Changes in urban green spaces in coastal cities and human well-being: The case of Cape Coast Metropolis, Ghana

Green spaces are fast depleting in many urban areas across the world. This contributes to carbon dioxide emissions and affects the local climate and well-being of city residents. Yet, there is limited empirical research on the spatio-temporal patterns of change in urban green spaces and linkages to human well-being, especially in coastal cities where urban green spaces additionally act as critical flood controls. This paper assesses the changing pattern of green space cover in Cape Coast Metropolis and the factors associated with the perceived well-being of residents. Using a mixed-methods design, we obtained open-source geospatial data and gathered primary data through field observations, and in-depth and semi-structured interviews. These data were analysed using geospatial, statistical, and textual techniques. The results show that, from 1991 to 2018, the metropolis lost 26.57 km² (21.66%) of its green space cover. The major land use change observed is the conversion of green spaces and wetlands into built-up areas. The well-being of residents related to green space use in the metropolis is associated with individuals' age and gender; the presence of good quality green space, its accessibility, and perceived importance; frequency of visits; and the time spent in the green space. The findings suggest the need for the integration of nature into urban development planning and policy, and enforcement of development controls to protect green spaces and enhance the well-being of residents.