Geo-Geography and Environment最新文献

{"title":"Wind induced impacts on hypolimnetic temperature and thermal structure of Candlewood Lake (Connecticut, U.S.A.) from 1985–2015","authors":"Peter A. Siver,&nbsp;Laurence J. Marsicano,&nbsp;Anne-Marie Lott,&nbsp;Stephen Wagener,&nbsp;Nate Morris","doi":"10.1002/geo2.56","DOIUrl":"10.1002/geo2.56","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Climate change has affected freshwater lakes in many ways, including shifts in thermal structure, stability, ice cover, annual mixing regimes and length of the growing season, all of which impact ecosystem structure and function. We examine the impacts climate variables, especially wind speed, had on water temperature and thermal stratification at three sites in Candlewood Lake (Connecticut, U.S.A.) between 1985 and 2015. Despite the lack of regional time-related trends in air temperature or precipitation over the 31 year period, there was a significant decline in wind speed during spring and summer months, with a mean decline of 31% over the study period. Even though a wide range in mean July epilimnetic temperature (22.8–28.2°C) was observed, there was no trend over time. In contrast, a significant cooling trend was recorded for the hypolimnion that was highly correlated with the declining wind speed. Decreasing wind speed was also correlated with an increase in the strength of the thermocline estimated from maximum RTRM values. Despite the lack of a warming trend in surface waters over the entire study period, the strength of summer thermal stability estimated using total RTRM scores was highly correlated with epilimnetic temperature. The potential consequences of declining wind speed, a cooling hypolimnion, and a stronger thermocline are discussed.</p>","PeriodicalId":44089,"journal":{"name":"Geo-Geography and Environment","volume":"5 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2018-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/geo2.56","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46478691","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Marking the boundaries of stratigraphy: Is stratigraphy able and willing to define, describe and explain the Anthropocene?","authors":"Johannes-Georg Lundershausen","doi":"10.1002/geo2.55","DOIUrl":"10.1002/geo2.55","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This paper investigates the involvement of the stratigraphic community in the endeavour of defining the Anthropocene. Although much of the debate about the Anthropocene takes place outside of stratigraphy, the concept of the Anthropocene derives its distinctiveness and popularity from its geological dimension. In this context, the epistemic authority of stratigraphy is extended from ratifying geological epochs to verifying the Anthropocene more generally. The paper conceptualises this authority and examines the published stratigraphic literature to determine to what extent the stratigraphic community is able and willing to assume it. In doing so, the paper demonstrates how stratigraphy co-produces its epistemic authority in regards to the Anthropocene.</p>","PeriodicalId":44089,"journal":{"name":"Geo-Geography and Environment","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2018-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/geo2.55","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"100471105","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Geoengineering at the “Edge of the World”: Exploring perceptions of ocean fertilisation through the Haida Salmon Restoration Corporation","authors":"Kate Elizabeth Gannon,&nbsp;Mike Hulme","doi":"10.1002/geo2.54","DOIUrl":"10.1002/geo2.54","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The Haida Salmon Restoration Corporation's (HSRC) 2012 ocean fertilisation experiment introduced a controversial geoengineering technology to the First Nations village of Old Massett on the islands of Haida Gwaii in British Columbia. Local debate centred on conflicting interpretations of the potential environmental impacts of the project and on the Corporation's attempts to align its public brand with the Haida name and proud identity of environmental stewardship. More broadly, the controversy illustrated long-standing arguments about the desirability and feasibility of ocean fertilisation as a geoengineering response to the threat of anthropogenic climate change. Using the HSRC case, this paper reports a novel situated study of public perceptions of geoengineering that combines ethnographic engagement with Q-methodology. Three distinct viewpoints on ocean fertilisation are revealed, shaped by the unique confluence of social, political, cultural and environmental circumstances of Haida Gwaii. These viewpoints on ocean fertilisation reflect different ideas held by local residents about planetary limits, about the way humans attain knowledge of natural systems and about the human values of, and responsibilities toward, nature. Although the revealed viewpoints are constructed through contextually specific local meanings, they engage with debates that emerge across a range of other geoengineering technologies and which reflect contested philosophical positions visible in wider environmental management and restoration discourses. The case of ocean fertilisation off the islands of Haida Gwaii may therefore provide a useful benchmark for reflexivity in geoengineering governance. Our case study shows that engaging with the situated beliefs and values that underpin human attitudes and responses towards novel geoengineering technologies is a <i>sine qua non</i> for good governance. Even so, our results suggest such technologies will likely always be contested given the diverse ways in which people understand human relations with the non-human world.