Geo-Geography and Environment最新文献

{"title":"Characterising the structural pattern of urban road networks in Ghana using geometric and topological measures","authors":"Gift Dumedah,&nbsp;Emmanuel Kofi Garsonu","doi":"10.1002/geo2.95","DOIUrl":"10.1002/geo2.95","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Road networks are an integral part of any human settlement, facilitating the movement of people, goods, and information. The structural arrangement of a road network can have a profound impact on its performance, mobility and access to critical infrastructure. This study takes advantage of a computational network science approach to examine the structural configuration of road networks using geometric and topological descriptions in districts covering 10 regional capitals in Ghana. The majority of urban road networks were found to follow a radial pattern at the global scale, with either a gridded or a branching configuration at the local scale. Only road networks in Accra and Kumsi are fine grained and of comparable density to other global cities, based on intersection and street densities. Structural indicators such as circuity, clustering, page rank, degree centrality, and betweenness centrality for urban roads in Ghana were found to be comparable to other global cities. Given the lack of adequate infrastructure for traffic monitoring in Ghana, the spatial distribution of betweenness centrality could be part of the critical resource to provide insight for traffic management. These findings provide the basis to inform transportation planning and management on critical issues, particularly, based on the spatial distribution of betweenness centrality it is possible to identify problematic locations within the road network which are most vulnerable to traffic congestion.</p>","PeriodicalId":44089,"journal":{"name":"Geo-Geography and Environment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2021-02-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/geo2.95","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43977654","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Journal Information","authors":"","doi":"10.1002/geo2.97","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/geo2.97","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":44089,"journal":{"name":"Geo-Geography and Environment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2021-02-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/geo2.97","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"137531706","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Life cycle assessment synthesis of the carbon footprint of Arabica coffee: Case study of Brazil and Vietnam conventional and sustainable coffee production and export to the United Kingdom","authors":"Carmen Nab,&nbsp;Mark Maslin","doi":"10.1002/geo2.96","DOIUrl":"10.1002/geo2.96","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Over 9.5 billion kg of coffee is produced annually and demand is expected to triple by 2050. Hence, the identification and quantification of the greenhouse gas emission footprint of coffee is essential if it is to become a more sustainable crop. We have produced a detailed life cycle assessment of the carbon equivalent footprint of coffee produced in Brazil and Vietnam and exported to the United Kingdom. The average carbon footprint of Arabica coffee from both countries was calculated as 15.33 (±0.72) kg of carbon dioxide equivalent per 1 kg of green coffee (kg CO_2e kg⁻¹) for conventional coffee production and 3.51 (±0.13) kg CO_2e kg⁻¹ for sustainable coffee production. The 77% reduction in carbon footprint for sustainable coffee production in comparison to conventional production was due to exportation of coffee beans via cargo ship rather than freight flight and the reduction of agrochemical inputs. Based on our results, further reductions could be made through optimal use of agrochemicals; reduced packaging; more efficient water heating; renewable energy use; roasting beans before exportation; and carbon offsetting. Applying these recommendations correctly through certification schemes could mitigate other environmental impacts of coffee cultivation.</p>","PeriodicalId":44089,"journal":{"name":"Geo-Geography and Environment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2020-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/geo2.96","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43021316","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Campus shuttle experience and mobility concerns among students with disability in the University of Cape Coast, Ghana","authors":"Prince Kwame Odame,&nbsp;Albert Abane,&nbsp;Edem Kwesi Amenumey","doi":"10.1002/geo2.93","DOIUrl":"10.1002/geo2.93","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Although Ghana's Persons with Disability Act 715 calls for the provision of an accessible environment, attention paid to the mobility needs of persons with disability has focused on their access to public facilities like libraries and schools without paying attention to the transport environment connecting the homes of commuters to these public facilities. This study was carried out to examine the road transport infrastructure and mobility needs of students with disability at the University of Cape Coast. Participants consisted of 31 people with visual impairment and one wheelchair user who were engaged through snowballing. Also, the Transport Officer and selected shuttle operators were engaged to ascertain transport support services to students. These were reached through purposive and convenient sampling, respectively. Findings from the study indicate that hostile reception from shuttle operators and the absence of disability-friendly accessories on campus shuttles constitute a major barrier to participants' use of campus shuttles. The study recommends documentation and enforcement of the free shuttle services for students with disability as well as the modification of existing transport facilities.