Geo-Geography and Environment最新文献

{"title":"Beyond the planetary boundary layer: Bacterial and fungal vertical biogeography at Mount Sonnblick, Austria","authors":"Nora Els,&nbsp;Kathrin Baumann-Stanzer,&nbsp;Catherine Larose,&nbsp;Timothy M. Vogel,&nbsp;Birgit Sattler","doi":"10.1002/geo2.69","DOIUrl":"10.1002/geo2.69","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The atmosphere harbours a vast diversity of primary biological aerosols (PBAs) that are subjected to vertical and horizontal dispersal mechanisms that are not fully understood. In addition to size and weight constraints on PBAs to be lifted into the air column, local meteorological features dominate the fate of bioaerosols and their possible inclusion in long-range transport. For organic particles to be included into long distant dispersal, they have to overcome surface vertical mixing of the planetary boundary layer (PBL) to reach levels of laminar air movement. Hence, the biogeography of PBAs along a vertical distribution through the PBL needed further study. To assess the microbial biodiversity along an altitudinal gradient, air samples were collected between 1,000 and 3,100 m above sea level at Mount Sonnblick in the Austrian Alps. 16S rRNA gene and internal transcribed spacer sequencing for bacteria and fungi, respectively, were used to define distinct microbial communities that were separated by the PBL. Up to the top of the PBL, plant-associated bacteria and fungi were detected and were subjected to limited vertical dispersal due to size-constraints. This indicates that those communities become aerosolised but were not lifted into higher altitudes. However, a variety of ubiquitous, thermophilic strains that are often identified with heavy dust events and high endurance towards extreme conditions were significantly increased (relative abundance) at higher elevations. The lack of information on vertical dispersal is due to reliance on ground-based investigations that bias the interpretation of dispersal dynamics. Thus, to understand the mechanisms for near-ground communities to become airborne and subsequently included in long-range transport, we recommend investigating meteorological driving forces for an improved biogeographical assessment. Here, we show, for the first time, an assessment of the biogeography of bacterial and fungal assemblages along a vertical alpine air column transect.</p>","PeriodicalId":44089,"journal":{"name":"Geo-Geography and Environment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2019-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/geo2.69","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42893343","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Journal Information","authors":"","doi":"10.1002/geo2.57","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/geo2.57","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":44089,"journal":{"name":"Geo-Geography and Environment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2019-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/geo2.57","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"137743686","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The politics of zoom: Problems with downscaling climate visualizations","authors":"Birgit Schneider,&nbsp;Lynda Walsh","doi":"10.1002/geo2.70","DOIUrl":"10.1002/geo2.70","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Following the mandate in the Paris Agreement for signatories to provide “climate services” to their constituents, “downscaled” climate visualizations are proliferating. But the process of downscaling climate visualizations does not neutralize the political problems with their synoptic global sources—namely, their failure to empower communities to take action and their replication of neoliberal paradigms of globalization. In this study we examine these problems as they apply to interactive climate-visualization platforms, which allow their users to localize global climate information to support local political action. By scrutinizing the political implications of the “zoom” tool from the perspective of media studies and rhetoric, we add to perspectives of cultural cartography on the issue of scaling from our fields. Namely, we break down the cinematic trope of “zooming” to reveal how it imports the political problems of synopticism to the level of individual communities. As a potential antidote to the politics of zoom, we recommend a downscaling strategy of connectivity, which associates rather than reduces situated views of climate to global ones.