</p>","PeriodicalId":44089,"journal":{"name":"Geo-Geography and Environment","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2018-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/geo2.54","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"96850758","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evacuation ahead of natural disasters: Evidence from cyclone Phailin in India and typhoon Haiyan in the Philippines","authors":"Colin Walch","doi":"10.1002/geo2.51","DOIUrl":"10.1002/geo2.51","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Why do some people evacuate ahead of natural disasters while others do not? This paper explores the conditions under which people are likely to evacuate. It does so by contrasting a success case of evacuation before cyclone Phailin in Orissa (India), with a failed case in Tacloban, before typhoon Haiyan (the Philippines). This paper examines this striking variation by examining the importance of two main factors suggested by previous research: experience and trust. The paper argues that prior experience of natural disaster increases individual perception of risk and may lead to institutional learning, but only where the experienced disaster was traumatic. Trust between citizens and public officials is held to further increase the likelihood people will evacuate in advance of natural disasters. Evidence of these causal mechanisms is found in the empirical analysis, which is based on 41 interviews and six focused group discussions in India and the Philippines between August and November 2014.</p>","PeriodicalId":44089,"journal":{"name":"Geo-Geography and Environment","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2018-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/geo2.51","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"103874490","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of livestock grazing on Anemone coronaria L. in drylands: Implications for nature conservation","authors":"Ilan Stavi,&nbsp;Shimshon Shuker,&nbsp;Daniel Barkai,&nbsp;Yaakov M. Knoll,&nbsp;Eli Zaady","doi":"10.1002/geo2.53","DOIUrl":"10.1002/geo2.53","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Grazing in nature reserves, or other sensitive lands, could affect the abundance of important plant species. In the Mediterranean basin, the <i>Anemone coronaria</i> is considered a flagship geophyte species. Studies conducted in the Mediterranean region of northern Israel showed that livestock grazing increased the abundance of <i>A. coronaria</i>. This was attributed to the consumption of other herbaceous vegetation species, resulting in better accessibility of <i>A. coronaria</i> to sunlight. Also, it was suggested that consumption of this species is limited due to its toxicity. The objective of this study was to investigate the impact of livestock on the abundance of <i>A. coronaria,</i> and on specific soil properties in a dryland environment, where primary productivity is determined by water availability. A long-term study was established in the Israeli Negev, where early-, mid-, and late-season grazing treatments took place over the course of a decade, and studied over three consecutive years between 2013/2014 and 2015/2016. The study revealed that the abundance of <i>A. coronaria</i> followed the order of non-grazing (control) &gt; late-season grazing &gt; mid-season grazing &gt; early-season grazing. However, this effect was not significant (<i>p</i> = .0668). One way or another, the largest adverse impact of early-season grazing is attributed to consuming fresh and not yet toxic shoots of <i>A. coronaria</i> at that phenological stage. The soil properties were studied in summer 2016. The analysis showed a significant increase in bulk density under all of the grazing treatments compared with those in the control plots. It was concluded that, in drylands, trampling over wet soil during the growing season increases its compactability, degrading the soil-moisture status, and limiting <i>A. coronaria</i> abundance. Recommendations for nature conservation in drylands are, therefore, to negate grazing during <i>A. coronaria</i>'s early-growing season, as well as shortly after rain events when the soil moisture level is high.