</p>","PeriodicalId":44089,"journal":{"name":"Geo-Geography and Environment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2020-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/geo2.93","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47690230","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Journal Information","authors":"","doi":"10.1002/geo2.94","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/geo2.94","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":44089,"journal":{"name":"Geo-Geography and Environment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2020-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/geo2.94","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"137506296","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Anthropogenically forced change in aquatic ecosystems: Reflections on the use of monitoring, archival and palaeolimnological data to inform conservation","authors":"Lucy R. Roberts,&nbsp;Isabel J. Bishop,&nbsp;Jennifer K. Adams","doi":"10.1002/geo2.89","DOIUrl":"10.1002/geo2.89","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The open collection “Aquatic transitions: Tracking the nature and trajectories of anthropogenically forced change in freshwater and coastal ecosystems” stems from a session of the same name at the ASLO (Association for the Sciences of Limnology and Oceanography) Aquatic Sciences Meeting 2017 in Honolulu, Hawai'i. The five papers gathered here reflect the focus of the special session on long-term ecosystem research and monitoring (LTERM), and collectively make use of monitoring data, palaeolimnology, and historical and documentary records to explore the timing, extent, and causes of human-related impacts on aquatic ecosystems. Collectively, they demonstrate that because timescales of ecological change often extend beyond contemporary monitoring, LTERM plays a crucial role in supporting evidence-based conservation. In this introduction, we reflect on the role that LTERM has had in each of the ecosystems studied, and discuss the opportunities for LTERM work to inform future conservation.</p>","PeriodicalId":44089,"journal":{"name":"Geo-Geography and Environment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2020-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/geo2.89","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48490625","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Diatoms in a sediment core from a flood pulse wetland in Malaysia record strong responses to human impacts and hydro-climate over the past 150 years","authors":"Charlotte L. Briddon,&nbsp;Suzanne McGowan,&nbsp;Sarah E. Metcalfe,&nbsp;Virginia Panizzo,&nbsp;Jack Lacey,&nbsp;Stefan Engels,&nbsp;Melanie Leng,&nbsp;Keely Mills,&nbsp;Muhammad Shafiq,&nbsp;Mushrifah Idris","doi":"10.1002/geo2.90","DOIUrl":"10.1002/geo2.90","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Rapid development and climate change in southeast Asia is placing unprecedented pressures on freshwater ecosystems, but long term records of the ecological consequences are rare. Here we examine one basin of Tasik Chini (Malaysia), a UNESCO-designated flood pulse wetland, where human disturbances (dam installation, iron ore mining, oil palm and rubber cultivation) have escalated since the 1980s. Diatom analysis and organic matter geochemistry (δ¹³C_org and C/N ratios) were applied to a sediment sequence to infer ecological changes in the basin since <i>c.</i> 1900 CE. As the Tasik Chini wetland is a rare ecosystem with an unknown diatom ecology, contemporary diatom habitats (plant surfaces, mud surfaces, rocks, plankton) were sampled from across the lake to help interpret the sedimentary record. Habitat specificity of diatoms was not strongly defined and, although planktonic and benthic groupings were distinctive, there was no difference in assemblages among the benthic habitat surfaces. An increase in the proportion of benthic diatom taxa suggests that a substantial decrease in water level occurred between <i>c.</i> 1938 and 1995 CE, initiated by a decline in rainfall (supported by regional meteorological data), which increased the hydrological isolation of the sub-basin. Changes in the diatom assemblages were most marked after 1995 CE when the Chini dam was installed. After this time both δ¹³C_org and C/N decreased, suggesting an increase in autochthonous production relative to allochthonous river flood pulse inputs. Oil palm plantations and mining continued to expand after <i>c.</i> 1995 CE and we speculate that inputs of pollutants from these activities may have contributed to the marked ecological change. Together, our work shows that this sub-basin of Tasik Chini has been particularly sensitive to, and impacted by, a combination of human and climatically induced changes due to its hydrologically isolated position.</p>","PeriodicalId":44089,"journal":{"name":"Geo-Geography and Environment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2020-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/geo2.90","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45395662","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Inventing the Grand Banks: A deep chart","authors":"Charles Travis,&nbsp;Francis Ludlow,&nbsp;Al Matthews,&nbsp;Kevin Lougheed,&nbsp;Kieran Rankin,&nbsp;Bernard Allaire,&nbsp;Robert Legg,&nbsp;Patrick Hayes,&nbsp;Richard Breen,&nbsp;John Nicholls,&nbsp;Lydia Towns,&nbsp;Poul Holm","doi":"10.1002/geo2.85","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/geo2.85","url":null,"abstract":"<p>As a feature of the Fish Revolution (1400–1700), the early modern “invention” of the Grand Banks in literary and cartographical documents facilitated a massive and unprecedented extraction of cod from the waters of the north Atlantic and created the Cod/Sack trade Triangle. This overlapped with the southern Atlantic Slave, Sugar, and Tobacco Triangle to capitalise