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":44089,"journal":{"name":"Geo-Geography and Environment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2019-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/geo2.70","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46427616","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sublime encounters: Commodifying the experience of the geos","authors":"Amy Donovan","doi":"10.1002/geo2.67","DOIUrl":"10.1002/geo2.67","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This paper discusses the rise in volcano tourism in the last few decades, focusing on its impact in recent eruptive crises in Iceland. The paper uses evidence from ethnographic research and surveys to argue that two divergent economic narratives come into conflict around volcanoes: the problematisation of the earth as potentially risky, and the elevation of those risky behaviours as something worth commodifying. Icelandic civil protection (<i>Almannavarnir</i>) have increasingly become concerned about the behaviour of tourists around active volcanoes, particularly during eruptions. However, this is also a considerable opportunity for tour groups. During the 2014–2015 eruptions at Holuhraun, there was concern about high levels of gas that were being emitted, and so tourists were banned from the site. This led to clandestine efforts to get in by helicopter after dark. The felt need for these experiences can be traced back at least to the Enlightenment period, and denotes an example of affective commodification, as the sublime encounter between humans and raw energy of the earth is rendered valuable in monetary terms – and yet transcends commodification in a simple sense.</p>","PeriodicalId":44089,"journal":{"name":"Geo-Geography and Environment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2018-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/geo2.67","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45863443","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Three stories of Noah: Navigating religious climate change narratives in the Pacific Island region","authors":"Hannah Fair","doi":"10.1002/geo2.68","DOIUrl":"10.1002/geo2.68","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 <p>This paper makes a case for spiritualising climate change, outlining the importance of bringing diverse religious understandings into climate change responses, particularly in the Pacific Island region. It situates this as part of a wider geographical project of rendering climate change locally meaningful, and story-telling multiple climate change narratives, including Christian ones. It identifies one of the major obstacles to this spiritualisation: the treatment of religious thought as a barrier to climate change action by much of the existing social science research in the Pacific Islands. Rather than attempting to purify scientific and religious knowledge, this paper proposes an alternative approach, <i>tufala save</i>: the balancing of multiple epistemologies of climate change, exploring their convergences and tensions. This paper draws on four months of ethnographic fieldwork in Vanuatu, and over 60 semi-structured interviews with religious figures and individuals engaged in climate change adaptation and advocacy across the Pacific Island region. It applies the <i>tufala save</i> approach in order to explore one recurring narrative, the biblical story of Noah and the flood, due to the contentious associations between this story and climate change denial in Oceania. The paper traces three discursive manifestations of the Noah story within the Pacific Islands: rainbow covenant as a basis for denial, Noah as an icon of preparation, and Islanders as unjustly outside of the ark. The contrasts between these three articulations – in terms of the relations between the different knowledges and the possibilities for climate change action they encourage and foreclose – demonstrate the heterogeneity of religious responses to climate change and the potential for fruitful connections between religious and scientific knowledges. They highlight the potential for more-than-scientific yet not anti-scientific responses to climate change that are locally meaningful and morally compelling.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":44089,"journal":{"name":"Geo-Geography and Environment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2018-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/geo2.68","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48109177","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Portable sequencing, genomic data, and scale in global emerging infectious disease surveillance","authors":"Liam P. Shaw,&nbsp;Nicola C. Sugden","doi":"10.1002/geo2.66","DOIUrl":"10.1002/geo2.66","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Emerging infectious diseases (EIDs) occur when pathogens unpredictably spread into new contexts. EID surveillance systems seek to rapidly identify EID outbreaks to contain spread and improve public health outcomes. Sequencing data has historically not been integrated into real-time responses, but portable DNA sequencing technology has prompted optimism among epidemiologists. Specifically, attention has focused on the goal of a “sequencing singularity”: the integration of portable sequencers in a worldwide event-based surveillance network with other digital data (Gardy &amp; Loman, <i>Nature Reviews Genetics, 19</i>, 2018, p. 9). The sequencing singularity vision is a powerful socio-technical imaginary, shaping the discourse around the future of portable sequencing. Ethical and practical issues are bound by the vision in two ways: they are framed only as obstacles, and they are formulated only at the scales made