rates: 50, 100, 150 and 200 % (the recommended application rate was determined to be 100 %). Treatment of winter barley plants with fungicides with different application rates revealed intrapopulation changes in the virulence structure of P. hordei. In all treatment variants, the frequency of isolates virulent to the Rph4, Rph5, Rph6+2, Rph12 genes decreased with increasing fungicide application rate and the frequency of isolates virulent to Rph14 increased. No isolates virulent to Rph7 were found in either the original population or the experimental variants. The average virulence of the fungal populations treated with the fungicides in all experimental variants was lower compared to the original population (no treatment (48.5 %)) and depending on the application rate varied from 33.8 % (Amistar Gold, 50 %) to 28.5 % (Amistar Gold, 200 %). Under the influence of the increased application rates of the fungicides, an increase in the duration of the latent period was observed: from 168 h (original population) to 216 h (Delaro, Amistar Gold, 200 %). A decrease in sporulation ability (spore mass per pustule ranged from 0.013 mg (original population) to 0.002 mg (Delaro, Amistar Gold, 200 %)) and in the viability of P. hordei (from 100 % for the original population to 22.5 % in Amistar Gold, 200 % treatment) was found under the action of the fungicides. Thus, a fungicide-treated P. hordei population is characterized by intrapopulation changes in aggressiveness and virulence, which can significantly increase barley yield losses due to a decrease in the effectiveness of chemical protection, as well as an increase in the harmfulness of the pathogen.</p>","PeriodicalId":44339,"journal":{"name":"Vavilovskii Zhurnal Genetiki i Selektsii","volume":"29 8","pages":"1195-1202"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12876954/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146144092","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of RNAi-mediated silencing of the TaAOS2 gene on phytohormone accumulation, growth and productivity in bread wheat.","authors":"D N Miroshnichenko, A V Pigolev, E A Degtyaryov, V I Degtyaryova, V V Alekseeva, A S Pushin, S V Dolgov, T V Savchenko","doi":"10.18699/vjgb-25-124","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18699/vjgb-25-124","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Reverse genetics methods are actively used in plant biology to study the functions of specific genes responsible for the adaptation of plants to various environmental stresses. The present study describes the production and primary characterization of transgenic bread wheat with silenced expression of allen oxide synthase (AOS). AOS is a key enzyme involved in the initial step of biosynthesis of stress-related phytohormones known as jasmonates. To induce silencing of AOS in wheat, we designed the RNA interference (RNAi) vector containing an inverted repeat region of the TaAOS2 gene cloned from genome DNA of cv. Chinese Spring. With the help of biolistic-mediated transformation, a number of transgenic Chinese Spring plants have been produced. Real-Time PCR analysis confirmed the suppression of target gene expression, since transgenic dsRNAi lines accumulated only 21-44 % mRNA of TaAOS2 after leaf wounding compared to the wound-induced level in non-transgenic control. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry revealed that the silencing of TaAOS2 substantially reduced the accumulation of jasmonic acid (JA) and jasmonoyl-isoleucine conjugate (JA-Ile), while the production of other phytohormones, such as abscisic acid and salicylic acid, was not affected. TaAOS2-silenced lines were characterized by shorter leaves at the juvenile stage, demonstrated a tendency towards reduced plant height and decreased grain weight, while the average flowering time and plant fertility (number of seeds per spike) were not affected. The obtained transgenic lines in combination with AOS-overexpressing lines can be used for further detailed analysis of the adaptive responses controlled by the jasmonate hormonal system.</p>","PeriodicalId":44339,"journal":{"name":"Vavilovskii Zhurnal Genetiki i Selektsii","volume":"29 8","pages":"1176-1183"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12883325/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146158786","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}