Geo-Geography and Environment最新文献

{"title":"Portable sequencing, genomic data, and scale in global emerging infectious disease surveillance","authors":"Liam P. Shaw,&nbsp;Nicola C. Sugden","doi":"10.1002/geo2.66","DOIUrl":"10.1002/geo2.66","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Emerging infectious diseases (EIDs) occur when pathogens unpredictably spread into new contexts. EID surveillance systems seek to rapidly identify EID outbreaks to contain spread and improve public health outcomes. Sequencing data has historically not been integrated into real-time responses, but portable DNA sequencing technology has prompted optimism among epidemiologists. Specifically, attention has focused on the goal of a “sequencing singularity”: the integration of portable sequencers in a worldwide event-based surveillance network with other digital data (Gardy &amp; Loman, <i>Nature Reviews Genetics, 19</i>, 2018, p. 9). The sequencing singularity vision is a powerful socio-technical imaginary, shaping the discourse around the future of portable sequencing. Ethical and practical issues are bound by the vision in two ways: they are framed only as obstacles, and they are formulated only at the scales made visible by its implicit geography. This geography privileges two extremes of scale – the genomic and the global – and leaves intermediate scales comparatively unmapped. We explore how widespread portable sequencing could challenge this geography. Portable sequencers put the ability to produce genomic data in the hands of the individual. The explicit assertion of rights over data may therefore become a matter disputed more at an interpersonal scale than an international one. Portable sequencers also promise ubiquitous, indiscriminate sequencing of the total metagenomic content of samples, raising the question of what (or who) is under surveillance and inviting consideration of the human microbiome and more-than-human geographies. We call into question a conception of a globally integrated stream of sequencing data as composed mostly of “noise,” within which signals of pathogen “emergence” are “hidden,” considering it instead from the perspective of recent work into more-than-human geographies. Our work highlights a practical need for researchers to consider both the alternative possibilities they foreclose as well as the exciting opportunities they move towards when they deploy their visions of the future.</p>","PeriodicalId":44089,"journal":{"name":"Geo-Geography and Environment","volume":"5 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2018-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/geo2.66","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37874434","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spatial quantification of community resilience in contexts where quantitative data are scarce: The case of Muzarabani district in Zimbabwe","authors":"Emmanuel Mavhura,&nbsp;Bernard Manyena","doi":"10.1002/geo2.65","DOIUrl":"10.1002/geo2.65","url":null,"abstract":"<p>There has been an upsurge in tools for measuring resilience of the past decade. Despite this progress, we argue, there are few studies focusing on the spatial quantification of resilience in the context of multiple hazards, particularly in developing countries. Placing a particular emphasis on the contribution of geography to resilience studies, this paper examines the spatial variation of community resilience to disasters in Muzarabani, Zimbabwe. Place-specific resilience variables are selected from the 2012 national census report to develop a disaster resilience index for Muzarabani district. A principal component analysis technique was used to analyse the overall and subcomponents of resilience to identify wards that needed policy intervention. Using the Geographical Information Systems tool to model the spatial variation of community resilience and its subcomponents, we found a geographic variation in community resilience across Muzarabani district, with the majority of the wards scoring low to below low levels of overall resilience. Although we view this study as being complementary to qualitative studies, it would appear quantifying and visualising resilience provide possible explanations and actions required for decision-makers to address the resilience gaps and disaster risk reduction broadly.</p>","PeriodicalId":44089,"journal":{"name":"Geo-Geography and Environment","volume":"5 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2018-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/geo2.65","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46050294","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Response to the letter to the editor on Turner (2017)","authors":"R. Eugene Turner","doi":"10.1002/geo2.62","DOIUrl":"10.1002/geo2.62","url":null,"abstract":"<p>A response to the LTE commenting on Turner (<span>2017</span>).