</p>","PeriodicalId":44089,"journal":{"name":"Geo-Geography and Environment","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2018-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/geo2.53","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"102601812","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Putting the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals into practice: A review of implementation, monitoring, and finance","authors":"Lucien Georgeson,&nbsp;Mark Maslin","doi":"10.1002/geo2.49","DOIUrl":"10.1002/geo2.49","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In January 2016, after two years of international negotiations, the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) came into effect. The SDGs are the successors to the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and represent an ambitious but potentially flawed agenda for sustainable development through to 2030. This review assesses the legacy of the MDGs, the development of the SDGs, and the international framework to put the SDGs into practice. We propose dividing the framework for SDG delivery into three key areas: implementing the goals and the SDG agenda (Implementation); monitoring, evaluation, and review (Monitoring); and increasing and improving global finance flows for sustainable development (Finance). This review identifies the challenges faced by the international community for making the SDGs an effective platform for equitable and sustainable development across these three areas. Proposed approaches and solutions are discussed and further research is suggested. This review concludes that further critical attention to the “Implementation”, “Monitoring”, and “Finance” framework is vital to ensure accountability and transparency from an ever-growing number of state and non-state development actors. This review also seeks to further the potential for greater links between development theory, development geography, and development actors and institutions to improve development under the SDGs and increase engagement from geography on the SDGs. This framework points towards a basis for critical engagement on the sustainability, equality, and quality of development, while challenging the primacy of economic growth-based paradigms in SDG implementation.</p>","PeriodicalId":44089,"journal":{"name":"Geo-Geography and Environment","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2018-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/geo2.49","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"98128832","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Opportunities for biodiversity conservation as cities adapt to climate change","authors":"Nathalie Butt,&nbsp;Danielle F. Shanahan,&nbsp;Nicole Shumway,&nbsp;Sarah A. Bekessy,&nbsp;Richard A. Fuller,&nbsp;James E. M. Watson,&nbsp;Ramona Maggini,&nbsp;David G. Hole","doi":"10.1002/geo2.52","DOIUrl":"10.1002/geo2.52","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Cities are investing billions of dollars in climate change adaptation to combat the effects of sea-level rise, temperature extremes, increasingly intense storm events, flooding and water scarcity. Natural ecosystems have enormous potential to contribute to city resilience, and so, actions that rely on this approach could sustain considerable co-benefits for biodiversity. In this paper we identify the prevalence of key themes of human adaptation response that could have biodiversity conservation outcomes in cities. We then quantify the area of impact for actions that identify specific targets for greening or green infrastructure that could involve natural ecosystems, providing an indicator of potential co-benefits to biodiversity. We then extrapolate to explore the total area of land that could benefit from catchment management approaches, the area of waterways that could benefit from nature-based improvement of these spaces, and finally the number of threatened species that could benefit across these cities. From 80 city climate adaptation plans analysed, we found that urban greening plays a key role in most adaptation strategies, and represents an enormous opportunity for biodiversity conservation, given the diversity of animal and plant species in urban environments. We show that the ranges of at least 270 threatened species overlap with the area covered by just 58 city adaptation plans, including watershed catchments totalling over 28 million km². However, an analysis of 80 city adaptation plans (of a total 151 found globally) shows that this opportunity is being missed. Just 18% of the plans assessed contained specific intentions to promote biodiversity. We highlight this missed opportunity, as climate adaptation actions undertaken by cities represent an enormous incipient opportunity for nature conservation. Finally, we encourage planners and city governments to incorporate biological conservation into climate adaption plans, for the mutual benefit of urban societies and their biodiversity.</p>","PeriodicalId":44089,"journal":{"name":"Geo-Geography and Environment","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2018-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/geo2.52","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"95162737","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Human migration to the forest frontier: Implications for land use change and conservation management","authors":"Julia P.G. Jones,&nbsp;Rina Mandimbiniaina,&nbsp;Ruth Kelly,&nbsp;Patrick Ranjatson,&nbsp;Bodonirina Rakotojoelina,&nbsp;Kate Schreckenberg,&nbsp;Mahesh Poudyal","doi":"10.1002/geo2.50","DOIUrl":"10.1002/geo2.50","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Human migration is often considered an important driver of land use change and a threat to protected area integrity, but