visible by its implicit geography. This geography privileges two extremes of scale – the genomic and the global – and leaves intermediate scales comparatively unmapped. We explore how widespread portable sequencing could challenge this geography. Portable sequencers put the ability to produce genomic data in the hands of the individual. The explicit assertion of rights over data may therefore become a matter disputed more at an interpersonal scale than an international one. Portable sequencers also promise ubiquitous, indiscriminate sequencing of the total metagenomic content of samples, raising the question of what (or who) is under surveillance and inviting consideration of the human microbiome and more-than-human geographies. We call into question a conception of a globally integrated stream of sequencing data as composed mostly of “noise,” within which signals of pathogen “emergence” are “hidden,” considering it instead from the perspective of recent work into more-than-human geographies. Our work highlights a practical need for researchers to consider both the alternative possibilities they foreclose as well as the exciting opportunities they move towards when they deploy their visions of the future.</p>","PeriodicalId":44089,"journal":{"name":"Geo-Geography and Environment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2018-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/geo2.66","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37874434","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spatial quantification of community resilience in contexts where quantitative data are scarce: The case of Muzarabani district in Zimbabwe","authors":"Emmanuel Mavhura,&nbsp;Bernard Manyena","doi":"10.1002/geo2.65","DOIUrl":"10.1002/geo2.65","url":null,"abstract":"<p>There has been an upsurge in tools for measuring resilience of the past decade. Despite this progress, we argue, there are few studies focusing on the spatial quantification of resilience in the context of multiple hazards, particularly in developing countries. Placing a particular emphasis on the contribution of geography to resilience studies, this paper examines the spatial variation of community resilience to disasters in Muzarabani, Zimbabwe. Place-specific resilience variables are selected from the 2012 national census report to develop a disaster resilience index for Muzarabani district. A principal component analysis technique was used to analyse the overall and subcomponents of resilience to identify wards that needed policy intervention. Using the Geographical Information Systems tool to model the spatial variation of community resilience and its subcomponents, we found a geographic variation in community resilience across Muzarabani district, with the majority of the wards scoring low to below low levels of overall resilience. Although we view this study as being complementary to qualitative studies, it would appear quantifying and visualising resilience provide possible explanations and actions required for decision-makers to address the resilience gaps and disaster risk reduction broadly.</p>","PeriodicalId":44089,"journal":{"name":"Geo-Geography and Environment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2018-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/geo2.65","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46050294","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Response to the letter to the editor on Turner (2017)","authors":"R. Eugene Turner","doi":"10.1002/geo2.62","DOIUrl":"10.1002/geo2.62","url":null,"abstract":"<p>A response to the LTE commenting on Turner (<span>2017</span>).</p><p>e00062\u0000\u0000 <figure>\u0000 <div><picture>\u0000 <source></source></picture><p></p>\u0000 </div>\u0000 </figure>\u0000 </p>","PeriodicalId":44089,"journal":{"name":"Geo-Geography and Environment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2018-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/geo2.62","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46763680","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Response to Turner 2017","authors":"Amy M. Schueller,&nbsp;Robert T. Leaf,&nbsp;Raymond M. Mroch III,&nbsp;Geneviève M. Nesslage","doi":"10.1002/geo2.48","DOIUrl":"10.1002/geo2.48","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The Atlantic and Gulf Menhaden stocks (<i>Brevoortia tyrannus</i> and <i>Brevoortia patronus</i>) support the second largest fishery by weight in the US and serve a critical ecological role as forage (Hartman &amp; Brandt, <span>1995</span>; NOAA Fisheries, <span>2016</span>; Sagarese et al., <span>2016</span>). Stock assessment and management of these important stocks have experienced thorough scrutiny from multiple perspectives (Hilborn et al., <span>2017</span>; Pikitch et al., <span>2012</span>). Therefore, we feel compelled to comment on Turner's (<span>2017</span>) paper titled “Smaller size-at-age menhaden with coastal warming and fishing intensity.” Our comment is based on three issues: misstatements regarding the stocks’ assessment and management, inappropriate analyses, and limited acknowledgment of alternative hypotheses for the putative patterns.