</p><p>e00062\u0000\u0000 <figure>\u0000 <div><picture>\u0000 <source></source></picture><p></p>\u0000 </div>\u0000 </figure>\u0000 </p>","PeriodicalId":44089,"journal":{"name":"Geo-Geography and Environment","volume":"5 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2018-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/geo2.62","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46763680","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Response to Turner 2017","authors":"Amy M. Schueller,&nbsp;Robert T. Leaf,&nbsp;Raymond M. Mroch III,&nbsp;Geneviève M. Nesslage","doi":"10.1002/geo2.48","DOIUrl":"10.1002/geo2.48","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;The Atlantic and Gulf Menhaden stocks (&lt;i&gt;Brevoortia tyrannus&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;Brevoortia patronus&lt;/i&gt;) support the second largest fishery by weight in the US and serve a critical ecological role as forage (Hartman &amp; Brandt, &lt;span&gt;1995&lt;/span&gt;; NOAA Fisheries, &lt;span&gt;2016&lt;/span&gt;; Sagarese et al., &lt;span&gt;2016&lt;/span&gt;). Stock assessment and management of these important stocks have experienced thorough scrutiny from multiple perspectives (Hilborn et al., &lt;span&gt;2017&lt;/span&gt;; Pikitch et al., &lt;span&gt;2012&lt;/span&gt;). Therefore, we feel compelled to comment on Turner's (&lt;span&gt;2017&lt;/span&gt;) paper titled “Smaller size-at-age menhaden with coastal warming and fishing intensity.” Our comment is based on three issues: misstatements regarding the stocks’ assessment and management, inappropriate analyses, and limited acknowledgment of alternative hypotheses for the putative patterns.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Turner (&lt;span&gt;2017&lt;/span&gt;) made several erroneous statements about US menhaden assessment and management. First, neither value described as “MSY” in Turner (&lt;span&gt;2017&lt;/span&gt;) represents an accurate or reliable estimate of MSY for menhaden. The value labelled “MSY Atlantic” in Figure 1 and throughout the text is the total allowable catch, based on average landings from 2009 to 2011 (ASMFC, &lt;span&gt;2012&lt;/span&gt;). The value labelled “GOM MSY” in Figure 1 and throughout the text is the estimate of biomass at MSY (B&lt;sub&gt;MSY&lt;/sub&gt;) generated by a surplus production model not adopted for use in management (SEDAR, &lt;span&gt;2013&lt;/span&gt;). Developing MSY estimates for forage fish such as menhaden is problematic (SEDAR, &lt;span&gt;2013&lt;/span&gt;) and currently is not accepted for determining stock status on either coast. The model used to assess both species, the NMFS Beaufort Assessment Model, is a statistical catch-at-age model that estimates spawner-per-recruit reference points for management (SEDAR, &lt;span&gt;2013&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span&gt;2015&lt;/span&gt;). Additionally, landings of both species shown in Figure 1 were inflated by a factor of 1,000.1 Turner's conclusions regarding variation in size-at-age with fishing pressure (Figure 4, Table III) are not valid because incorrect estimates of menhaden MSY and landings were used in the analysis.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Inappropriate analyses included treatment of the data and model choice. By using mean estimates of size-at-age, analyses artificially reduced the estimated inter-annual variance and ignored potentially confounding factors. Using mean estimates serves to allocate the error variation to the linear regression component of the model, inflating the amount of variance explained. Reanalysing the Gulf data, we find that Turner's model formulation inflates the variance explained from 292% to 1,267%. By including the full weight- and length-at-age dataset, &lt;i&gt;R&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; values range from &lt;0.001 to 0.128 (Table S1). Such poor estimation of annual changes in length- and weight-at-age weakens support for Turner's conclusions. Also, menhaden demonstrate considerable spatial variatio","PeriodicalId":44089,"journal":{"name":"Geo-Geography and Environment","volume":"5 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2018-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/geo2.48","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47960941","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Peatland carbon stocks and burn history: Blanket bog peat core evidence highlights charcoal impacts on peat physical properties and long-term carbon storage","authors":"Andreas Heinemeyer,&nbsp;Quinn Asena,&nbsp;William Lee Burn,&nbsp;Anthony Lloyd Jones","doi":"10.1002/geo2.63","DOIUrl":"10.1002/geo2.63","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Peatlands are globally important carbon stores, yet both natural and human impacts can influence peatland carbon accumulation. While changes in climate can alter peatland water tables leading to changes in peat decomposition, managed burning of vegetation has also been claimed to reduce peat accumulation. Particularly in the UK, blanket bog peatlands are rotationally burned to encourage heather re-growth on grouse shooting estates. However, the evidence of burning impacts on peat carbon stocks is very limited and contradictory. We assessed peat carbon accumulation over the last