the reasons for in-migration, the effectiveness of conservation restrictions at stemming migration, and the extent to which migrants disproportionately contribute to land use change has been poorly studied, especially at fine spatial scales. Using a case study in eastern Madagascar (603 household surveys, mapping agricultural land for a subset of 167 households, and 49 focus group discussions and key informant interviews), we explore the patterns and drivers of migration within the lifetime of those currently alive. We investigate how this influences forest conversion on the border of established protected areas and sites without a history of conservation restrictions. We show that in-migration is driven, especially in sites with high migration, by access to land. There is a much higher proportion of migrant households at sites without a long history of conservation restrictions than around long-established protected areas, and migrants tend to be more educated and live closer to the forest edge than non-migrants. Our evidence supports the engulfment model (an active forest frontier later becoming a protected area); there is no evidence that protected areas have attracted migrants. Where there is a perceived open forest frontier, people move to the forest but these migrants are no more likely than local people to clear land (i.e., migrants are not “exceptional resource degraders”). In some parts of the tropics, out-migration from rural areas is resulting in forest regrowth; such a forest transition is unlikely to occur in Madagascar for some time. Those seeking to manage protected areas at the forest frontier will therefore need to prevent further colonisation; supporting tenure security for existing residents is likely to be an important step.</p>","PeriodicalId":44089,"journal":{"name":"Geo-Geography and Environment","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2018-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/geo2.50","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"111863164","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"New digital developments for RGS-IBG journals in 2018","authors":"Fiona Nash","doi":"10.1002/geo2.47","DOIUrl":"10.1002/geo2.47","url":null,"abstract":"<p>We are very pleased to announce that the Royal Geographical Society (with IBG) has partnered with Wiley to deliver a digital-first publishing approach – hence the new look for the journals and papers. This will help make the submission process more straightforward, improve article design so that papers are easier to read online, and enable faster production times. The digital-first approach involves greater standardisation of article formatting and will, in the future, allow us to publish papers that integrate text, images, data, multimedia, and code.</p><p>Information for submitting authors is available on each of the journal's websites. The updated author guidelines also include guidance about Data Accessibility Statements, which describe the location and accessibility of the data that underpins articles and can be included at the point of submission (on an optional basis), and ORCID iDs, which will be required for submitting authors from January 2018.</p><p>Wiley are also launching a new Society publications website in 2018. This will include: all RGS-IBG journals (<i>Area</i>, <i>The Geographical Journal</i>, <i>Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers</i>, <i>Geo: Geography and Environment</i> and <i>WIRES Climate Change</i>); the RGS-IBG Book Series; Geography Directions and the Geo blog; and other resources such as the Society's publishing guide. A new guide about Open Data will be published in 2018.</p><p>Linked to development of the new Wiley websites, and the Society's new website, the journal covers have been re-designed in RGS-IBG colours. The new Wiley websites will enhance the searchability and discoverability of research published in Society titles and allow content on specific topics to be accessed with greater ease.</p>","PeriodicalId":44089,"journal":{"name":"Geo-Geography and Environment","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2018-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/geo2.47","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"96149477","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Journal Information","authors":"","doi":"10.1002/geo2.42","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/geo2.42","url":null,"abstract":"Disclaimer of liability Statements and opinions expressed in the articles and communications are those of the individual contributors and not the statements and opinion of Scientific Research Publishing, Inc. We assume no responsibility or liability for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained herein. We expressly disclaim any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. If expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional person should be sought.","PeriodicalId":44089,"journal":{"name":"Geo-Geography and Environment","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2018-03-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/geo2.42","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"137778144","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}