</p><p>Turner (<span>2017</span>) made several erroneous statements about US menhaden assessment and management. First, neither value described as “MSY” in Turner (<span>2017</span>) represents an accurate or reliable estimate of MSY for menhaden. The value labelled “MSY Atlantic” in Figure 1 and throughout the text is the total allowable catch, based on average landings from 2009 to 2011 (ASMFC, <span>2012</span>). The value labelled “GOM MSY” in Figure 1 and throughout the text is the estimate of biomass at MSY (B_MSY) generated by a surplus production model not adopted for use in management (SEDAR, <span>2013</span>). Developing MSY estimates for forage fish such as menhaden is problematic (SEDAR, <span>2013</span>) and currently is not accepted for determining stock status on either coast. The model used to assess both species, the NMFS Beaufort Assessment Model, is a statistical catch-at-age model that estimates spawner-per-recruit reference points for management (SEDAR, <span>2013</span>, <span>2015</span>). Additionally, landings of both species shown in Figure 1 were inflated by a factor of 1,000.1 Turner's conclusions regarding variation in size-at-age with fishing pressure (Figure 4, Table III) are not valid because incorrect estimates of menhaden MSY and landings were used in the analysis.</p><p>Inappropriate analyses included treatment of the data and model choice. By using mean estimates of size-at-age, analyses artificially reduced the estimated inter-annual variance and ignored potentially confounding factors. Using mean estimates serves to allocate the error variation to the linear regression component of the model, inflating the amount of variance explained. Reanalysing the Gulf data, we find that Turner's model formulation inflates the variance explained from 292% to 1,267%. By including the full weight- and length-at-age dataset, <i>R</i>² values range from &lt;0.001 to 0.128 (Table S1). Such poor estimation of annual changes in length- and weight-at-age weakens support for Turner's conclusions. Also, menhaden demonstrate considerable spatial variatio","PeriodicalId":44089,"journal":{"name":"Geo-Geography and Environment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2018-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/geo2.48","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47960941","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Peatland carbon stocks and burn history: Blanket bog peat core evidence highlights charcoal impacts on peat physical properties and long-term carbon storage","authors":"Andreas Heinemeyer,&nbsp;Quinn Asena,&nbsp;William Lee Burn,&nbsp;Anthony Lloyd Jones","doi":"10.1002/geo2.63","DOIUrl":"10.1002/geo2.63","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Peatlands are globally important carbon stores, yet both natural and human impacts can influence peatland carbon accumulation. While changes in climate can alter peatland water tables leading to changes in peat decomposition, managed burning of vegetation has also been claimed to reduce peat accumulation. Particularly in the UK, blanket bog peatlands are rotationally burned to encourage heather re-growth on grouse shooting estates. However, the evidence of burning impacts on peat carbon stocks is very limited and contradictory. We assessed peat carbon accumulation over the last few hundred years in peat cores from three UK blanket bog sites under rotational grouse moor burn management. High resolution (0.5 cm) peat core analysis included dating based on spheroidal carbonaceous particles, determining fire frequency based on macro-charcoal counts and assessing peat properties such as carbon content and bulk density. All sites showed considerable net carbon accumulation during active grouse moor management periods. Averaged over the three sites, burns were more frequent, and carbon accumulation rates were also higher, over the period since 1950 than in the period 1700–1950. Carbon accumulation rates during the periods 1950–2015 and 1700–1850 were greater on the most frequently burnt site, which was linked to bulk density and carbon accumulation rates showing a positive relationship with charcoal abundance. Charcoal input from burning was identified as a potentially crucial component in explaining reported differences in burning impacts on peat carbon accumulation, as assessed by carbon fluxes or stocks. Both direct and indirect charcoal impacts on decomposition processes are discussed to be important factors, namely charcoal production converting otherwise decomposable carbon into an inert carbon pool, increasing peat bulk density, altering peat moisture and possibly negative impacts on soil microbial activity. This study highlights the value of peat core records in understanding management impacts on peat accumulation and carbon storage in peatlands.</p>","PeriodicalId":44089,"journal":{"name":"Geo-Geography and Environment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2018-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/geo2.63","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44210304","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}