few hundred years in peat cores from three UK blanket bog sites under rotational grouse moor burn management. High resolution (0.5 cm) peat core analysis included dating based on spheroidal carbonaceous particles, determining fire frequency based on macro-charcoal counts and assessing peat properties such as carbon content and bulk density. All sites showed considerable net carbon accumulation during active grouse moor management periods. Averaged over the three sites, burns were more frequent, and carbon accumulation rates were also higher, over the period since 1950 than in the period 1700–1950. Carbon accumulation rates during the periods 1950–2015 and 1700–1850 were greater on the most frequently burnt site, which was linked to bulk density and carbon accumulation rates showing a positive relationship with charcoal abundance. Charcoal input from burning was identified as a potentially crucial component in explaining reported differences in burning impacts on peat carbon accumulation, as assessed by carbon fluxes or stocks. Both direct and indirect charcoal impacts on decomposition processes are discussed to be important factors, namely charcoal production converting otherwise decomposable carbon into an inert carbon pool, increasing peat bulk density, altering peat moisture and possibly negative impacts on soil microbial activity. This study highlights the value of peat core records in understanding management impacts on peat accumulation and carbon storage in peatlands.</p>","PeriodicalId":44089,"journal":{"name":"Geo-Geography and Environment","volume":"5 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2018-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/geo2.63","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44210304","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Practicing environmental data justice: From DataRescue to Data Together","authors":"Dawn Walker,&nbsp;Eric Nost,&nbsp;Aaron Lemelin,&nbsp;Rebecca Lave,&nbsp;Lindsey Dillon","doi":"10.1002/geo2.61","DOIUrl":"10.1002/geo2.61","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The Environmental Data and Governance Initiative (EDGI) formed in response to the 2016 US elections and the resulting political shifts which created widespread public concern about the future integrity of US environmental agencies and policy. As a distributed, consensus-based organisation, EDGI has worked to document, contextualise, and analyse changes to environmental data and governance practices in the US. One project EDGI has undertaken is the grassroots archiving of government environmental data sets through our involvement with the DataRescue movement. However, over the past year, our focus has shifted from saving environmental data to a broader project of rethinking the infrastructures required for community stewardship of data: Data Together. Through this project, EDGI seeks to make data more accessible and environmental decision-making more accountable through new social and technical infrastructures. The shift from DataRescue to Data Together exemplifies EDGI's ongoing attempts to put an “environmental data justice” prioritising community self-determination into practice. By drawing on environmental justice, critical GIS, critical data studies, and emerging data justice scholarship, EDGI hopes to inform our ongoing engagement in projects that seek to enact alternative futures for data stewardship.</p>","PeriodicalId":44089,"journal":{"name":"Geo-Geography and Environment","volume":"5 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2018-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/geo2.61","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46349231","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Resource governance and the politics of the social: Ordering in and by socio-ecological systems","authors":"Helena Valve","doi":"10.1002/geo2.64","DOIUrl":"10.1002/geo2.64","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In studies of natural resource governance, agency is commonly treated as a property that evolves in conditions of socio-ecological systems (SESs). While the SES framework has established its position within a multidisciplinary scholarship, it remains controversial. Critical scholars note that the social component has been left under-theorised. Yet, it is argued that once developed, the framework can provide a useful foundation for studying human–environment relations. This article critically examines such a position. Drawing from actor-network theory, it analyses the assumptions the SES framework makes about the social forms constitutive for natural resource governance. The focus is on the entities in terms of which governance and management are envisioned to evolve. The analysis shows that the descriptions of SES dynamics often treat social forms as unambiguous and a priori existing. The paper argues that the material ordering that is enacted downplays potentials of politics. Management and governance of natural resources rest on demarcations that are not supposed to be challenged. At the same time radical un-restrictedness is claimed to co-exist and to open up potentials for social learning. The promise of management enacted by the SES framework seems thus to be based on a very particular kind of fluctuation between opening up and closing down of system spaces.