modern European and North American societies. In 1719, Pierre de Charlevoix claimed that the Grand Banks was “properly a mountain, hid under water,” and noted its cod population “seems to equal that of the grains of sand which cover this bank.” However, two centuries later in 1992, in the face of the collapse of the fishery, and fearing its extinction, a moratorium was placed on five centuries of harvesting Grand Banks cod. The invention and mining of its waters serves as a bellwether for the massive resource extractions of modernity that drive the current leviathan and “wicked problem” of global warming. The digital environmental humanities narrative of this study is parsed together from 83 pieces of Grand Banks charting from 1504 to 1833, which are juxtaposed through Humanities GIS applications with English and French cod-catch records kept between 1675 and 1831, letters regarding Cabot's 1497 voyage, Shakespeare's <i>The Tempest</i> (1611) and scientific essays by De Brahms (1772) and Franklin (1786).</p>","PeriodicalId":44089,"journal":{"name":"Geo-Geography and Environment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2020-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/geo2.85","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91888065","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Planet of fixers? Mapping the middle grounds of independent and do-it-yourself information and communication technology maintenance and repair","authors":"Josh Lepawsky","doi":"10.1002/geo2.86","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/geo2.86","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This paper explores the geographical distribution of independent and do-it-yourself information and communication technology maintenance and repair (INDIY ICT M&amp;R) activity around the world. It examines a large set of Google Analytics data pertaining to users of free, open-source online repair manuals provided by iFixit, a US-based organisation that develops the free manuals, sells tools and components, and also engages in technical education and policy advocacy. The paper draws on three years of available user data (2016–2018). Over this time period the total user base of iFixit's manuals grew from over 1.3 million users to more than 4.1 million users across the planet. However, counter to what might be expected, the global distribution of iFixit users does not systematically co-vary with internet access rates or with the population size of locations. The results reported here, while partial, are valuable in that they demonstrate both a globally distributed phenomenon and high-resolution location patterns of INDIY ICT M&amp;R activity. Mapping the extent and spatial patterning of such activity is a jumping off point for the kinds of qualitative analyses needed to elucidate the how's, the why's, and the meanings of the observed uneven distribution patterns. More broadly, the results suggest fruitful directions for deeper analyses and research into both pragmatic questions about ICT maintenance and repair (such as their social, economic, and environmental significance), as well as more speculative questions about how and why the fates of ICT within and between production, use, and discard stand in for dreams of technological futurity and nightmares of social and environmental breakdown.</p>","PeriodicalId":44089,"journal":{"name":"Geo-Geography and Environment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2020-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/geo2.86","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91830065","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The eastern shores of the Baltic Sea in the Early Holocene according to natural and cultural relict data","authors":"Vladas Žulkus,&nbsp;Algirdas Girininkas","doi":"10.1002/geo2.87","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/geo2.87","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Exploration of the underwater landscape in Lithuanian waters, in the eastern part of the Baltic Sea, allowed identification of trees stumps in growth position, peat sediments, and traces of people that were living in the now flooded landscape. The exploration has been concentrated on localisation of the former Early Holocene coasts. Based on new data about sediment layers of the Preboreal‒Atlantis I, palynological and dendrohronological analysis, identified vegetation species, and dating of wood and peat samples by radiocarbon methods the Baltic Sea water level dynamics during the stages Yoldia Sea‒Early Litorina Sea could be identified. There are traces of the eroded coasts of the Yoldia Sea at a depth of 39–43 m, which were also observed at depths of 44 and 47 m. During the Ancylus Lake transgression, the RF-I lagoons and small lakes with the peat layer and the surrounding forests were submerged. The water level could have even risen to 10–9 m below present sea level. The water drop during the Ancylus Lake regression is evidenced by a peat layer dated to 9,150–8,520 cal BP, and similar radiocarbon dating of an oak stump. The changes of the species composition of trees are indicative of the noticeable climate changes during the period 11,410–7,900 cal BP. Litorina transgression is marked by a tree stump found at a depth of 14.5 m dated to 7,900–7,660 cal BP. The preference of the Early Holocene population to the coastal zone is evidenced by poles driven into the seabed (one was dated to 9,510–9,460 cal BP) that were detected at a depth of 11 m and the T-shaped antler axes dated to the Early Neolithic, washed ashore from the Litorina Sea coastal Stone Age settlements.</p>","PeriodicalId":44089,"journal":{"name":"Geo-Geography and Environment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2020-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/geo2.87","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91830068","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}