</p>","PeriodicalId":44089,"journal":{"name":"Geo-Geography and Environment","volume":"5 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2018-10-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/geo2.64","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44646337","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Christian climate care: Slow change, modesty and eco-theo-citizenship","authors":"Jeremy Kidwell,&nbsp;Franklin Ginn,&nbsp;Michael Northcott,&nbsp;Elizabeth Bomberg,&nbsp;Alice Hague","doi":"10.1002/geo2.59","DOIUrl":"10.1002/geo2.59","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 <p>This qualitative study draws on in-depth interviews and documentary analysis conducted between 2014 and 2016 to investigate the nature of pro-environmental behaviour of members within the Eco-Congregation Scotland network. We argue for an integrative analytical frame, that we call “eco-theo-citizenship,” which synthesises strengths of values-, practice- and citizenship-based approaches to the study of pro-environmental behaviour within the specific context of religious environmental groups. This study finds the Eco-Congregation groups studied are not primarily issue driven, and instead have an emphasis on “community-building” activities and a concept of environmental citizenship which spans multiple political scales from local to international. Primary values emphasised included “environmental justice” and “stewardship.” Analysis of the data indicated that groups in this network are distinctive in two particular ways: (1) group focus on mobilising values and environmental concern towards “community building” can produce what looks like a more conservative approach to climate change mobilisation, preserving and working slowly within institutional structures, with a primary focus not on climate change mitigation per se but on the consolidation and development of the community and broader network; and (2) these groups can often under-report their accomplishments and the footprint of their work on the basis of a common religious conviction which we have termed a “culture of modesty.”</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":44089,"journal":{"name":"Geo-Geography and Environment","volume":"5 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2018-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/geo2.59","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42051273","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Site-specific modulators control how geophysical and socio-technical drivers shape land use and land cover","authors":"Mette V. Odgaard,&nbsp;Tommy Dalgaard,&nbsp;Peder K. Bøcher,&nbsp;Jens-Christian Svenning","doi":"10.1002/geo2.60","DOIUrl":"10.1002/geo2.60","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 <p>Human utilisation of natural resources is the most important direct driver of land cover patterns in the Anthropocene. Here, we present a conceptual framework for how the effects of geophysical drivers (e.g., topography, soil, climate, and hydrology) and socio-technical drivers (e.g., technology, legal regulation, economy, and culture) on land use and land cover are shaped by site-specific modulators such as local topography and social and cultural backgrounds of individuals. The framework is demonstrated by examples from the literature, with emphasis on the north-western European lowland agricultural region. For example, a geophysical driver such as slope of the terrain constrains land use and is thereby an important driver of land covers, for example, forests. This effect of slope can vary depending on site-specific modulators such as local soil fertility, local topographic heterogeneity, and shifting human population densities. Acknowledging the importance of site-specific modulators on how geophysical and socio-technical drivers shape land use and land covers will strengthen research on human–environmental interactions – especially important with the future increase in human populations in a constant changing world.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":44089,"journal":{"name":"Geo-Geography and Environment","volume":"5 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2018-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/geo2.60","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42159179","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Journal Information","authors":"","doi":"10.1002/geo2.43","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/geo2.43","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":44089,"journal":{"name":"Geo-Geography and Environment","volume":"5 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2018-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/geo2.43","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"137978568","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}